Cell Structure PDF

CELL Fundamental unit of life  01 02 table of Cell. Types of cells: contents: components. 03 04 Structure and basic Protein synthesis. functions. 05...

CELL Fundamental unit of life  01 02 table of Cell. Types of cells: contents: components. 03 04 Structure and basic Protein synthesis. functions. 05 06 Energy supply. Cellular digestion. 07 08 Support and Storage and movement. transportation. clle cell someribo ribosome micEnplasdo mulcutire Endoplasmic reticulum cyntosletoke cytoskeleton cytoskeleton cytoplasm toplacysm  Cell Basic and fundamental unit of life, it possesses a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.  Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Lack a defined Dispersed genetic material nucleus in the cytoplasm. Plant Types Cellulose cell wall; chloroplasts and vacuoles. of Cells Animal Rigid cell wall; Eukaryotic may have flagella. Have a defined nucleus Protist They can have a cell wall, without differentiated tissues. Fungal Chitin Cell Wall; they are heterotrophs.  Composed of several fundamental components Nucleus Ribosome Rough Cell Golgi membrane endoplasmic Apparatus reticulum. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosome and Centriole Microtubules peroxisome  Structure and basic functions These components work together to maintain cellular homeostasis and perform essential life activities.  Cell membrane The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is a selective barrier between the interior and the exterior. Its primary role lies in regulating the passage of substances, including nutrients and waste materials. Within it, specialized proteins play a crucial role in facilitating molecular transport and cellular communication.  Cell nucleus An organelle that houses DNA, located in the center of eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to store and safeguard genetic information, controlling gene expression and DNA replication. It also contains the nucleolus, which is involved in ribosome synthesis.  Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix containing water, salts, proteins, and other molecules. It occupies the intracellular space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It plays a crucial role in biochemical reactions, energy production, and substance transport. Essential for cellular metabolism, it provides structural support to the cell.  Protein Synthesis Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.  Ribosome Ribosomes are essential organelles for cellular functioning and survival. They synthesize proteins using the genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for cellular structure, function, and regulation. Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.  Endoplasmic reticulum A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in the transport, processing, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell. There are two main types of ER: The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.  Golgi apparatus Key in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids produced in the endoplasmic reticulum. It synthesizes carbohydrates and lipoproteins and is essential for maintaining the cell's internal balance and facilitating communication with the outside. Composed of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping center' of the cell, sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles for transport and distribution.  Energy Supply To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.  Mitochondria Present in eukaryotic animal and plant cells. Their primary function is energy generation through cellular respiration (ATP production). The double membrane of mitochondria allows for the organization of various stages of the respiratory chain, making it crucial for cellular function and survival.  Chloroplasts Exclusive to plant cells and photosynthetic organisms, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, they synthesize glucose and other organic compounds using carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. They are responsible for the crucial production of oxygen that sustains the planet. Cellular Digestion It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.  Lysosomes Peroxisomes They contain enzymes that degrade They contain digestive enzymes that hydrogen peroxide and toxic break down molecules and unwanted compounds, thereby protecting the cellular materials. cell from oxidative damage. They facilitate cellular digestion, by Additionally, they play a role in the disposing of waste, recycling synthesis and degradation of lipids nutrients, and defending against and bile acids, regulating lipid pathogenic invasions. metabolism and overall homeostasis.  Support and Movement Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.  Cytoskeleton It is composed of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) and provides support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells. Its specific functions encompass stability, intracellular transport, and contraction. Furthermore, it regulates cellular shape and plays a role in division, migration, and communication.  Flagella and cilia Specialized structures for movement. They are elongated and enable locomotion in liquid environments, whereas cilia are shorter and create coordinated flow on the cell surface. Composed of microtubules in a '9+2' pattern, they are essential for sperm motility.  Storage and Transportation They manage nutrients, eliminate waste, and regulate metabolic processes.  Vacuoles Membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some animal cells. They store nutrients, water, ions, and waste materials, regulating turgor pressure and osmotic balance. Vacuoles can also be involved in the digestion of substances and serve as a defense mechanism against predators by containing toxins. Vesicles and endosomes Membranous vesicles that transport specific materials between organelles and the cell membrane. Vesicles: They transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to other destinations. Endosomes: They capture and distribute materials for degradation, recycling, or their incorporation into metabolic pathways. PLANT CELL STRUCTURE  NUCLEUS The nucleus controls the cells activities. It contains genetic material including DNA. CHLOROPLAST The chloroplasts contains the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis. It is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells MITOCHONDRIA This is where most of the energy is released in respiration.  VACUOLE The vacuole helps keep the plant cell turgid. It is filled with cell sap.  CYTOPLASM This is where many of the chemical reactions happen. It is jelly-like substance inside a cell The cytoplasm contains dissolved nutrients and salts.  GOLGI COMPLEX The Golgi complex processes and packages proteins and lipids. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM This organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids. LYSOSOME Lysosomes digest large molecules using enzymes. They are a key part of cell metabolism. PEROXISOME Peroxisomes oxidize specific biomolecules within the cell.  CELL WALL The cell wall strengthens and supports the plant. It is made from cellulose fibres.  CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE  NUCLEUS The nucleus controls the cells activities. It contains genetic material including DNA.  VACUOLE The vacuole stores nutrients and water. It also stores cell waste. MITOCHONDRIA This is where most of the energy is released in respiration.  CENTRIOLES The centrioles aid cell division. They maintain cell structure and intracellular transport systems. CYTOPLASM This is where many of the chemical reactions happen. The cytoplasm contains dissolved nutrients and salts.  RIBOSOME Ribosomes synthesize all the proteins in the cell. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM This organelle processes and transports proteins synthesized in ribosomes.  LYSOSOME Lysosomes digest large molecules using enzymes. They are a key part of cell metabolism.  CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is the outermost layer of an animal cell It is made of phospholipids.  GOLGI COMPLEX The Golgi complex processes and packages proteins into vesicles. Thank you! Any questions?