Lg 2.1-2.3 Charles Darwin & Theory of Evolution PDF

LG 2.1: CHARLES DARWIN & THEORY OF EVOLUTION August 19, 2023  OUTLINE ❑ Charles Darwin ❑ Retracing His Quest ❑ Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: Objective Describe featur...

LG 2.1: CHARLES DARWIN & THEORY OF EVOLUTION August 19, 2023  OUTLINE ❑ Charles Darwin ❑ Retracing His Quest ❑ Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to: Objective Describe features of biogeography/plate tectonics, fossil record, metabolism, homology, embryology, artificial selection/agriculture, and antibiotic resistance that contribute to understanding of evolutionary change** What do you see? Why do you think the insect became like this? Malaysian orchid mantis (Hymenopus coronatus) What causes the similarities and differences among Earth’s many species? Descent with modification Natural selection Urry et al., 2021  CHARLES DARWIN organisms are well suited (adapted) for life in their environments the many shared characteristics (unity) of life the rich diversity of life Life evolves over time. Image source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/18/charles-darwin-victorian-myt hmaker-review-an-wilson Origin of the Evolutionary Thought  TRADITIONALIST BELIEF ❑ Scala Naturae, Aristotle ▪ species were fixed and unchanging ▪ life-forms could be arranged on a ladder or scale of increasing complexity ❑ Creation Account, The Old Testament ▪ species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect Peliti, 2019  SCIENTIST’S PERSPECTIVE ❑ Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Maltus ▪ population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply ▪ betterment of humankind is impossible without stern limits on reproduction Image source: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1267  SCIENTIST’S PERSPECTIVE ❑ Catastrophism, Georges Cuvier ❑ Uniformitarianism, James Hutton and Charles Lyell ▪ examined strata of sedimentary rocks ▪ geologic changes occur through a slow, ▪ from one layer to the next, some new continuous process rather than abrupt ones species appeared while others disappeared ▪ each boundary between strata represented a sudden catastrophic event Image source: https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g143028-i380244006-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Arizona.html  SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS ON EVOLUTION 1. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, Theory of USE and DISUSE ▪ species are changing and they came from preexisting species. ▪ Use and disuse - body parts that are used extensively become larger and stronger; those that are not used deteriorate. ▪ inheritance of acquired characteristics - an organism could Image source: https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/explain-in-brief-lamarcks-principle-of-use-or-disuse-of-organs/ pass these modifications to its offspring. Is Lamarck correct in his theory? Why?  Darwin’s route on his voyage THE LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN  Self-study Describe the life of Charles Darwin and enumerate his works. Summarize Darwin’s Voyage of the Beatle and discuss what were his observations, particularly in Galapagos Island?  Evidence that the 13 different species of finches found in the Galapagos Islands were the descendants of one species. HERE ARE JUST A FEW BEAK TYPES:  Darwin returned home to think… Malthus’ Population control principle Lyell’s Geologic principle The production of more individuals than the “if Earth changed over time, might LIFE environment can support (carrying capacity) leads to changed as well” a struggle for EXISTENCE mechanism of SURVIVAL of the FITTEST EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 1.DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION 2.NATURAL SELECTION  SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS ON EVOLUTION 2. Charles Darwin, Natural Selection ▪ is a process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, passing them on to future generations, while those with unfavorable traits die off. ▪ As species adapt to different environments over time, they accumulate differences from their ancestors = descent with modification.  NATURAL SELECTION 1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits, 2. A population can produce far more offspring many of which seem to be heritable (passed on than can survive to produce offspring of their from parents to offspring). own. Urry et al., 2021  NATURAL SELECTION 3. Species are generally suited to their environments. Urry et al., 2021  NATURAL SELECTION individuals with inherited traits that are a higher proportion of individuals in a better suited to the local environment are population will have the advantageous more likely to survive and reproduce traits → adaptation differential reproductive success NATURAL SELECTION A mechanism of evolution wherein organisms that are more fit and adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Peliti, 2019 Urry et al., 2021 Adaptive radiation is the evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. Urry et al., 2021 This “tree” illustrates a current hypothesis for the evolutionary relationships of finches in the Galápagos. Summary of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 1. Individuals do not evolve; it is the population that does. 2. There is variation within a population. Some variations are beneficial. 3. Not all offspring produced in ac generation can survive. This leads to a struggle for existence. Survival of the fittest. Those that survive and reproduce are those with the good variations.  THEORIES on EVOLUTION LAMARCK DARWIN Law of _________ Inheritance of N_______ D______ with ________ and ___________ ________ S _____ Concept Check Which of the following scenarios reflects evolution by natural selection? A. Brown weasels remained when a major catastrophe killed all white weasels. B. The frequency of brown weasels started to increase when fertile brown weasels migrated to the area. C. The frequency of white weasels started to increase when winter commenced. D. White weasels established their own population in another forest when a major predator increased in number in their original habitat. Concept Check A South American finch population with varying beak sizes is adapted to eat different seeds. Researchers found that a severe drought led to the death of many birds with small beaks, as the population shifted from small seeds to hard, hard ones, making it difficult for them to eat. Concept Check A. C. B. D. Concept Check The brown anole, a lizard native to Caribbean Sea islands, can live in various habitats, including ground-dwelling and higher-up tree trunks. Researchers introduced curly-tailed lizards, which are predators, into ground-dwelling brown anoles' habitats. To avoid these predators, many individuals moved higher into trees. Which is the best prediction for the future of ground-dwelling brown anoles populations in areas where curly-tailed lizards were introduced? Concept Check A. The brown anole populations will likely develop longer legs over many generations as they adapt to jumping higher up in trees. B. Because of their selective advantage, brown anoles that remain on the ground will likely produce more offspring in each generation than brown anoles that move higher in trees. C. Over many generations, the brown anole populations will likely develop shorter legs as they adapt to living higher in trees. D. Within two or three generations, the brown anoles will likely become extinct due to predation by curly-tailed lizards. Concept Check Lemurs are primate species found on Madagascar, with each species occupying a different ecological niche. Golden bamboo lemurs live in rainforests, consuming bamboo due to its toxic compounds, while crowned sifakas live in dry forest areas and mangroves. Based on the information above, which of the following is most likely true about the ancestry of the different lemur species on the island of Madagascar? Concept Check A. Due to competition for resources in the ancestral lemur population, some individuals needed to adapt to novel habitats, which led to the formation of new lineages. B. Due to variation in the ancestral lemur population, certain individuals were able to better exploit resources and leave more surviving offspring in novel habitats. C. Individuals in the ancestral lemur population acquired advantageous phenotypes that allowed them to find food and reproduce successfully in different habitats. D. An individual from the ancestral lemur population evolved to eat bamboo, and another individual evolved to eat parts of trees. These individuals left more surviving offspring in their respective habitats over time. Connecting Concepts The evolution of insecticide resistance is an example of natural selection in action. Chromosome with gene Insecticide conferring resistance to application insecticide Survivor Additional applications of the same insecticide will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow. Connecting Concepts The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern. The excessive use of antibiotics is leading to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Connecting Concepts  Analogy: Artificial selection modifying other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants to produce genetic traits that humans value *breeders = environment If you had a pack of wolves and wanted a Chihuahua, how would you create one?  These five canine species evolved from a common ancestor through natural selection African wild Coyote Fox Wolf Jackal dog Thousands to millions of years of natural selection Ancestral canine  Example of artificial selection in animals: dog breeding English springer German shepherd Yorkshire terrier Mini-dachshund Golden retriever spaniel Hundreds to thousands of years of breeding (artificial selection) Ancestral dog  Case Study Wheat stem rust is a fungus that infects wheat plants by injecting proteins, causing disease. Farmers worldwide grow resistant plants to prevent loss of crops. In 1999, a new strain, Ug99, was discovered in Uganda, causing disease on previously resistant plants. This strain poses a major threat to global wheat production, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Based on the information above, which of the following is most likely true about the ancestry of wheat stem rust strain Ug99?  Case Study A. A stem rust strain has developed a mutation that alters the structure of its injected proteins, enabling it to grow and reproduce on resistant wheat plants. B. A stem rust spore developed new proteins that inhibited wheat plant resistance, enabling the spore to grow and reproduce on these plants. C. A stem rust strain developed a mutation to survive in resistant wheat plants, allowing its injected proteins to go undetected.  Case Study A likely explanation for the maintenance of the sickle-cell gene in Africa is that it confers an advantage to heterozygotes by increasing their resistance to malaria. Such overdominant selection results in a stable equilibrium. What do you think the nature of selection on the sicklecell gene should be in a place where malaria rarely occurs (like the United States)? A. There should still be overdominant selection. B. There should be underdominant selection. C. There should be directional selection to eliminate the sickle cell gene. D. There will be no selection at all.  References Cassidy, J. (2014, October 21). Pygmy seahorses: Masters of Camouflage. KQED. https://www.kqed.org/science/22700/pygmy-seahorses-masters-of-camouflage Collins, N. (2013). Scienceshot: Sunflowers do the math. https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-sunflowers-do-math Hershey, A. (2019, March 2). Examples of evolutionary adaptation. Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/examples-evolutionary-adaptation-6131133.html Mackenzie, R. J. (2020). DNA vs. RNA – 5 key differences and comparison. Genomics Research from Technology Networks. https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/articles/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719 Ser John. (2020, November 18). Unifying themes in the study of life. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36Y5X9GDnhI Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Orr, R. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2021). Campbell Biology (12th ed.). Pearson LG 2.3: EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE August 19, 2023 Learning Objectives ❑ Be able to describe features of: ○ fossil record ○ metabolism ○ homology ○ embryology ○ biogeography/plate tectonics that contribute to understanding of evolutionary change. How do we know that large-scale evolution (macroevolution) happened?  Fossils ❑ preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments ❑ petrification - filling of the original pore spaces with minerals. Dead organisms are replaced slowly by dissolved minerals ❑ compression - imprinting made in the mud ❑ molds and casts - Hardened mineral which is a copy of the EXTERNAL form of the original organism ❑ preserved remains - preservation of original skeletons and soft body parts Image source: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/fossils/#:~:text=Fossils%20are%20the%20preserved%20re mains,than%2010%20000%20years%20old.  Fossils and the fossil record strongly support the theory of evolution Hominid skull – Petrified trees  Ammonite casts –Fossilized organic matter in a leaf  Scorpion in amber –“Ice Man” FOSSIL RECORD Chronological collection of life’s remains recorded during the passage of time strongly supports the theory of evolution in each layer of rock, the fossils are samples of organisms that existed in that place at the time the sediment was deposited Provides a consistent and extensive record of Earth’s history  Fossils Image source: https://www.fossilguy.com/what-is-a-fossil/index.htm Image source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-selection/a/lines-of-evidence-for-evolution  Fossils ❑ fossils are often contained in rocks that build up in layers called strata Image source: https://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/education-resources/the-geologic-timescale/  Homology characteristics present in an ancestral organism are altered (by natural selection) related species can have characteristics that have an underlying similarity yet function differently Urry et al., 2021 Image source: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/examples-of-homology/legs-and-limbs/ Homology Urry et al., 2021  Homology Vestigial Structures ❑ have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor Image source: https://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/lect%2037.htm Image source: https://www.albert.io/learn/question/middle-school-science/vestigial-legs-in-snakes  Homology Vestigial Structures ❑ have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor  Homology Analogous Structures ❑ features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure Convergent Evolution ❑ independent evolution of similar features in different lineages Image source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/homologous-and-analogous-traits/ Image source: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolution-101/the-history-of-life-looking-at-the-patterns/homologies-and-analogies/  Homology Anatomical Homology Molecular Homology Image source: https://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F05_4.html Image source: https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/10.22/ Embryological Evidence If organisms have similar embryos, they are more CLOSELY related than those with less similarities Sea lamprey pond turtle chicken cat human Homologous sequence If organisms have more similar genes or base sequences, they are CLOSELY related to one another ⚫ We share more than 97% of our genes with chimpanzees Human = ACT GGA TTC Gorilla = ACT GGA TTG Horse = ACT AAC GAA  Biogeography ❑ the scientific study of the geographic distributions of species ❑ Lovettia sealii and Aplochiton zebra Image source: https://biologydictionary.net/biogeography-fossils-support-evolutionary-theory/ Biogeography Image source: https://eos.org/articles/paleomagnetic-data-hint-at-link-from-earths-core-to-continents  Biogeography Image source: https://bio.liretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/09%3A_Biological_Evolution/9.3%3A_Evidence_for_Evolution Concept Check What best describes the hind leg bones seen in the whale? A. Analogous structures to the fins of living fish B. Vestigial structures that had a function in an ancestor C. Fossil structures from an extinct ancestor D. Homologous structures to the wings of butterflies Concept Check Which of the following would best determine whether two plant species share a recent common ancestor? A. Habitat distribution B. Stem lengths C. Flowering times D. DNA sequences Concept Check Some organisms have features that have different functions, but similar structures. One example is the forelimb of humans, dogs, birds, and whales. What term best describes the relationship between these forelimbs? A. They are vestigial. B. They are homologous. C. They are analogous. D. They are embryological. Concept Check The most likely explanation for the fact that the Hawaiian Islands did not have any land mammals until humans arrived is that: A. life on these islands has evolved largely independently of the rest of the world B. all of the mammals on these islands died out before people came C. the environment was unsuitable for mammals on these islands QUESTIONS?  References Evidence for evolution. Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-selection/a/lines-of-evidence-for-evolution Fernandez, V., Semenas, L., & Viozzi, G. (2012). Parasites of the “peladilla,” Aplochiton Zebra (osmeriformes: Galaxiidae), from Patagonia (Argentina and Chile). Comparative Parasitology, 79(2), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1654/4561.1 Homologous and Analogous Traits. Lumen. (n.d.). https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/homologous-and-analogous-traits/ How does the biogeography of fossils support evolutionary theory? Biology Dictionary. (2017, July 6). https://biologydictionary.net/biogeography-fossils-support-evolutionary-theory/ Fossils. British Geological Survey. (2021, August 20). https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/fossils/#:~:text=Fossils%20are%20the%20preser ved%20remains,than%2010%20000%20years%20old. Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Orr, R. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2021). Campbell Biology (12th ed.). Pearson Using embryology and examining vestigial structures to determine patterns. Albert. (n.d.). https://www.albert.io/learn/question/middle-school-science/vestigial-legs-in-snakes Prepared by: Checked by: JERILE MAE E. CASIMIRO MICHELLE B. DUCUSIN SST-III CID Chief/SST-IV Date: Aug 15, 2024 Date: August 15, 2024