English 4 Quarter 1 Exam Q&A Review 2024 PDF

ENGLISH 4 2024 QUARTER 1 EXAM REVIEWER/NOTES — © chelsy taino :3 source mostly: litcharts ♥️ In Shiduri's tavern, Gilgamesh begs her...

ENGLISH 4 2024 QUARTER 1 EXAM REVIEWER/NOTES — © chelsy taino :3 source mostly: litcharts ♥️ In Shiduri's tavern, Gilgamesh begs her assistance in his quest. She tells him to seek THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH help from Uta-napishti's ferryman, Ur-shanabi, who is to be found by the shore the Babylonian poem that tells the deeds of with his magic crew of Stone Ones. Gilgamesh, the greatest king and mightiest Gilgamesh smashes the Stone Ones and hero of ancient Mesopotamian legend casts them into the water. Gilgamesh is spied by Uta-napishti and lands on his shore. TABLET I-V: Uta-napishti counsels Gilgamesh on his Gilgamesh tyrannizes his people, leading to un-wisdom and admonishes him for the creation of his counterpart, Enkidu. neglecting his kingly duties. Enkidu grows up with steppe animals, but encounters a hunter who advises him to have TABLET XI-XII: a woman seduce him. Gilgamesh questions Uta-napishti about his The woman, a prostitute, sates Enkidu's sexual immortality and how he survived a flood. desire over six days and seven nights, leading Uta-napishti tells him about his journey, to his self-awareness. including building a boat and bringing his Enkidu is led to a shepherds' camp, where he family and animals. He is made immortal by confronts Gilgamesh and becomes friends Enlil, who made him immortal in unique after fighting. circumstances. Gilgamesh proposes an expedition to the Gilgamesh is given a magic white garment Cedar Forest, where they encounter its and instructed to obtain a rejuvenation plant. terrible guardian, the ogre Humbaba. However, a snake steals the plant, causing bitter failure. Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, The elders give their blessing and entrust their showing Ur-shanabi the city's various king's safety to Enkidu. Gilgamesh's mother, aspects. Ninsun, addresses the rising sun, Shamash, asking for his protection & aid. VOGLER’S HERO JOURNEY She reveals Gilgamesh's final destiny as divine king of the shades in the netherworld and adopts Enkidu as Gilgamesh's brother. 1. The Ordinary World The heroes travel for 3 days, camp for the 2. Call to Adventure night, and conduct a ritual to bring a dream. 3. Refusal of the Call They hear Humbaba bellowing from afar, and 4. Meeting the Mentor Shamash urges them to attack. 5. Crossing the Threshold 6. Test, Allies, Enemies TABLET VI-X: 7. Approach the Inmost Cave Gilgamesh is a man who changes his 8. The Ordeal appearance and becomes loved by the 9. Reward goddess Ishtar. 10. Road Back She proposes marriage to him, but he refuses 11. Resurrection due to his past mistakes. She seeks revenge 12. Return With the Elixir by giving her the fiery Bull of Heaven, which causes mayhem in Uruk. Enkidu has a terrible dream where he is ARCHETYPAL HEROES dragged captive to the netherworld, and he dies. Gilgamesh mourns for his friend, Enkidu, and 1. Hero his funeral lasts several days. He abandons 2. Mentor his city and royal duties, searching for his 3. Threshold Guardian ancestor, Utanapishti, who became 4. Shapeshifter immortal. 5. Shadow 17 right here tour on jan cutie  6. Herald 7. Phoebe → Titan of the Moon; Mother of Leto 7. Trickster 8. Metis → Titaness of the 4th day & planet of 8. Sidekick Mercury; presided over all wisdom & knowledge 9. Theia → Titan goddess of shining elements SUMERIAN FLOOD MYTH HOME OF THE GODS The gods decided to flood the world due to the noise and chaos created by humans. Mount Olympus is the known physical home Utnapishtim was warned by the god Ea to of the Greek Gods build a large boat to save himself, his family, ❖ It is located in Thessaly, Greece and a variety of living creatures. ❖ It is mysteriously conceived as both it being a He followed instructions, constructing a vessel high mountain and a vast heavenly region and loading it with animals and provisions. ❖ It is not part of heaven, nor is it on the earth, When the flood came, it raged for six days sea, or realm of the dead and nights, submerging the land. ❖ A “perfect” place where rain never falls and After the waters receded, Utnapishtim sent where the gods spend their time relaxing and out birds to find dry land. The first bird feasting. returned, having found no place to rest, but ❖ The entrance was a great gate of clouds kept the second found a tree, signaling the end of by the Seasons. No wind or season ever the flood. weathered Olympus. Utnapishtim and his wife were granted immortality for their survival. THE 12 OLYMPIANS GREEK MYTHOLOGY 1. Zeus (Jupiter) → the leader 2. Poseidon (Neptune) 3. Hades (Pluto) THE TITANS 4. Hestia (Vesta) 5. Hera (Juno) → wife and sister of Zeus 6. Ares (Mars) → son of Hera & Zeus 1. Oceanus → unending stream of water 7. Hephaestus (Vulcan) → Hera’s son encircling the world 1. Tethys → Ocean’s wife; goddess of fresh OTHER CHILDREN OF ZEUS: water 8. Pallas Athena (Minerva) 2. Hyperion → Titan of light; god of the sun, 9. Phoebus Apollo moon, & dawn 10. Aphrodite (Venus) 3. Mnemosyne → Titan of memory; mother of 11. Hermes (Mercury) Muses 12. Artemis (Diana) 4. Themis → Titan of justice & order; mother of Fates & the Seasons 5. Iapetus → had 3 sons: ZEUS (JUPITER) a. Atlas → bore the world on his shoulders as he fought against Zeus He and his brothers drew lots to determine & led the Titans who has control over which portion. b. Prometheus → savior of mankind & ❖ Lord of the Sky & Supreme Ruler gifted them fire The mightiest of them all, and wields the c. Epimetheus → his name means thunderbolt. “afterthought”; accepted the gift of Fate, the mysterious power, was sometimes Pandora from Zeus, which led to the said to be stronger than him. gateway of evils in the world. A womanizer & uses a variety of ways and LESS RELEVANT TITANS: tricks to hide his affairs from his wife, Hera. 6. Coeus → Titan of intelligence; Father of Leto Symbols: Aegis, eagle, oak 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Oracle: Dodona (in the land of oak trees) The Vestals, six virgin priestesses, took care for her fire. HERA (JUNO) ARES (MARS) The wife and sister of Zeus Was raised by Titan Ocean & Tethys The God of War; hated by his parents The protector of marriage and married Homer describes him as someone women murderous, the incarnate curse of mortals, She constantly punishes Zeus’s lovers, but also coward at the same time whether it be they are innocent or not. Romans liked him more, compared to the She holds long grudges Greeks ❖ Like making sure Troy was destroyed just His attendants on the battlefield were Eris, his because Paris, a Trojan, had judged another sister, and Strife, her son. goddess to be more beautiful Walks beside the Goddess of War, Enyo Ilithyia, her daughter, helped women in (Bellona in Latin) childbirth. He was worshipped in zero cities … ouch agoy Symbols: Cow, peacock, Argos (fav city) 😢 POSEIDON (NEPTUNE) PALLAS ATHENA (MINERVA) Ruler of the Sea & 2nd to Zeus in terms of Daughter of Zeus, no mother power Sprang from Zeus’s head fully grown & in full Carries a trident and gave the 1st horse to armor mankind Goddess of the City, protector of civilized life, His wife is Amphitrite, granddaughter of of handicrafts & agriculture Ocean. The favorite child of Zeus, and was entrusted Was also called “Earth-Shaker” with carrying his aegis & thunderbolt.. The embodiment of wisdom, reason, & purity Athens was her special city. HADES (PLUTO) PALLAS APOLLO Ruler of the dead (not death) & underworld 3rd brother among Olympians Also called God of Wealth since he also rules Son of Zeus & Leto (Latona); Born in the island the metals buried underground of Delos; The most greek MOST GREEK?!?!?!?! of Had a cap/helmet that made whoever who all the gods wore it invisible A master musician who plays with his golden Rarely left the underworld. He was a terrible lyre god, but not evil. ❖ Also the Lord of the silver bow, the His wife is Persephone (Proserpine), who was Archer-god; The God of Light and Truth as carried away from Earth well Taught mortals the art of healing His oracle was in Delphi under towering HESTIA (VESTA) Parnassus. He was also called Delian from Delos, and A virgin goddess, plays no signifanct part in Pythian from killing a serpent, Python, which myths; no distinct personality either. lived in the caves of Parnassus. Goddess of the Hearth, symbol of the home He was also the Lycian, meaning various Each meal began & ended with an offering to things: Wolf-god, God of Light, and God of her. Lycia. Each city has a public hearth sacred to her, ❖ He was also called the Sun-god, with where the fire was never allowed to go out. Phoebus meaning “brilliant” or “shining.” But 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Helios, son of the Titan Hyperion, was the true HEPHAESTUS (VULCAN/MULCIBER) Sun-god. Hera’s son; could be the son of Zeus APHRODITE (VENUS) God of Fire It was said that Hera cast him out from Goddess of Love & Beauty heaven when she saw his appearance (ou She beguiled all, gods and men alike. She was my god.. panget spotted). the laughter-loving goddess. However, in another story, it says that Zeus did In the Iliad, her parents are Zeus and Dione, this, angry that Hephaestus defended Hera but in later poems, she sprung from the foam But, he was highly honored in Olympus, as he of the sea, with her name explained as “the was the workman of the immortals foam-risen” It is said that his forge is under a volcano, an ❖ (Aphros means foam in Greek) explanation to why it erupts In most stories, her husband is Hephaestus (Vulcan), the lame and ugly god of the forge. 01 | THE BEGINNING HERMES (MERCURY) HOW THE WORLD AND MANKIND WERE CREATED Son of Zeus & Maia, daughter of Atlas 1. The world started with Chaos The messenger of Zeus long before the gods, there was only The most cunning god; called the Master formless confusion & unbroken Thief who stole Apollo’s herds darkness The God of Commerce and Market, protector 2. Then, 2 children were born out of Chaos, Night of traders. & Erebus He was also the solemn guide of the dead, the Erebus – unfathomable depth where Divine Herald who led the souls down to their death dwells last home. 3. Erebus gave birth to Love, and it created Light and Day 4. Then, Earth was born. ARTEMIS (DIANA) both a solid ground and vague personality The twin of Apollo, one of the 3 maiden 5. Earth gave birth to Heaven goddesses of Olympus made to cover Earth and serve as the Lady of Wild Things; Hunts-man in chief to home of gods/goddesses the gods 6. Earth (Gaea) and Heaven (Ouranos) then Protectress of Dewy Youth gave birth to the first lifeforms; they were Known as a fierce and revengeful goddess monsters. Whenever women died painlessly, it was said Their Children: that they were shot by Artemis’ arrows ○ Hecatonchires – 100 hands, Was the Moon, called Phoebe & Selene (Luna 50 heads in Latin) ○ Cyclops – wheel-eyed, one ○ Phoebe and Selene (moon-goddess enormous eye in the middle & the sister of sun-god Helios) were ○ Titans Titans 7. Ouranos hated his children, specifically the Called Hecate in later poets — the goddess hecatonchires. He imprisoned them with three forms, Selene → sky, Artemis → somewhere in Earth. earth, Hecate → lower world & the world 8. Of course, Gaea was enraged with this. She above wrapped in darkness came to her other kids for help and one was ○ Goddess of the Dark of the Moon brave enough to oppose their father, the Titan Cronus. 17 right here tour on jan cutie  9. The Giants & Erinyes (Furies) were born from Hyperboreans – the ones in the far north, a the blood of Ouranos. land near the dwelling of the Muses Erinyes – snakes for hair, blood for Ethiopians – in the far south, where they were tears; pursued and punished sinners often visited by the gods 10. Cronus (Saturn) was then declared the God of the Universe. He marries his sister, Rhea HUMAN CREATION (Ops in Latin) 11. The couple gave birth to a few well-known gods, such as Zeus, Hestia, Poseidon, Hera, 1ST STORY: Demeter, etc. 1. Prometheus and his brother, Epimetheus 12. However, Cronus learned of a prophecy that (whose name means “afterthought”), are someday one of his children would dethrone assigned with making mortals. him. To avoid this, he swallowed his children 2. Epimetheus foolishly gives all the best gifts to after they were born. animals first 13. When Rhea gave birth to Zeus, she took him to 3. Prometheus shapes humans similar to Gods, a cave in Crete. She tricked Cronus who then he steals fire from the Sun for their gift. swallowed a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes instead. 2ND STORY: 14. Growing up, Zeus was taken cared for by an 1. The gods made humans using metals. eagle. He made his father spew out his 2. They start with gold, and these humans are siblings with the help of Gaea. almost perfect. 3. Then, the gods experiement with metals of lower quality. TITANOMACHY a. Silver race – the foolish ones; they keep injuring themselves war between the Titans (led by Atlas) & the b. Bronze race – loves war & eventually Gods (led by Zeus) destroys itself. 4. The last race is the Iron race, the humans that 1. Zeus released the Hecatonchires and they all now reside on Earth. They are said to be the fought the Titans. However, Prometheus, son worst humans yet, each generation more of the Titan Iapetus, took the side of Zeus. sinful than the last. 2. Zeus eventually won the war. 5. Said that Zeus will one day destroy them too. 3. The titans were chained underground in Tartarus for 9 days & nights. Atlas, brother of Prometheus, had to hold up the the universe In both myths, there were no women created for eternity as punishment. Prometheus tricks Zeus again on behalf of 4. After, Gaea gives birth to her last & most mankind again; humans would get the best frightful offspring, Typhon. part of a sacrificed animal, & Gods will be left 5. Zeus was able to defeat it with the aid of his with bones and fat. thunderbolts. With Zeus enraged, he creates the first 6. Later, there was a rebellion of the Giants, but woman, Pandora, as a punishment for men. again, the Gods are victorious. ○ her name means “the gift of all” 7. Zeus and the Olympians rule undisputed. On the other hand, another story involves Pandora and blames her curiosity instead: THE EARTH The Gods have her a box into which each had put some evil/misfortune, so they told her to In Greek Mythology, it was believed that the never open it. Earth was a round disk divided into Axine But, since she was curious, Pandora opened (Unfriendly Sea; Mediterranean) & the Euxine the box, releasing all troubles of the world. (Friendly Sea; Black Sea) The only good thing the box held on was Outside the ocean’s perimeter, there live the Hope, which was humanity’s only comfort in Cimmerians, who lived in a land of endless their misfortunes. night 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Zeus then punished Prometheus for helping ○ Asia said the she gave birth to humans. Europa, so she owned her. The other Zeus chained him to a rock for eternity. nameless continent said that Zeus As this is a punishment, Zeus did this because would give Europa to her. he learned that he, like Cronus, is fated to 1 She goes out to a meadow with friends. And day give birth to a son who would dethrone while Zeus was watching her, Cupid shoots him. him in the heart and falls madly in love with Only Prometheus knows the name of the her. son’s mother, so Zeus tried to get him to Wary of Hera, Zeus transforms himself into a reveal the name. bull to approach her, Prometheus would not budge, so he was She and her friends gather around him & punished with Zeus sending him an eagle to Europa climbed onto his back, leading her tear out his liver day-by-day. over the sea, accompanied by Poseidon and He is later freed, with 2 versions how: other sea gods. ○ Chiron, the Centaur, died for him/took Europa as frightened, but Zeus comforts her the burden by revealing his identity. ○ Hercules slayed his tormenting eagle Then, Zeus takes Europa to Crete where he and broke the chains (with consent raped her. from Zeus) Europa’s sons included Minos & Rhadamanthus, who become judges of the 3RD STORY: dead. THE FLOOD STORY 03 | THE LOVE STORIES 1. It begins with the Deluge. Men grew so wicked that Zeus was determined to kill them with a CUPID & PSYCHE horrible storm, with the help of Poseidon. 2. It rained for 9 days & nights, with a wooden chest drifting to Paranassus. Psyche was the daughter of a king. 3. The wooden chest contained Deucalion & Her beauty was constantly compared with Pyrrha, the former being the son of Aphrodite’s, and even came to a point where Prometheus & the latter his niece-wife, the no one bothered to worship Venus anymore. daughter of Epimetheus & Pandora Of course, Aphrodite does not fw it !!! So, she ○ It was Prometheus who warned and sent her son, Cupid, to make Psyche fall in instructed his son to build the chest love with the “most despicable creature”. with provisions from the flood. However, when Cupid saw Psyche, ayun 4. Zeus pitied the 2 as they were faithful nainlove si boi !!! yan tau eh worshippers, and drained the flood. They Soon, time passed, and no one fell in love with found a temple that commanded them to Psyche. Her sisters were all happily married, & cast behind them their mother’s bones. she was the only one left. 5. However, to avoid doing that, Deucalion told Her family went to an Oracle of Apollo where his wife that they could cast stones instead, they were told that Psyche must dress like as Earth is mother to all. she’s mourning and go to the summit of a hill 6. The stones turned into people and they were alone. There, her husband would come to wed called the Stone People. her. Doing so, she wept there, and the winds of Zephyr started to lift her up, and she floated 02 | EUROPA from the hill into a meadow. She fell asleep and woke up beside a river & mansion. The daughter of the King of Sidon. When she was going to sleep, she felt the When Zeus was watching the Earth, he presence of her husband beside her, and stumbled upon her, troubled by a dream of spoke to her that she is forbidden to see him. two continents in the shape of women who One night, her husband warns her that her tried to possess her. sisters will be passing by, and Psyche begs 17 right here tour on jan cutie  him to let her see them. He agrees, but says She flees and drops her cloak, with the lioness that it will end in a tragedy tearing it apart, reason being why there was Her sisters were jealous of Psyche’s good blood smeared on it. fortune and formed a plot to ruin her. They When Pyramus arrives, he sees the bloody were able to convince Psyche that her cloak and thinks that Thisbe has been killed. husband is a horrible monster.. Because of this, Pyramus kills himself with his They force her to agree to their plan: light a sword, and his blood covers the berries and lamp and look at her husband while he is the tree and stains them red. (Note: the sleeping. and if he his indeed a monster, she berries were WHITE before) must stab him. When Thisbe returned, she saw Pyramus’s When Psyche carried out the plan, she found state and she also decided to kill herself with out that her husband was none other than the same sword Pyramus used. Cupid. The Gods took pity on the dead lovers, and However, nawindang si ate girl kaya ayun a they kept the red color of the mulberry as a drop of hot oil from the lamp falls on Cupid’s reminder of their tragic ending. shoulder and was wounded, waking him up “Love, however, cannot be forbidden.” and eventually flees the house. Psyche went to Aphrodite crushed with ORPHEUS & EURYDICE shame. For Venus to help her find her husband, she must accomplish 3 impossible tasks Orpheus was a talented musician from ○ 1. Arrange many small seeds by night Thrace, who is also a prince and son of one of ○ 2. Get golden wool from sheep the Muses. ○ 3. Go to the underworld & ask He sailed with Jason on the Argo and saved Persephone for some of her beauty heroes from sirens. But, out of curiosity, Psyche opens the box and He meets Eurydice and marries her. However, falls asleep. Then, Cupid finally appears at soon after the wedding, she is bitten by a last, healed from his wound, and wakes up snake and dies. Psyche. Orpheus’s grief was unbearable, and he used Cupid goes straight to Zeus to make Psyche the power of his music to pass by Cerberus an immortal. Zeus agrees & approves of their and entered the gates of Hades to try and marriage. bring Eurydice back. “Love cannot exist where there is no trust.” To get his wife back, she must walk behind happy ending YUPPP Orpheus on the journey back to Earth, and Orpheus must not turn to look at her. However, when they were nearing the exit, he PYRAMUS & THISBE was overcome with doubt and looked back at Eurydice. She slips away from him and returns The Romeo & Juliet story to the underworld forever. They were two young lovers who lived in He met his end when a band of Maenads Babylon, in housed that shared a common came upon him and ripped him to pieces. wall. They wanted to get married, but their parents PYGMALION & GALATEA forbid them. They both discover a crack in the wall between them, and that’s how they Pygmalion is a young sculptor who hates communicated. women and only finds fulfillment in his heart. Eventually, they decided to elope and He then decided to make a statue of a perfect planned to meet outside the city beneath a woman to showcase flaws of current women. mulberry tree. He does indeed make a beautiful statue, to Thisbe gets their first, but while waiting, a the point he fell in love with it. lioness appears with bloody jaws. Aphrodite was intrigued by this new, unique form of love, so she decided to give this statue life. 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Pygmalion is overjoyed and named the grows up, he returns to reclaim his rightful woman Galatea. kingdom. Venus herself attend their wedding, they had Pelias had been told by the oracle that he a son named Paphos, the inspo for would be killed by a stranger with only one Aphrodite’s favorite city name. sandal. Jason loses one of his sandals during his journey. Jason demands that Pelias give up his throne. DAPHNE Pelias pretends to agree, but first he lies and says that the oracle has told him that Daphne, an independent young nymph, who someone must bring back the Golden Fleece was the daughter of the river-god Pentheus, so that Phrixus’s spirit can return home, and hated the idea of marriage and loved he asks him to go. hunting. ○ In reality, Pelias hopes Jason will die Apollo falls in love with her when he saw her during the quest at the forest, but she ran away from him Eh si kuya ayaw sumuko however, Daphne Jason assembles a group of Greek heroes to panicked so bad she called out to her father accompany him on his quest – among them for help. Hercules, Theseus, Castor & Pollux, Peleus As a solution, Pentheus transforms her (Achilles’ father), and Orpheus. daughter into a laurel tree before Apollo ○ They set out in a ship called the Argo, could catch up to her. (gagu ang bobits nman so the heroes are called the ng tatay neto) Argonauts. Apollo then declares that the laurel will be his During the quest, Hercules leaves the crew, as sacred tree from now on, and will symbolize he is blinded by grief when his friend and music & victory. (eh di mo nga sya nahabol armor-bearer Hylas is lured into drowning by paano naging victory yan !!!!!!!! gigil moko ha) a nymph. Next, they encounter the Harpies, who are 04 | THE QUEST OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE flying beasts, and an old oracle (prophet) named Phineus. ○ Zeus had punished Phineus for always The story begins with a Greek king named telling the direct truth instead of Athamas who grew tired of his wife, Nephele, wrapping his prophecies in mystery. so he married a 2nd woman, Ino. He starved due to the presence of Ino wants to kill Nephele’s son, Phrixus, so Harpies that her own son can inherit the throne. Among the group are the sons of Boreas, the She manages to cause a drought in the North Wind, and they drive away the Harpies. country; Persuades the oracle to tell King He warns them about their next obstacle, the Athamas that he must sacrifice Phrixus to Symplegades, the Clashing Rocks, where make the corn grow. passing thru is impossible. But they succeed in doing so by 1st sending a dove thru it. In the original tale, Hermes sends a flying The Olympians, notably Hera and Aphrodite, golden ram to save Phrixus (including Helle, decided to help Jason. his sister) just as he was about to be ○ They sent Cupid to make Medea, the sacrificed. daughter of the Colchian King Aeetes The ram flies them over the ocean, where and a powerful magician, fall in love Helle slips off & drowns. with Jason. The ram lands on Colchis and Phrixus sacrifices the ram to Zeus. He then gives its Medea sees Jason and Cupid shoots her, Golden Fleece to Aetes, the king of Colchis. causing her to fall in love. King Aeetes asks why they have come. He is Meanwhile, a man named Pelias takes the enraged by Jason’s request for the Golden throne of Phrixus’s uncle, Aeson, who was the Fleece, but it’s forbidden to kill guests. rightful king of Iolcos. His son, Jason, is sent away in secret to be kept safe. When Jason 17 right here tour on jan cutie  ○ Instead Aeetes (like Pelias) assigns ○ Jason finds and curses her just as she Jason an impossible task, hoping he flies away. will die. Jason’s men suggest he asks Medea for help. Medea, meanwhile, almost kills herself 05 | DAEDALUS because of her love for a stranger—a love that means she must betray her own father. ○ But Medea decides to live, and she Daedalus is the architect and inventor who and Jason meet. She gives him an built the Labyrinth in Crete and then showed ointment that makes him invincible Ariadne how she could help Theseus escape for a day, and tells him how to defeat it. the dragon-men. King Minos suspects that Daedalus helped Jason succeeds but King Aeetes plots Theseus, and he imprisons Daedalus with his another way to kill the Argonauts, but again son, Icarus, in the Labyrinth itself. Medea saves Jason. (girl. stand up for urself!!!!!!) Daedalus builds wings for himself and his son, She warns Jason to get the Fleece at once and they escape by flying away. and flee or he will be killed. The Fleece is Daedalus warns Icarus not to fly too high or guarded by a huge serpent, but Medea puts it the sun will melt the glue and his wings will fall to sleep. apart. As they sail away, King Aeetes sends his son, ○ Icarus does not listen, he flies towards Apsyrtus, along with a huge army. Medea the sun, and then falls into the sea saves Jason again by making the ultimate and drowns. sacrifice for him by killing her brother. The grieving Daedalus flies to Sicily. Minos is enraged at Daedalus’s escape, and When they reach Greece the Argonauts tries to trap him by arranging a contest. disband. Minos knows that only Daedalus could solve Jason takes Medea and the Fleece to Pelias, the riddle, and when he does, Minos comes to only to find that Pelias has killed Jason’s Sicily to find him, but in the end, Minos father, and Jason’s mother has died of grief. himself is slain. ○ Medea helps Jason again by contriving a terrible death for Pelias. 06 | PERSEUS She convinces Pelias’s daughters that they will make their father young again if they chop him up and put his King Acrisius of Argos learns from the Oracle pieces into a magical pot. They do so, at Delphi that his daughter, Danaë, will give thinking they are helping their father. birth to a son that will kill him. In another story: Acrisius fears that the gods will punish him if ○ Medea returned Jason’s father to life, he kills his daughter, so he imprisons Danaë to & she gave Jason himself perpetual keep her from getting pregnant. youth. One day, Zeus comes to her as a golden rain ○ She later bears him 2 sons, & they live and he magically impregnates her. for a while in Corinth. Danaë gives birth to Perseus. When Acrisius ○ Jason then betrays Medea’s great discovers the child and who its father was, he loyalty by betrothing himself to the puts Danaë and Perseus in a wooden chest & daughter of Corinth’s king. Medea is throws it out to sea. distraught and then enraged by Eventually, they are found by Dictys, a kind Jason. Medea then leaves Jason & fisherman, who takes them in. plots a terrible revenge for him. Dictys’s brother, Polydectes is the wicked ruler ○ She sends her two sons with a of the island where they live, and Polydectes beautiful robe for Jason’s new bride, falls in love with Danaë. but when the girl puts on the robe, it Polydectes wants to get rid of Perseus and bursts into flame and kills her. marry Danaë, so he manages to convince ○ Medea then kills her own two sons, Perseus to kill Medusa, the Gorgon, and bring fearing they will live as slaves. her head as a wedding gift. 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Hercules, born in Thebes to Alcmena and Medusa is a woman with snakes for hair, and Zeus, is the greatest hero of Greece. anyone who looks at her turns to stone. Born as the son of Alcmena, he has The gods help Perseus, and Hermes appears superhuman strength even as an infant. to him and gives him a magical sword, and He is punished by Hera for his mother’s Athena gives him a mirrored shield. infidelity with Zeus, driving him temporarily Perseus then travels to the Graiae (3 Gray insane and making him kill his wife and sisters who share 1 eye), and he steals their children. eye until they tell him how to find the Hercules recovers his sanity and prepares to Hyperborean nymphs. kill himself, but his friend Theseus persuades Perseus travels to the Hyperboreans with him to live and take him to Athens. Hermes, and the nymphs give him: ○ winged sandals so he can fly Hercules leaves Athens to purify himself of his ○ a magical wallet that holds anything crimes. ○ & a cap that makes him invisible He goes to the Oracle at Delphi and sends The Gorgons are asleep, and Perseus creeps him to his cousin Eurystheus, King of Mycenae, up on them, looking at them only in the to atone for his sins. reflection of Athena’s mirrored shield so he is Eurystheus, encouraged by Hera, comes up not turned to stone. with 12 impossible tasks known as the Labors ○ Athena and Hermes accompany him, of Hercules. and they point out which one is Medusa – as her two sisters are THE TASKS: immortal. Perseus chops off the 1. Kill the lion of Nemea sleeping Medusa’s head, puts it in his cannot be wounded by weapons magic wallet, and flies away. Hercules chokes it to death. 2. Kill the Hydra of Lerna, monster with 9 heads On the way home, Perseus comes upon he gets his cousin to burn the stumps Andromeda, a princess who has been of each head as he chops them off chained to a rock and is about to be eaten by he imprisons the immortal head a sea serpent, as a punishment for her under a giant rock mother, Cassiopeia, who had offended the 3. Capture the golden-horned stag gods by boasting of her own beauty. sacred to Artemis When the sea serpent appears, Perseus cuts 4. Capture a great boar on Mount Erymanthus off its head. He frees Andromeda, takes her to 5. Clean the Augean stables in 1 day her home, and marries her. 6. Kill the birds plaguing Stymphalus Perseus then returns to his own island to find 7. Capture the wild bull of Minos that Polydectes, enraged at Danaë’s refusal to 8. Kill King Diomedes of Thrace & take his marry him, has driven Danaë and Dictys to flesh-eating horses hide in a temple. 9. Kill Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons Perseus goes to Polydectes’ palace, where the 10. Capture the cattle of Geryon King is having a banquet. Perseus enters the a three-bodied monster that lives on banquet hall and holds up Medusa’s head, the island of Erythia turning everyone (except himself) to stone. 11. Steal the Golden Apples of the Hesperides He then makes Dictys king of the island, and He goes to Atlas, the father of the he, Andromeda, and Danaë return to Greece. Hesperides to ask for info. Perseus unwittingly fulfills the oracle’s Atlas offers to go get the apples prophecy there, as he accidentally kills his himself if Hercules will take Atlas’s job grandfather Acrisius (who is disguised as a while he is gone. Hercules agrees and spectator) in a discus-throwing contest. takes the earth on his shoulders. Atlas brings back the apples, but in the meantime he enjoys his freedom 07 | HERCULES and decides to make Hercules do his job from now on. Hercules is able to trick Atlas into taking the earth back, 17 right here tour on jan cutie  by saying that he needs a pad for his Deianira hears how her spell went awry and shoulders. kills herself. 12. Bring Cerberus, the 3-headed dog of Hades, up to the earth’s surface When Hercules died, he ascended to Where Hercules frees his friend Olympus, marries Hera's daughter Hebe, and Theseus from the Chair of becomes immortal. Forgetfulness. Hades agrees that Hercules can take Cerberus if he can overcome the dog 08 | THE TROJAN WAR without weapons. Hercules succeeds and brings Cerberus back. THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS Hercules defeats Antaeus, a wrestler who is invincible as long as he can touch the ground, and Achelous, the river-god, to marry The war in Troy began with 3 jealous Deianira, Achelous' daughter. goddesses. He rescues King Laomedon's daughter from Eris, the goddess of Discord, throws a golden a sea serpent at Troy. apple into the banquet hall for the fairest. The goddesses Aphrodite, Hera, and Pallas Hercules also commits less glorious deeds, Athena compete for the apple, but Zeus such as killing a boy who spills water on him chooses Paris, the son of King Priam of Troy to and killing his friend to punish his father, King choose. Eurytus. Zeus punishes Hercules by making him act as Paris, who has been doing shepherd's work, is a slave to Queen Omphale for 1 or 3 years, sent away and lives with Oenone, a nymph. where she makes him dress and work like a The goddesses sweep Paris up and make him woman. judge between them, offering him bribes instead of choosing the fairest goddess. On his way to get the flesh-eating horses of ○ Hera offers him rulership of Europe Diomedes, Hercules stops at the house of his and Asia friend Admetus, whose wife just died. ○ Athena offers victory against the He decides to make amends by traveling to Greeks Hades and bringing Admetus's wife back to ○ Aphrodite offers that Paris would life. have the fairest woman of all Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite, When Hercules completes his enslavement to and this causes the Trojan War. Omphale, he is still angry at King Eurytus and gathers an army to capture his city. THE WAR ITSELF One of the captives is the king's daughter, and Deianira becomes jealous of her beauty. She uses a spell to secure Hercules' love in The Trojan War is a battle between the fear. Greeks and the Trojans. ○ Years earlier, a Centaur named Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, Nessus insulted Deianira and and is married to King Menelaus of Sparta. Hercules shot him. Nessus told Menelaus returns, finds Helen gone, and calls Deianira to take some of his blood as upon all of Greece to help get her back and a charm if Hercules fell in love with destroy Troy. another woman. Deianira anoints a robe of Hercules with Odysseus of Ithaca & Achilles, son of Peleus Nessus' blood. and Thetis, join the massive Greek fleet, which When he puts on the robe, he is seized with sails united against Troy. mortal pain and must kill himself to end the The Greeks learn that Artemis is angry pain. because one of them slew one of her sacred hares, demanding a sacrifice of Iphigenia, 17 right here tour on jan cutie  the daughter of the Greek Commander in Achilles himself won’t fight, the Trojans might Chief, Agamemnon. be frightened by the sight of him. Agamemnon is forced by his men to comply, Patroclus kills Hector with his spear, and sending for Iphigenia, saying he has arranged Achilles vows to avenge him by killing Hector. for her to marry Achilles, but when she arrives, he sacrifices her. Achilles rejoins the Greek army and they go back to battle. The Greek fleet reaches Troy and the war Zeus weighs Hector’s life against Achilles’ begins. life, and it is appointed that Hector should die. Achilles is the greatest warrior among the The Trojans retreat back through their Greeks, and Hector, King Priam’s son and Scaean gates, leaving only Hector outside the Paris’s brother, is the Trojan champion. walls to face Achilles. The war stretches on for 9 years, with the The Olympians are upset about the advantage going back and forth. disrespect of the dead, and Zeus convinces Apollo turns against the Greeks, as they have King Priam to seek Hector's body. kidnapped Chryseis, the daughter of his Achilles repents and promises to keep the priest, and gave her to Agamemnon. Greeks from battle for 9 days, allowing the Achilles & Calchas (a prophet) manage to Trojans to mourn for Hector. convince Agamemnon to give up Chryseis, The Iliad ends with Hector's funeral. but in return, Agamemnon demands Briseis, Achilles’ prize maiden. 09 | THE FALL OF TROY Achilles angrily withdraws his troops from the battle, and the Greeks seem doomed. Prince Memnon replaces Hector as the In Olympus, the gods have been split taking champion of Troy and kills many Greek sides in the war: Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo, & warriors. Artemis side with the Trojans, while Hera, Achilles, who knows his death is near, kills Athena, & Poseidon support the Greeks. Memnon. Thetis, Achilles’ mother, persuades Zeus to Paris kills Achilles by shooting an arrow to his help the Trojans achieve victory. heel, which Apollo guides to. ○ Ajax carries Achilles' body away, and Helen appears, and the armies draw back later his ashes are placed with from each other. Patroclus's. They decided to decide the contest between ○ The Greeks decide that Achilles' Menelaus and Paris, who were the original armor must go to either Odysseus or quarrel. Menelaus easily defeats Paris, but Ajax, the two greatest remaining Aphrodite rescues him and carries him away. warriors. The armies agree to a truce, but Hera makes ○ Odysseus is chosen, but Athena a Trojan called Pandarus to break the truce makes him go mad and massacres and shoot an arrow at Menelaus. some cattle instead. As the war breaks out again, Ares, with his Calchas, the prophet, tells the Greeks to companions Terror, Destruction, and Strife, capture Helenus, a prophet of Troy, to learn returns to the field. the key to victory. The greatest Greek champions after Achilles Odysseus succeeds in doing so, and Helenus are Ajax and Diomedes. tells them they can only defeat Troy with the Diomedes almost kills Aeneas, the greatest bow and arrows of Hercules. Trojan warrior after Hector, but Apollo sweeps ○ Odysseus retrieves the bow and him away to be healed. arrows, and Philoctetes is killed by Paris. Achilles' friend, Patroclus convinces Achilles ○ Paris asks to be taken to Oenone, the to let him use his armor, thinking that even if nymph he had abandoned for Helen, but she cannot forgive his desertion. 17 right here tour on jan cutie  Odysseus is from the island of Ithaca, and The Greeks learn that the Trojans have a the war and his adventures keep him away sacred image of Athena called the Palladium, for twenty years. which protects their city from being taken. While he is away, his young son Telemachus Diomedes and Odysseus sneak into Troy and grows into a man, and his beautiful wife steal the Palladium. Penelope is swarmed by suitors who think ○ They plan to get the Greeks inside Odysseus is dead. Troy by building a giant wooden Penelope stays faithful to her absent horse and leaving it by the Trojan husband, but the suitors are rude and gates. overbearing. ○ Sinon, who tells the exultant Trojans a tale of Athena's anger at the Greeks, After 10 years of anger, Athena's old affection tells the Trojans that they hoped the for Odysseus returns, and she decides to help Trojans would destroy the horse and him. bring down Athena's anger on She disguises herself and goes to Ithaca, themselves. convincing Telemachus to not give up hope for his father and to ask Nestor and Menelaus The Trojans celebrate their victory, but the for news of Odysseus. Greek chieftains climbed out of the horse, The suitors mock Telemachus for his quest, opened the gates of Troy, and started burning but Athena takes on the appearance of the city. Mentor, Odysseus's old friend, and sails with Telemachus. All men are killed except for Aeneas, who escapes with his old father and son. Hermes commands the reluctant Calypso to Achilles' son kills King Priam in front of his let Odysseus go home. family. After 17 days at sea, Poseidon sees Odysseus Trojan women and children are enslaved, but and sends a storm to wreck his raft. Aphrodite saves Helen and returns her to The kind goddess Ino saves him by giving him Menelaus. her veil to protect him from harm in the water. The final act of the war involves throwing Hector's young son, Astyanax from the walls Odysseus swims for two days and comes to of Troy, destroying Hector's legacy and the the land of the Phaeacians. glorious city of Troy forever. The Phaeacian king, Alcinoüs, has an unmarried daughter named Nausicaä, who finds Odysseus and leads him to the king. 10 | THE ADVENTURES OF ODYSSEUS Odysseus and his men first come to the island of the Lotus-Eaters, people who constantly The Greeks committed atrocities during the eat a stupefying flower and live in lethargic sack of Troy, turning the gods against them. bliss. The worst crime was against Cassandra, one of Priam's daughters, who was blessed with Odysseus's next adventure is with the Cyclops the gift of prophecy but cursed so that no one Polyphemus. ever believed her. Polyphemus is Poseidon's son, so his defeat The Greeks dragged her out of Athena's only makes Poseidon even more angry at temple, where she had sought sanctuary. Odysseus. Poseidon agrees to help Athena against the Odysseus goes to King Aeolus, the keeper of Greeks, and he stirs up terrible storms around the Winds, and is given a leather sack full of their ships. all the Storm Winds to ensure a smooth Agamemnon loses almost all his men, journey. Menelaus is blown to Egypt, and Odysseus is His crew, believing there is treasure inside, driven far off course. opens the sack and unleashes a storm that blows them to the land of the Laestrygons. 17 right here tour on jan cutie  The Trojans encounter Harpies, but they are The remaining men come to the island of defeated and driven away. Aeaea, home to the witch Circe. Aeneas meets Andromache, Hector's wife, When her magic doesn't work on Odysseus, who married the Trojan prophet Helenus. she falls in love with him & turns his men back into humans for a year. Hera, who hates the Trojans, tries to drown When they are ready to leave, Circe uses her Aeneas with a storm, but Neptune intervenes magical knowledge to tell them what to do and allows them to land. next. The Trojans come ashore near Carthage, ○ They must cross the river Ocean and ruled by Dido. then descend to Hades to speak to Juno conspires for Aeneas and Dido to fall in the dead prophet, Teiresias. love, hoping it will divert him from Italy. Odysseus sets sail again and prepares to Aeneas finds the cave of the Sybil of Cumae pass the island of the Sirens, magical singers and is instructed to take him to Hades to talk who lure sailors to their deaths. with his father, Anchises. However, his ship is destroyed by a lightning They must find a mystical golden bough and bolt. He drifts for days until he arrives at slaughter four black cows to Hecate. Calypso's island. Anchises shows Aeneas the Lethe, the River of Forgetfulness, and instructs him on how to Odysseus returns to his palace after 20 years. establish his home in Italy. Aeneas returns to Athena, his mother, informs him of the suitors the earth's surface and sails up the coast of and transforms him into an old beggar, Italy with the other Trojans. sending him to Eumaeus, a faithful swineherd. Odysseus and Telemachus return to their true Aeneas faces new troubles in Italy, initially form, and they devise a plan to dispose of the hospitably received by Latinus, who hopes he suitors. will marry his daughter, Lavinia. However, Juno disrupts this plan by sending Odysseus returns to his palace, where he is Alecto, one of the Furies, to cause trouble. met with mockery from the suitors. Alecto's news about the marriage angers Penelope, who has almost given up hope, Turnus, king of the Rutulians, who is the orders a banquet and contest for the suitors preferred choice to marry Lavinia. to prove their ability to string Odysseus's bow Alecto's actions lead to a stag being killed by and shoot an arrow through twelve rings. Aeneas's son, Ascanius. The Latins and The suitors fail, and Odysseus reveals himself Rutulians turn against the Trojans, leading to to Eumaeus, ordering him to bar the doors of the start of war. the banquet hall. Aeneas receives help from Father Tiber, the god of the Roman river, and is sent to find Odysseus strings the bow and shoots an Evander, a king of a small town that will arrow through the twelve rings, killing all the become Rome. suitors except for a priest and a bard. The Trojans are beset by Turnus's army, and He spares the poet but kills the priest. Aeneas and his army face off in battles. T Penelope hears the news and enters he Aeneid ends with Turnus's death, and Odysseus's hall, where they greet each other Aeneas marries Lavinia, founding the Roman with joy. race. 11 | THE ADVENTURES OF AENEAS Aeneas, a Trojan, escapes Troy and seeks a new place to settle. He is told in a dream that he should settle in Italy, which was then called Hesperia, the Western Country. 17 right here tour on jan cutie