Earth and Life Science Reviewer PDF

**EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER** - The Big Bang Theory and the expansion of the universe: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **The Big Bang Theory** | - explains the origin and | | | evolution of...

**EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER** - The Big Bang Theory and the expansion of the universe: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **The Big Bang Theory** | - explains the origin and | | | evolution of the universe. | | | | | | - Suggests that the universe | | | began as a hot and dense | | | state about 13.8 billion | | | years ago and has been | | | expanding ever since. | | | | | | - Evidence includes the | | | observed redshift of galaxies | | | and the abundance f light | | | elements. | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Expansion of the Universe** | - The distance between galaxies | | | and other cosmic structures | | | are increasing over time. | | | | | | - Described by the Hubble's | | | Law, which states that the | | | recession velocity of a | | | galaxy is proportional to its | | | distance. | | | | | | - Cosmic microwave background | | | radiation further supports | | | the idea of an expanding | | | universe. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Creationist Theory** | - The theory of a divine act of | | | creation is in the Biblical | | | account of Genesis. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Oscillating Theory** | - This is a theory where there | | | is a period of contraction or | | | expansion. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Multiverse Theory** | - The possibility of multiple | | | parallel universes. | | | | | | - It reveals unexpected | | | large-scale structures and | | | patterns. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Big Crunch** | - Expansion of the universe | | | slows down and reverses due | | | to the gravitational | | | attraction between matter and | | | energy. | | | | | | - Universe collapses inward | | | resulting in a cosmic | | | contraction leading to a | | | collapse of matter and energy | | | back into singularity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Natural Science** | - One of the main branches of | | | science that deals with | | | studying nature. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Cosmology** | - It is a branch of science | | | that deals with studying the | | | universe as a whole | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Meteorology** | - Study of earth\'s atmosphere, | | | weather events, and weather | | | conditions. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **SOLAR SYSTEM** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **FEATURES OF THE SUN** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Sunspots** | - Cooler and darker than the | | | rest of the sun's surface. | | | | | | - It is marked by intense | | | magnetic activity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Solar prominences** | - Plasma loops that connect two | | | sunspots. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Solar flares and coronal mass | - Eruptions of highly energetic | | ejections** | particles from the sun's | | | surface. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Correct formation in our solar | - Sun \--\> Planets \--\> Moons | | system** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **THE PLANETS** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Mercury** | - Smallest planet | | | | | | - Nearest to the sun | | | | | | - Day temperatures can reach | | | highs of 430 degree Celcius. | | | | | | - **NOT** the hot planet | | | | | | - Fastest planet revolving | | | around the sun | | | | | | - Not conducive to life. | | | | | | - No rings | | | | | | - Formed about 4.5 billion | | | years ago. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Venus** | - Second planet from the sun | | | | | | - Earth's twin because they are | | | similar in size and density | | | | | | - Thick, toxic atmosphere | | | | | | - Hottest planet | | | | | | - Rotates on its axis backward | | | | | | - Sun's rises in the west and | | | sets in the east | | | | | | - First planet t be explored by | | | a spacecraft | | | | | | - Rotates very slowly on its | | | axis | | | | | | - Orbits the sun faster than | | | Earth | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Earth** | - Third planet | | | | | | - A day on earth is 24 hours | | | | | | - Atmosphere composed of 78% | | | nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1 % | | | other gases (argon, carbon | | | dioxide, neon) | | | | | | - Axis of rotation is tilted | | | 23.4 degrees. | | | | | | - Earth is composed of four | | | main layers: | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Mars** | - Fourth planet | | | | | | - **Red Planet** | | | | | | - One day on mars takes a | | | little over 24 hours | | | | | | - Two moons: **Phobos and | | | Deimos.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Jupiter** | - Largest planet | | | | | | - Shortest day | | | | | | - Rotates once about every 10 | | | hours | | | | | | - 80 moons | | | | | | - Great Red Spot is a giant | | | storm | | | | | | - Voyager mission discovered | | | Jupiter's faint ring system | | | | | | - NASA's Juno orbiter - is | | | currently exploring this | | | giant world | | | | | | - Europa is one of the | | | likeliest places to find | | | life. | | | | | | - Four Galilean moons: | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Saturn** | - Sixth planet | | | | | | - 83 moons | | | | | | - Seven rings | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Uranus** | - Seventh planet | | | | | | - First planet found wit the | | | aid of a telescope | | | | | | - Discovered by William | | | Herschel | | | | | | - 27 known moons | | | | | | - 13 known rings | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Neptune** | - Eight planet | | | | | | - 14 known moons | | | | | | - Five main rings | | | | | | - First planet located through | | | mathematical calculations | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Terrestrial Planets** | - Mercury | | | | | | - Venus | | | | | | - Earth | | | | | | - Mars | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Jovian/Gas Planets** | - Jupiter | | | | | | - Saturn | | | | | | - Uranus | | | | | | - Neptune | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **EARTH'S SUBSYSTEMS** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **l. Atmosphere -** it is a | | | mixture f gases that surrounds | | | the earth. | | | | | | \- it helps make life possible | | | | | | - A volcanic eruption affecting | | | air quality and climate. | | | | | | - The core dynamics in the | | | inner Earth is least likely | | | to be directly affected by | | | human activities. | | | | | | - Disrupt marine food chains | | | and ecosystems might an | | | increase in ocean acidity | | | impact the broader Earth | | | system | | | | | | - Release of methane, | | | amplifying global warming | | | could result from melting | | | permafrost in Arctic regions. | | | | | | - Geoengineering solutions to | | | climate change potentially | | | disrupt Earth\'s subsystems | | | could have unpredictable | | | cascading effects across | | | subsystems | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Troposphere** | - Most of the Earth's weather | | | happens here | | | | | | - Holds all the air animals | | | need to breathe and plants | | | need for photosynthesis | | | | | | - Most aviation takes place | | | here | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Stratosphere** | - Earth's ozone layer | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Mesosphere** | - Coldest place found within | | | the Earth system | | | | | | - Forms noctilucent clouds (the | | | highest clouds in Earth's | | | atmosphere | | | | | | - Most meteors burn up in this | | | atmospheric layer. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Thermosphere** | - Aurora borealis and aurora | | | australis are sometimes seen | | | here | | | | | | - International space station | | | orbits here | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Exosphere** | - There's n weather | | | | | | - Most earth satellites orbit | | | in the exosphere | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ll. Lithosphere** | - It is a solid, outer part of | | | Earth which includes the | | | brittle upper portion of the | | | mantle and the crust, the | | | outermost layer f Earth's | | | structure. | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Convergent bundaries -** | | | tectonic plates crashing into | | | each other. | | | | | | - **Divergent boundaries-** | | | tectonic plates pulling apart | | | from each other. | | | | | | - **Transform boundaries** - | | | tectonic plates slide | | | horizontally past each other. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **lll. Hydrosphere** | - The total amount of water on | | | planet. It includes water | | | that is on the surface of the | | | planet, underground, and in | | | air. A planet's hydrosphere | | | can be liquid, vapor, or ice. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **IV. Biosphere** | - The limited part of the | | | planet that can support | | | living things. | | | | | | - Made up of the parts of Earth | | | where life exists | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **V. Cryosphere** | - Contains huge quantities of | | | ice at the poles and | | | elsewhere. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **ROCKS AND MINERALS** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Minerals -** a naturally occuring inorganic element or compound | | having an orderly internal structure and characteristics chemical | | composition, crystal form, and physical properties. | | | | **Rocks-** it is made up of different minerals, broken pieces of | | crystals, or broken pieces of rocks. | | | | - Some rocks are made up of the shells of once-living animals, or | | of compressed pieces of plants. | | | | - **3 types: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.** | | | | - **MOHS Hardness Scale -** used to measure the hardness of the | | minerals | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **MINERALS** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hardness** | - it is the ability to resist | | | being scratched. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Luster** | - Is how a mineral reflects | | | light | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Color** | - One of the most obvious | | | properties of a mineral that | | | may change depending on the | | | surface. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Streak** | - The color of mineral in | | | powdered form | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Specific Gravity** | - Ratio between mass (weight) | | | of mineral and mass (weight) | | | of an equal volume of water. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Cleavage** | - Mineral's resistance to being | | | broken and fracture. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fracture** | - Breaks irregularly. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Tenacity** | - How well a mineral resists | | | breakage. | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Brittle -** mineral crushes | | | to angular fragments (quartz) | | | | | | - **Malleable -**can be | | | modified in shape without | | | breaking and can be flattened | | | to a thin sheet (copper, | | | gold) | | | | | | - **Elastic/Elasticity -** | | | minerals bends and regains | | | its original shape when | | | released | | | | | | - **Sectile -** can be cut with | | | a knife into thin shavings | | | (talc) | | | | | | - **Flexible**- mineral bends | | | but doesn't regain its shape | | | once released. (selenite, | | | gympsum) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Transparency** | - Objects are visible when | | | viewed through a mineral. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ductility** | - A mineral can be stretched | | | into wire. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ROCKS** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Sedimentary** | - **Weathering, erosion, | | | compaction.** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Clastic -** formed from | | | pieces of rocks or clasts | | | (sandstone) | | | | | | - **Organic -** formed from | | | hard, biological materials | | | like plants, shells, and | | | bones (coal). | | | | | | - **Chemical-** formed from | | | chemical precipitation | | | (Limestone, Halite, Flint) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Metamorphic** | - **Immense heat or pressure** | | | | | **Metamorphism - p**rocess by | | | which rocks change form without | | | melting due to heat and pressure. | - **Foliated -** rocks with | | | flat or elongated minerals | | | line up in layers (foliation) | | | (Gneiss) | | | | | | - **Non-foliated -** no layered | | | appearance of foliation | | | (Anthracite, Coal, Marble, | | | Quartzite) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Igneous** | - **Cooling and | | | solidification** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Intrusive | | | (Plutonic) -**formed inside | | | of the earth; cools slowly; | | | crystals are formed (Granite, | | | Diorite) | | | | | | - **Extrusive (Volcanic) -** | | | formed outside of the earth; | | | cools quickly | | | | | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **WEATHERING AND EROSION** | | | | | | - Modify Earth's surface | | | landscapes over time. | | | | | | - Weathering break down Earth's | | | material into smaller pieces | | | called sediments. | | | | | | - Weathering of rocks and | | | mountain formation | | | demonstrates the interaction | | | between the geosphere and | | | atmosphere over geological | | | timescales. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Mechanical Weathering** | - It breaks rocks into smaller | | | pieces without altering their | | | chemical composition. | | | | | | - **Main agents:** water, ice, | | | and wind | | | | | | - **Ice Wedging-** occurs when | | | water goes above and below | | | its freezing point | | | | | | - **Abrasion-**caused by | | | gravity as one rocks bumps | | | against another rock | | | | | | - **Plants and animals-** plant | | | roots can grow into a crack | | | in rock and burrowing animals | | | digging for food or creating | | | a hole to live in may break a | | | rock apart. | | | | | | - Humans build homes, roads, | | | subways, or quarry stone for | | | construction and other uses. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Chemical Weathering** | - Changes the composition of a | | | mineral to break it down | | | | | | - **Water -** chemically | | | weathers rock in hydrolysis | | | | | | - **Carbon Dioxide -** by | | | creating acids. Acid rain | | | accelerates chemical | | | weathering | | | | | | - **Oxygen-**by combining metal | | | | | | - **Plants and animals -** | | | plant roots take in | | | nutrients, removing elements | | | from the minerals which | | | causes a chemical change in | | | the rock | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Soil** | - Product of the weathering | | | process | | | | | | - Mixture of weathered rocks | | | and humus | | | | | | - Material produced by the | | | breakdown of plant and animal | | | remains. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Erosion** | - The process by which | | | weathered rock and soil | | | particles are transported by | | | natural forces such wind, | | | ice, or water | | | | | | - As sediment is moved, it | | | smooths down and wears away | | | rock, changing the shape of | | | the land | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Deposition** | - Process by which sediments | | | are laid down in new | | | locations, changing the shape | | | of the land | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ENDOGENIC AND EXOGENIC PROCESS** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Exogenic Process** | - Processes that occur on the | | | Earth\'s surface and are | | | driven by external forces | | | such as weathering, erosion, | | | and sedimentation. | | | | | | - **Flatten and smooth the | | | landscape** generally affect | | | the Earth\'s surface over | | | time | | | | | | - **Gravity** plays role in | | | this process as it | | | facilitates the transport of | | | weathered materials | | | | | | - **Plants** contributes to | | | exogenic process. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Endogenic Process** | - Processes originate from | | | within the Earth and are | | | responsible for creating and | | | modifying features of the | | | Earth\'s interior and surface | | | | | | - **Earth's internal heat** - | | | primary source of energy for | | | endogenic process. | | | **Examples: Earthquakes, | | | volcanic eruptions, | | | weathering.** | | | | | | - **Faulting** - where there is | | | fracturing and displacement | | | of more brittle rock, either | | | caused by tension or | | | compression. | | | | | | - **Folding -** where two | | | forces push toward each other | | | from opposite sides. | | | | | | - **Creation of new oceanic | | | crust** is a direct result of | | | endogenic processes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+