Q SES and Inequality 2024 PDF

Socioecono mic Status and Inequality Social Inequality The differential and unequal distribution of goods, services, resources, and power creating a hierarchical social system. Median Income, 2022 Median Household Income Real Average Before-Tax Household Incom...

Socioecono mic Status and Inequality Social Inequality The differential and unequal distribution of goods, services, resources, and power creating a hierarchical social system. Median Income, 2022 Median Household Income Real Average Before-Tax Household Income by After-Tax Income Quintiles, Canada, 2020 Before Tax Income 26700 54200 229200 84100 122800 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Wealth Inequality The unequal or disproportionate accumulation and distribution of wealth between individuals After Tax Net Worth, Canada, 2019 Net Worth % 6 10 44 16 23 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5  Net Worth by After-tax Income Quintile, 1999-2019 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 Lowest Quintile Second Quintile Middle Quintile Fourth Quintile Highest Quintile 1999 2005 2012 2016 2019 Why Social Inequality? Functionalism Davis-Moore Thesis The greater the importance of a position within society, the higher its associated reward More training = more exclusive = greater sacrifice = more pay Occupation Rank Earnings Physician (general) 2 100 Lawyer 4 100 Professor 7 96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Government (senior manager) 36 98 Military (commissioned officer) 49 96 Police Officer 71 97 Accountant 101 75 Nurse 103 79 Tool and Die 136 86 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Athlete 391 24 Bartender 447 18 Janitor 482 19 Cashier 487 7 Farm Worker (general) 517 5 Conflict Inequality is a product of the social and economic structure Reinforced through hegemonic control Reproduction of inequality Capital Human Capital Investment in education and training Leads to more success in the market Cultural Capital Cultural resources that parents pass down to their children, like language, knowledge, traits, preferences, or behaviours Status cues for social class Social Capital Networks or connections that individuals possess Better job opportunities, higher incomes, escape poverty, increase wealth, more access to credit Poverty Market Basket Measure O A family lives in poverty if it does not have enough income to purchase a specific basket of goods and services in its community 14.5% 12.9% 11.9% 11.2% 10.3% 6.4% 7.4% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 9.8% 10.2% 2022 2023 Year Toronto Small town Ontario 2020 49,727 42,531 Poverty Factors Structural Individual Economic Talent, genetics cycles Social Region and psychological opportunities factors Community (motivation, supports ambition) Wealth Discrimination distribution and SES  Myths about Poverty Myth Fact People are poor because they don’t Many are employed; some have want to work disabilities; lack of affordable childcare; low minimum wage Most poor people are immigrants Only applies to recent immigrants, who comprise a small proportion; long-term lower poverty rate Most poor people are trapped in Poverty is fluid; most escape in less poverty than a year; most make efforts to move out of poverty Poverty is inevitable Wage standards, childcare, benefits; social policy Social Mobility: Is Society “Fair”? Social Mobility Upward or downward movement of individuals or groups among class positions Changes in occupation, wealth, income Intergenerational Occurs between generations Intragenerational Occurs within a generation Intergenerational Income Elasticity A measure of social mobility comparing the incomes of parents with those of their children when the children become adults Measures the extent to which a parent’s income predicts their child’s income Canada IGE is 0.32, meaning 32% of a child’s income in adulthood depends on parent’s income High mobility – nearly 70% of your income depends on things like education, not the social class you were born into Relationship Between Sons’ and Fathers’ Lifetime Earnings by IGE Probability of a child ending up in the lower-middle class, middle class, or upper-middle class, by parental income Great Gatsby Curve