Multicultural Local and Global Communication Principles and Ethics PDF

MULTICULTURAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL and other types of information in a formal, COMMUNICATION organisational, or commercial setting. L1: THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES, AN...

MULTICULTURAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL and other types of information in a formal, COMMUNICATION organisational, or commercial setting. L1: THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS 1. Clarity Communication Process 2. Timeliness 3. Coherence - steps taken in order to successfully 4. Urgency communicate. 5. Conciseness - Components: 6. Correctness o SOURCE 7. Courteousness o MESSAGE 8. Completeness o CHANNEL o RECEIVER COMMUNICATION ETHICS o FEEDBACK Communication Ethics o ENVIRONMENT o CONTEXT - enhances human worth and dignity by o INTERFERENCE fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and COMMUNICATION PROCESS MODEL others. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Approaches to Ethics - Divide ethical theories into three areas: o Metaethics o Normative ethics o Applied ethics Osgood – Schramm Model of Communication Ethical Principles of Communication - Includes observing transparency and honesty, understanding the audience, observing privacy and confidentiality - selecting the right time and place for relaying information. L2: LOCAL AND GLOBAL VERBAL AND NON- VERBAL CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication Local Communication - able to communicate with the members of your local area. - It can either be in your local language (mother tongue) or a common language that you speak within your town. White’s Stages of Oral Communication Global Communication - term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social and cultural divides. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Verbal Communication - the message is transmitted through the THE COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS spoken words. Communication Principle Non-Verbal Communication - clearly defined procedure by which two or - occurs without words that is continuous. more people exchange knowledge, opinions, - Body language and environmental context involve. Cross-Cultural Communication DIALECT - understanding of how people from different Dialect cultures speak, communicate and perceive - a variety of a language that is characteristic of the world around them. a particular group of speakers or a specific Culture and Language Barriers region. - differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, - Language barriers can cause grammar, and syntax that distinguish it from misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and other varieties of the same language miscommunications that can lead to - can develop due to geographical isolation, conflicts. social factors, historical influences, and VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND cultural differences. WRITTEN LANGUAGE TYPES OF LECTS Language Regional Dialect - a structured system of communication that - Refer to variations of a language spoken in consists of grammar and vocabulary. different geographic regions. - developed writing systems that allow for the recording and preservation of the sounds or Ethnolect signs of language. - Refers to a variety of language or dialect VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE associated with a particular ethnic group or community. Varieties of Language Sociolect - different forms of a language that may exist within a speech community. - Refers to a variety of language or dialect that is - can be based on geographical, social, cultural, associated with a particular social group or or historical factors. class within a society. Jejemon Sociolect TYPES OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES o Filipino youth culture, characterized Pidgin by the use of unique orthography, unconventional spelling, and creative - Does not have any native speakers. combinations of letters and numbers. - Develops from a mixture of two languages. Barkada (Peer Group) Sociolect - when two groups of people who do not speak o Used within peer groups or barkadas. the same language need to communicate with o Slang, colloquialisms, and inside each other. jokes Creole Call Center Sociolect o Use of American English, customer - A pidgin is used as first language and gets the service jargon, and specific status of mother tongue of a community. communication strategies. - Distinct language which taken most of its Balikbayan Sociolect vocabulary, the lexifier. o Used by Filipinos who have returned - Has its own unique grammatical rules. from living or working abroad. Minority Dialect Gay Lingo (Bekimon) o Used by members of LGBTQ+ - Spoken by some identifiable minority, and can community. exist as a minority language in one place, while being the dominant language in another. Idiolect Indigenized Varieties - It refers to a person's distinctive way of speaking and using language. - Spoken mainly as second languages in ex- colonies with multilingual populations. LANGUAGE REGISTERS - Emerged through the interaction between a Language Register dominant language and a local language. - how a speaker employs language distinctively in various situations. - This involves considering the selection of words, the tone of voice, and even the body language employed by the speaker.  TYPES OF REGISTERS e. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration, and cliches. Frozen f. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms - Static register g. Do not state sentences with like, and, so, but, - it involves using words and expressions that also. are meant to stay the same over time. Informal Language Register Formal - a style of speech and writing used in - less rigid but still constrained conversations with people you know or want - application in professional, academic, or legal to get to know, such as friends, family, domains classmates, and colleagues. Consultative Neutral Language Register - where individuals interact with someone - It is not necessarily formal or informal and is possessing specialized knowledge or used to deliver facts. providing advice. - More objective, impersonal, and factual - Hybrid of formal and informal. Casual TYPES OF CONTEXT AWARENESS - employed in social interactions with friends, close acquaintances, co-workers, and family. Audience Awareness - Often used in group settings. - Who are you presenting to? Intimate o Tailor your language, examples, and references to resonate with their - reserved for special and personal occasions, understanding. often occurring between two people in private - What is the audience’s purpose for attending settings. your presentation? CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS o This will influence the level of detail, the approach you take, and the desired Formal Language Register outcome. - more appropriate for professional writing and Setting Awareness letters to a boss or a stranger. - Elevated language - Where are you presenting? o Adapt your tone, formality, and visuals to suit the environment. Professional E-mail - What is the occasion? o Subject Line: Be clear, concise, and o Tailor your overall message and relevant. Avoid sensationalism. delivery style to align with the overall o Salutation: Use "Dear [Name], " or "To tone and purpose of the occasion. Whom It May Concern, ". Cultural Awareness o Body: Be polite, respectful, and to the point. - If presenting to a diverse audience, be mindful o Use standard grammar, punctuation, of cultural sensitivities. and spelling. Keep it simple. - Be respectful of different customs and o Courtesy Formulas: Use "Please, " perspectives, and adapt your communication "Thank you, " "Kind regards, " or style accordingly. "Sincerely, ". Current Awareness o Signature: Include a professional signature with your name, job title, and - If presenting to a diverse audience, be mindful contact info. of cultural sensitivities. o Closing: Use "Best regards, " or "Yours - Be respectful of different customs and sincerely, ". Avoid informal closing perspectives, and adapt your communication style accordingly. MULTIMODAL ENGAGEMENT: Rules in Formal Writing a. Do not use contractions UNDERSTANDING, USING, AND ANALYZING b. Spell out numbers less than one hundred TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY c. Write in third-person point of view COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES FOR d. Avoid using too much passive verbs MULTIMODAL ENGAGEMENT Communication Aids - The people live in the same area, but do not necessarily engage with each other. - also known as Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) tools Intercultural - tools and strategies that help individuals with - It refers to the holistic understanding and speech and language difficulties to respect for all the cultures by describing the communicate effectively. communities. - Can range from low-tech to high-tech and can - A mutual exchange of cultural norms and be unaided or aided values that develop deep relationships. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION Low-tech Communication Aids (Dapat & Chang, 2018) o Picture boards o Communication books Cultural Identity o Gestures and facial expressions - Refers to the membership of a cultural group High-tech Communication Aids that shares the same norms, traditions, and o Speech-generating devices values. o Tablets and computers with specialized software Gender Role o Eye gaze technology - Refers to the expected attitudes and behaviors MULTIMEDIA ENGAGEMENT of an individual, usually based on sex. Gender Multimodal Engagement roles are not limited to males and females - practice of engaging an audience through Age Identity multiple communication channels and - It is how people feel about themselves based sensory experiences. on age. Multiple Communication Channels Social Class - involves incorporating various mediums to - The assigned rank by society based on the convey your message, going beyond just text individual’s status or livelihood. or speech. - Visual, audio, kinesthetic, and text. Religious Identity Sensory Experiences - The membership of a person in a spiritual and religious organization. - aims to stimulate different senses – sight, sound, touch, and even smell in some cases – STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES to create a more immersive and engaging experience. 1. Be mindful in communicating with people of different cultures. Benefits of Multimodal Engagement 2. Choose culturally accepted and universally - Increased attention and retention. appropriate words and actions. - Enhanced accessibility 3. Be sensitive and skillful in communicating in - Boosts engagement multicultural settings. - Promotes understanding 4. Observe the connection among communication patterns. SOCIAL AWARENESS ON CROSS-CULTURAL 5. Be open-minded to contrasting and opposing COMMUNICATION IN LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT cultures. Cross-Cultural VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT - Refers to the comparison of distinct and (Rocci & Saussure, 2016) different cultures. - One culture is considered “the norm, ” and the Oral Communication rest of all cultures are compared to it. 1. Face-to-Face Conversation Multicultural 2. Telephone Conversation 3. Presentation - It is a society that comprises ethnic and 4. Public Speech cultural groups. 5. Interview 6. Group Discussion  7. Meeting (Think Cultural Health, n.d.) 8. Negotiations Tone, Volume, and Speed of Speech Written Communication o African American, Latino, Arab, and Caribbean cultures: loud and 1. Written expressive speech is common 2. Emails o East Asian, Alaskan natives, American 3. Memo Indian: prefers softer tones and less 4. Notice expressive speech 5. Circular Use of Pauses and Silence 6. Report o United States: silences or pauses are 7. Minutes uncomfortable Areas of Non-Verbal Communication o Some American Indian cultures: favor silence and pauses to meditate 1. Gestures Self-Disclosure 2. Physical distance o East Asian: low self-disclosure (e.g. 3. Appearance admitting mental illness may bring 4. Paralanguage shame to family) 5. Eye contact o Western: high self-disclosure 6. Touch Formality 7. Facial expression o Most Latinx, African Americans: favors 8. Posture warm and personal conversation, LOCAL COMMUNICATION making small talks o Some East Asian cultures: prefer Local Verbal Communication formality, especially at the beginning. - Harana Directness - “po” or “opo” for heirarchy and respect o United States: Prioritizes directness, - The use of Ate, Kuya, Tito, Tita in addressing individualism, and assertiveness older relatives o Asian and Latin American cultures: - Filipino local expressions (Chibog, chika, lodi, indirectness, group harmony, subtle charot, Marites, ngek, awit, naur) speech - Bekimon or gaylingo Context - Idioms (e.g. May gatas pa sa labi) o United States: low context, words - Different language or dialects of the different carry most of the meaning regions (Bisaya, Cebuano, Tagalog, Waray, o Eastern Cultures: high context, Ilonggo) meaning is not found only with actual words but with non-verbal and Local Non-Verbal Communication situation cues - Pagmamano - Beso-Beso - Lip pointing Global Non-Verbal Communication - Hands on the hips - The wide range of meanings of body language - Nodding and raising eyebrows with a smile may potentially trigger misunderstanding that - Drawing a rectangular or square shape in the demands awareness from others. air using the hands - Silent looks (Fernandes, 2023) GLOBAL COMMUNICATION Eye Contact o Western Cultures: acts of confidence Global Verbal Communication and attentiveness - the ways people communicate and it varies o Eastern Cultures: act of intrusiveness, across countries and cultures. unapproachable, anger - The preferences and unique identities of every Interpersonal Touching culture are important to understand to o Western: common as a greeting effectively communicate in a multicultural o Eastern: uncommon and may be setting. deemed inappropriate Smile o Western: it is often associated with happiness or pleasure  oEastern: often masked anger or 2. Feminization sadness o Involves using feminine forms to Pointing highlight female referents o Western: used to indicate the location o Integrating women into previously of something or someone male-dominated groups or o Eastern: may be considered professions disrespectful and rude EFFECTS OF GENDER-FAIR LANGUAGE Tone of Voice o Western: a direct and confident tone is Positive effects considered respectful 1. Promotes inclusivity by avoiding the exclusion o Eastern (Mostly China and Japan): of any gender prefers indirect and mild tone 2. Challenges traditional gender stereotypes and Other social cues are culture or country-specific and biases may include the following (Tan, 2023): 3. Encourages diverse representation and equal opportunities - Bowing in Korea 4. Fosters a more inclusive and respectful - “One” in Germany communication environment - Head-Shaking in India - The “Pinecone” in Italy Negative Effects - “So-so” in France 1. Increased resistance from individuals - Pointing at your nose in China accustomed to traditional gendered language - Kissing cheeks in Switzerland 2. Potential confusion or awkwardness in - Thumbs up in Iran transitioning to new language norms - Eye contact in Japan 3. Resistance from linguistic purists or those - Counting in Russia who view gender-fair language as unnecessary GENDER FAIR LANGUAGE or overly politically correct 4. Perceived dilution of language clarity or Language specificity in attempts to be gender-inclusive - shapes thoughts, perceptions, and attitudes EVALUATING MESSAGES CONVEYING IDEAS and, thus, plays a very crucial role in THROUGH MULTIMODAL TEXTS FOR promoting gender awareness and DIFFERENT AUDIENCES consciousness. Barriers to Effective Listening Sexist Language 1. Hastily branding the subject matter as - Incorporates unfair and unjustifiable biases or uninteresting or irrelevant stereotypes about a specific gender 2. Focusing attention on appearance and - whether spoken or written delivery Gender Fair Language 3. Avoiding difficult and unpleasant material 4. Getting overstimulated by what the speaker 1. aims to use both masculine and feminine says forms equally to represent men and women 5. Listening primarily for facts 2. allows focus on actions rather than gender 6. Trying to outline everything the speaker says 3 Aspects of Language that Inform How Gender is 7. Faking attention Shaped 8. Creating or yielding easily to distraction 9. Engaging in private planning (Kintanar, 2014) 10. Wasting the advantages of thought speed - Articulates consciousness Guides to effective Listening - Reflects culture - Affects socialization 1. Desire to become a better listener. 2. Stop talking. 2 Principle Strategies to Make Language Gender 3. Look at the speaker. Fair and to Make Women and Men Symmetrically 4. Leave your emotions behind. 5. Get rid of distractions. 1. Neutralization 6. Get the main points. o It is achieved by replacing male- 7. Don 't argue mentally. masculine forms with gender- 8. Listen for what is not said. unmarked forms. 9. Avoid jumping to conclusions. 10. Avoid hasty judgments.  11. Recognize your own prejudice BECOME A BETTER CRITICAL LISTENER COMMON PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES Be a skeptic Bandwagon - Evaluating the evidence for a claim - Buy it because everybody else is doing it - Being sceptical means setting aside your Testimonial biases and being willing to be persuaded by the merits of the argument and the quality of - Buy it because a celebrity is endorsing it. the evidence. Transfer Evaluate a speaker’s credibility - Products associate themselves with - Credibility is a measure of how reliable and something people admire or love. trustworthy someone is. Qualities that make a speaker credible Plain Folks o Confidence - People present themselves on ordinary, o Passion average citizens, hoping others will identify o Ability to succinct with them. o Ability to tell a story o Audience awareness Name Calling Understand Probability - Emotionally loaded language or negative comments. - Speculating about the likelihood that the claim is true. Glistening Generalities Important - To be probable, a statement has to have - sounding but unspecific claim about greater than a 50% chance of being true. something or someone. - A statement is certain only if its likelihood of being true is 100%, nothing less Card Stacking CRITICAL READING - Manipulate information so that one product looks better than another Critical Reading - employs certain processes, models, questions, and theories that result in Media that Uses Propaganda Techniques enhanced clarity and comprehension. o Print media o Television Tips on How to Become A Critical Reader o Radio 1. Prepare to become part of the writer’s o Outdoor media audience. o Social media 2. Prepare to read with an open mind. 3. Consider the title. 4. Read slowly. CONVEYING CONCEPTS THROUGH MULTIMODAL 5. Use the dictionary and other appropriate TEXT FOR DIFFERENT TARGET AUDIENCES references Understanding the specific requirements and 6. Take down notes. preferences of each audience segment is critical for 7. Keep a reading journal. creating effective multimodal content that resonates Tips in Reading Critically with them. 1. Recognize author’s point and the support for For Children that point. - include bright graphics, interactive o Be open to new ideas and carefully components, and plain language to increase recognize the main idea. engagement and comprehension. 2. Evaluate an author’s support for a point and determine whether it' s solid or not. For Professionals o Separate fact from opinion (and - may choose short prose supplemented by inference) relevant graphs, charts, or data visualizations o Detect propaganda especially in to effectively explain complicated advertisements or ads information.