Psychology 1 New PDF

PSYCHOLOG Y INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FIGURE 1.1 Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior FIGURE 1.2 Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche. Psyche –means soul in Greek The root ology – study of The scienti...

PSYCHOLOG Y INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FIGURE 1.1 Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior FIGURE 1.2 Antonio Canova's sculpture depicts Eros and Psyche. Psyche –means soul in Greek The root ology – study of The scientific method is the basis of scientific study. The process starts with a question about how or why something happens, a hypothesis or tentative statement to explain the phenomenon. For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be perceivable and measurable A scientific theory broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time For instance, after numerous hypotheses were developed by Charles Darwin, they were collected together into a theory. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. An empirical method of study is based on observation, including experimentation. FIGURE 1.3 Psychology accepted as an academic discipline in the1800s Wilhelm Wundt was the first person referred to as a psychologist Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines another person’s consciousness as objectively as possible Wilhelm Wundt is credited This photo shows him as one of the founders of seated and surrounded by psychology. He created the first laboratory for fellow researchers and psychological research equipment in his laboratory in Germany. FIGURE 1.4 William James was the first American psychologist. Wrote The Principles of Psychology (1890). Functionalism: the purpose of psychology was to study the function of behavior. It is the study of the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts.  FIGURE 1.5 Psychoanalytic theory focuses on a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences. (a) Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology. (b) One of his many books, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, shared his ideas about psychoanalytical therapy; it was published in 1922.  FIGURE 1.6 John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism within psychology. Behaviorism is the study of observable behavior and focus on behavior control. Behaviorists study learned behavior FIGURE 1.7 B. F. Skinner Developed s system of rewards and punishments. A Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the (a) B. F. Skinner is famous for his research on operant conditioning. external (b) Modified versions of the operant conditioning chamber, or Skinner environment. box, are still widely used in research settings today. (credit a: modification of work by "Silly rabbit"/Wikimedia Commons)  FIGURE 1.9 Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Carl Rogers, shown in this portrait, developed a client-centered therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings FIGURE 1.8 Abraham Maslow, developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior  FIGURE 1.10 From the cognitive revolution emerges the interdisciplinary field of cognitive psychology which studies mental processes and its relation to behavior. Cognitive science uses concepts from psychology, anthropology, linguistics, computer science and neuroscience. Noam Chomsky was very influential in beginning the cognitive revolution. In 2010, this mural honoring him was put up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (credit: Robert Moran) FIGURE 1.11 Biological psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior. FIGURE 1.12 Sensation and Perception: When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically. FIGURE 1.13 Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. Developmental psychology is the study of development across a lifespan. FIGURE 1.15 Social Psychology Focuses on how we interact and relate to each other. Stanley Milgram’s research demonstrated just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure. This advertisement was used to recruit subjects for his research. FIGURE 1.16 Health psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors. FIGURE 1.17 Clinical Psychology focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other behavior-based problems Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists.