Psychology 224: Neuroscience Exam #2 (Basic Features of the Nervous System) - Past Paper PDF

Psychology 224: Neuroscience Exam # 2; Basic Features of the Nervous System Reading: Carlson, Chapter 5  Exam #2  Class median: 76%  Highest score: 100% (3 students)  Second highest score: 98% (5 students)  Third highest score: 96% (6  Commonly missed questions f...

Psychology 224: Neuroscience Exam # 2; Basic Features of the Nervous System Reading: Carlson, Chapter 5  Exam #2  Class median: 76%  Highest score: 100% (3 students)  Second highest score: 98% (5 students)  Third highest score: 96% (6  Commonly missed questions for Exam 2 9) What is true of a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase? a) It is an antagonist b) It facilitates reuptake c) It removes the magnesium block d) It is an agonist e) It facilitates release of acetylcholine  ACh: Termination of Transmitter Effect ACh is broken down in the synapse by an enzyme called acetylcholin- esterase (AChE) After breakdown, the choline is actively taken back up into the presynaptic terminal and recycled 9) What is true of a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase? a) It is an antagonist b) It facilitates reuptake c) It removes the magnesium block d) It is an agonist e) It facilitates release of acetylcholine  10) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are commonly used to treat depression. How do they affect synaptic transmission? a) Bind to dopamine receptors and cause ion channels to open. b) Block reuptake causing dopamine to be removed from the synapse faster. c) Lead to an increase in the amount of dopamine released. d) Block reuptake allowing dopamine to remain in the synapse longer. e) Lead to a decrease in the release of dopamine Monoamine oxidase (MAO) MAO Inhibitor (Treat depression) X Terminal bouton Dopamine Transporter DA (re-uptake pump) DA  10) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are commonly used to treat depression. How do they affect synaptic transmission? a) Bind to dopamine receptors and cause ion channels to open. b) Block reuptake causing dopamine to be removed from the synapse faster. c) Lead to an increase in the amount of dopamine released. d) Block reuptake allowing dopamine to remain in the synapse longer. e) Lead to a decrease in the release of dopamine 31) Which drug(s) decrease the amount of norepinephrine in the synapse? a) MDMA b) SNRIs c) SSRIs d) B & C e) None of the above  Drugs that Affect NE and/or 5-HT Re-uptake inhibitors: – Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) - increase the amount of 5-HT in the brain by inhibiting its uptake (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro, etc) – Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) – e.g. Effexor, Cymbalta, Pristiq – MDMA (“Ecstasy”) – makes NE and 5-HT transporters run in reverse 31) Which drug(s) decrease the amount of norepinephrine in the synapse? a) MDMA b) SNRIs c) SSRIs d) B & C e) None of the above 22) In the mesocortical pathway, where is dopamine released? a) Frontal cortex b) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) c) Limbic system d) Substantia nigra e) Striatum 3 Major Dopaminergic Pathways Frontal Cortex Striatum Amygdala 22) In the mesocortical pathway, where is dopamine released? a) Frontal cortex b) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) c) Limbic system d) Substantia nigra e) Striatum 39) What natural ligand binds to nicotinic receptors? a) nicotine b) dopamine c) acetylcholine d) norepinephrine e) GABA  Types of ACh Receptors There are 2 types of ACh receptors in the nervous system: – Nicotinic ACh Receptor –  Named after the ability of nicotine to stimulate it  Ionotropic  Very fast acting  Used at the neuromuscular junction (connection between nerves and muscles) and CNS – Muscarinic ACh Receptor –  Metabotropic receptor  Slower in its response 39) What natural ligand binds to nicotinic receptors? a) nicotine b) dopamine c) acetylcholine d) norepinephrine e) GABA Basic Features of the Nervous System  Sensory & Motor Cortex Sensory information originating on one side of the body is sent to the contralateral primary sensory cortex – The olfactory and gustatory systems are the exception! Similarly, the primary motor cortex controls the contralateral side of the body – stimulation of the arm region of the right motor cortex will result in a movement of the left arm  The Hemispheres The brain contains 2 hemispheres In most people, the left hemisphere is specialized more for things like language production and comprehension – the right hemisphere is specialized for non-verbal and spatial abilities This functional difference between the hemispheres is called lateralization Both hemispheres are connected by a large fiber (axon) bundle called the corpus callosum  The Split-Brain Patient Lateralization effects are difficult to observe in healthy people because the 2 hemispheres talk to each other You can observe lateralization if the corpus callosum has been cut Split-Brain Patient https://multimedia-english.com/videos/esl/split-brain- behavioral-experiment-6285 The Split-Brain Experiment  Adolescent Brain https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm- lifespandevelopment/chapter/brain-development-during- adolescence/ Basal Ganglia  Basal Ganglia The basal ganglia are involved in the control of movement and consist of the: “Striatum” – Caudate nucleus – Putamen – Globus pallidus Lesionsto the basal ganglia result in uncontrolled movements Diseases of the basal ganglia include Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s Disease Limbic System  Limbic System The ‘limbic system’ is made up of many brain regions – It is primarily thought to play a role in emotions and in memory formation The nuclei include: – Cingulate cortex - emotions – Amygdala – (“almond”) plays a role in emotion and emotional memory formation – Septum – “ rage” is produced after lesions – Hippocampus – (“seahorse”) plays a role in memory Cingulate cortex – Thalamus –a structure that relays sensory information from the brainstem to the forebrain and cortex – Hypothalamus –involved in controlling the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems  controls the “4 F’s” (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and…mating) – Pituitary – connected to the hypothalamus; the “ master gland” that controls the endocrine system of the body  Anterior & Posterior regions The Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is actually a collection of nuclei – each with a distinct function; but all are involved in motivation (e.g. feeding, sex, etc)  Hindbrain Metencephalon – Cerebellum – “ little brain” – responsible for motor coordination – Pons – mostly composed of fibers that are relayed from the forebrain to the cerebellum Myelencephalon – Medulla oblongata – base of brainstem; contains a number of nuclei that are important for vital functions, including breathing, cardiovascular