Psychology Study PDF

Chapter 13 -​ Aspects of family background that impact occupational choice: ​ Children are drawn to similar occupations that their parents have, due to exposure, familiarity and parental influence ​ Educational attainment: children usually obtain similar amount of school...

Chapter 13 -​ Aspects of family background that impact occupational choice: ​ Children are drawn to similar occupations that their parents have, due to exposure, familiarity and parental influence ​ Educational attainment: children usually obtain similar amount of school years as their parents, leading to similar jobs ​ Parenting practices: middle-class homes encourage curious and independent thinking that are essential for high-status occupations. Disadvantaged homes emphasize conformity and obedience leading to blue collared jobs, leading to more traditional and less independent career paths ​ Socioeconomic barriers: systemic racism and access to resources cause a limit in career options ​ Parental views and expectations: views on occupations play a big role on a child’s career choices, as does gender. Family values and societal norms conveyed by parents impact a childs decisions and aspirations. -​ Hollands model - know the names of his personality orientation themes: a person's top 3 are considered their Holland Code (RIASEC) 1.​ Realistic - more hands-on practical jobs, tools, machinery 2.​ Investigative - analytical, critical, curious, methodical 3.​ Artistic - creative, imaginative, unsystematic (flexible environment) independent 4.​ Social - more social work, education, counseling 5.​ Enterprising - socially skilled, leadership, persuasive and assertive, ambitious 6.​ Conventional - order and systems, data and numbers, accuracy, precision -​ Occupational interest inventories measure one's interests as they relate to various jobs or careers; receive scores indicating how similar your interests are to others in various careers -​ Super’s developmental model stages: self concept is crucial, but the model is less accurate as people have many different careers throughout their lives at different times, career stages are shorter and recur periodically. 1.​ Growth stage (0-14): children have no interest in careers from 0-4 but begin to fantasize about an ideal job from 4-14, based on likes and dislikes then later, abilities 2.​ Exploration stage (15-24): realistically consider different careers, taking into account their needs, interests, values and reality. Take on a first trial job  3.​ Establishment stage (25-44): use of known skills and learn new skills to have occupational success, commit to a career but still have some flexibility 4.​ Maintenance stage (45-65): at midlife, retaining achieved status and protecting security and power, decreased focus on advancement 5.​ Decline stage (65+): work activity decreases as retirement approaches -​ The more you learn the more you earn: -​ Men's career paths tend to be continuous whereas womens are discontinuous -​ Women without children are more likely to follow career advancements similar to men Chapter 14 -​ DSM-5 guide for diagnosing mental disorders -​ DSM-1 has 128 diagnoses while DSM-5 has 541 -​ GAD - chronic high level of anxiety that is not tied with any threat, muscle tension, restlessness, on edge, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, sleep disturbance, develops gradually in early adulthood, more in women, gradual onset, DSM-5 -​ Specific phobia - persistent or irrational fear of an object that affects your everyday life and does not present any realistic danger, mostly in women, DSM-5, -​ Panic disorder - sudden and intense waves of fear that reach a peak within minutes, sweat, heart racing, nausea, chill, dizzy, fear of death or going crazy, depersonalization, mostly women, late adolescence, -​ Agoraphobia - fear of open spaces/fear of public places where escape is less possible if they panic, crowds, relates to panic disorder -​ OCD - persistent uncontrollable intrusive unwanted thoughts and/or urges to engage in senseless actions/rituals, intensity and frequency, must consume  thoughts that take up and over an hour per day, untreated OCD can lead to suicide, equal among men and women, DSM-5, weak to moderate genetic link -​ If a person has a bad experience with an object they will develop a phobia, which is an example of classical conditioning (neutral stimulus becomes associated with a negative experience) the phobia is maintained through negative reinforcement (they avoid the object which reduces anxiety short term). Preparedness- we are biologically predisposed to fear certain things. -​ Different types of dissociative amnesia: not due to any specific physical, only psychological. 1.​ Localized amnesia: the inability to remember specific traumatic events, people are unable to recall events for a specific period such as two weeks 2.​ Selective amnesia: the inability to remember specific aspects of a traumatic event, such as moving themselves to safety 3.​ Generalized amnesia: loss of history and identity, very rare. Can't remember their name, family, where they live or work, may wander from home. They can retain memory for matters unrelated to identity, such as how to cook or ride a bike. -​ DPDR (depersonalization/derealization disorder): Persistent or recurring experiences, detached from your body or the world is a dream. Acutely aware but unreality experiences. Misdiagnosed as anxiety or stress. -​ Interpersonal roots of depression are a significant factor as people with poor social skills are more susceptible to depression and there is a correlation between lack of social skills and an increased risk of developing depression. -​ Etiology of schizophrenia: People inherit a genetic vulnerability that interacts with environmental stressors to contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Substantial link between genetics and schizophrenia. Proven through twin studies. -​ Neurochemical factors of schizophrenia: Dopamine hypothesis: imbalance in dopamine causes it? Marijuana use during adolescence is also considered to be a factor. Effects of people's reality, chronic mental disorder, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, everyday functions. Distorted perception of reality, jumbled thoughts. Expressed Emotion: the degree to which a relative displays highly critical/hostile or emotionally over-involved attitudes -​ ASD: neurodevelopmental disorder. males are 4 times more likely to be diagnosed, brain development, different symptoms between genders? Intense focus, attention to detail, deficits in social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour and interests.  -​ Eating disorders: serious disturbances in eating behaviour characterized by a preoccupation with weight and unhealthy habits to control weight. Emerge during adolescence 14-17. Genetic vulnerability. Personality factors. Cultural values. Role of family. Cognitive thinking. 3 types: 1.​ Anorexia Nervosa: an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight and dangerous measures to lose weight. Two subtypes: binging/purging and restricting. Limited awareness. 2.​ Bulimia Nervosa: habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives, excessive exercise. Normally a normal weight and are aware of the issue. 3.​ Binge-eating disorder: distress-induced eating binges that are not accompanied by purging, fasting or exercise. More common and less severe. Chapter 15 -​ The techniques of psychoanalysis: FREUD an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives and defenses through 3 techniques: 1.​ Free association: client lies on couch and let their minds drift freely, saying whatever comes to mind 2.​ Dream analysis: client being trained to remember their dreams and share them with therapist 3.​ Transference: client relates to therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives -​ Client centered therapy: humanistic insight therapy developed by Carl Rogers. Emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who are seen as playing a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.. Goal is to help clients realize they don't need to win the acceptance of others and foster a self-accepted personal growth therapy. Unconditional support and empathy. Incongruence, the mismatch of self view and reality. -​ Cognitive behavioural therapy: uses various combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change their patterns of thinking. One technique is cognitive restructuring where clients are taught to detect automatic negative thoughts. Relaxation, exposure therapy, modelling, activity scheduling. Social skills training: observational learning. Chapter 16 -​ Lambert’s common factors: effectiveness of therapy is due to more common factors that the unique factors of specific treatment: Common factors 30% effectiveness  Extratheraputic factors 40% effectiveness (client characteristics like severity of symptoms, motivation) Relationship factors 30% Expectancy factors 15% Technique factors 15% -​ Martin seligman: positive psychology Focus on flourishing strengths not deficits in order to heal. Shifts the focus from problems to strengths. Helps with learned helplessness. Happier moods can help one's overall being. As does faster thinking and variety of thoughts. SLEEPY DRIVING: -​ Most likely to drowsy drive are: sleep deprived people, people who have consumed alcohol, taken medication, night shifts/rotating shifts, untreated sleep disorders and teens and adults -​ Effects of sleep deprivation: mental distress, lack of focus, increased errors, slowed thinking, delayed response times, “microsleeps”, lack of awareness -​ Avoid drowsy driving by getting a full night's sleep, avoid driving at night and avoid driving completely if your meds cause sleepiness -​ Recognizing the signs: end up too close to the car in front of you, miss road signs or turns, drift into another lane, drift into the shoulder of the road. -​ Make the right choices by arranging someone to give you a ride or get a full nights sleep, avoid late night driving or sleepy meds Special topics? -​ Rent-a-sister: a home visit support service used as a psychotherapeutic treatment for hikikomori in Japan. Hikikomori is a phenomenon characterized by pathological social isolation where ppl withdraw from society. Treatment is usually family psycho-education to reduce stigma and individual/group/family therapy. Rent-a-sister aims to coax men out of their bedrooms to integrate them back into society. -​ Parasomnia: a group of sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behavioural or physiological events occurring in association with sleep. Sleepwalking, sleep terror disorder , nightmare disorder (frequent and vivid nightmares that cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning), sleep paralysis (feeling of being paralyzed in a state between sleep and wakefulness), REM behaviour disorder (act out vivid dreams, violent), sleep-related eating disorder (unaware eating or drinking during sleep) -​ Information interview: a conversation with a professional in a field or role a person has interest in. gather insights and advice about the industry. -​ Mike Lake: special skill of organizing and sorting books, described as a risk but a great opportunity to bring people together, 1 in 36 men, more common in men, women are diagnosed later in life, overall message is to have positive reinforcement, social interaction,adapt life based on individual, maximize inclusion w education, give opportunities.