Psychological Statistics PDF

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS Scientific Method - Explains the idea when knowledge acquired through object assessment Definition of statistics...

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS Scientific Method - Explains the idea when knowledge acquired through object assessment Definition of statistics that uses both reasoning and intuition for Statistics refers to a set of mathematical, stablishing truth. procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting data. Scientific Method Descriptive Statistics - Are statistical procedures A Method acquire that is used to collect used to summarize, organize, and simplify data. measurable information that is a acquired by Derive from measurements of the individuals in the observation or experimentation. ( Empirical population. Evidence) Inferential statistics - Is statistical technique that The scientific method is the process for uses sample data to make a general statements experimentation that is used to explore about the population in which they were selected. observations and answer questions. Populations and Samples - Population refers to The data from the experiment are analyzed a set of all the individuals of interest in particular statistically and hypothesis are either accepted or study. While sample is define as the a set of rejected. individuals selected from particular population that Through the scientific method, data from the is intended to present the population in a research. experiment provides conclusion in relation with A variable - Is the characteristics or condition that reality ( Nolan and Heizen, 2011) changes or has values for different individuals. An A theory is an explanation or a set of guiding example weight, height, gender, and personality. principles by which researchers typically develop Data - Refers to measurement or observations after they have collected evidence or information obtained for each individual. Datum (Singular) is a about their research. single measurement or observation also called score or raw score. Data set, on the other hand, is The Steps of Scientific Methods the collection of measurement observation. 1. Making observations Parameter - Is a numerical value that describes a 2. Asking questions based on observation by asking population. It is usually derived from how, what, when, who which and why. measurements of individual in the population. 3. Doing background research Statistic - Is a numerical value that describes the 4. Forming a hypothesis or an educated guess by sample. which it attempts to answer researcher’s question. Sampling error - Is an error that occurs between 5. Testing of hypothesis through experimentation. a sample statistic and the corresponding 6. The researcher communicates his results. population parameter. “Correlational Research” Methods of Knowing Correlational method - Is a method in which it There are four ways on how to acquire knowledge. examines the relationship of two variables. This includes authority, rationalism, intuition, and Correlational research - Involves the scientific method. independent variable that a researcher cannot be Authority - Refers when we acquire knowledge by manipulate. believing that something is true and because Positive correlation - Is a method in where an people say that it is true. increase or decrease in one variable statistically Rationalism - Refers to acquiring knowledge corresponds to an increase or decrease in one through reasoning. variable. Intuition - Is defined as a knowledge that is Negative Correlation - Is a method where in an acquired by sudden insight and is not arrived at by increase in one variables creates an opposite reason. effect or a decrease in the other variable.  Zero correlation - Is a method wherein two Independent variable - A variable being variables are not statistically connected. manipulated. Correlational research is non-experimental - It Dependent variable - The variable that is is not involved manipulating variables using observed to determine the effect of the treatment. scientific method in order to agree and disagree Control condition - A condition in which with the hypothesis. A natural relationship between participants do not receive any treatment. It aims two variables is being observed. to improve that the treatment has an effect by Correlation is dynamic - The correlation between comparing the scores of the participants in the the two variables changes and it cannot be used treatment condition from the scores in the as fixed data for further research. For instance, non-treatment conditions (control conditions). two variables can have a negative correlational relationship after 5 years. Nonexperimental research Data collection - In correlational research is done Quasi-independent variable - The independent through naturalistic observation, Archival data variable in a nonexperimental study is not method, and survey method. This is done in order manipulated but used to create the different group to prove that there is a linear statistical relationship of scores. between two variables. There are number of other research design that Archival data - Researchers utilized earlier not true experiments but still examine the studies conducted by other researchers that are relationship between variables by comparing already analyzed. group scores. Survey method - Researchers utilized random Nonequivalent groups - Comparing two group sampling of the subjects or the variables. scores by which the researcher has no control in assigning the participants to groups and cannot Experimental research ensure equivalent groups. A method of comparing group of scores which also Pre-post study - The researcher has no control known as experimental research strategy. over the passage of time. In experimental research, one variable is being Correlational study - Is an example of manipulated while the another variable is being nonexperimental research that measure observed and measured. relationship between variables. This type of research involves cause and effect relationship. Manipulation - One variable is being manipulated by changing it value from one level to another. And a second variable is being observed. Control - The researcher must control over the environment to ensure that extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being studied. Participant variables - Characteristics such as age, gender and intelligence vary from one another. Researcher must consider the participants differences. Environmental variablesm - These variables including the light, time of day, and weather conditions. A researcher should ensure that the participants in treatment A are tested in the same environment as the participants in treatment B.