Psych 230 Criminology Lecture Notes PDF

grading assignment 1 = 10% assignment 2 = 15% midterm 1 = 20% midterm 2 = 20% final exam = 35% - **sept 6 --- lecture 2** ------------------------ chapter 1: crime in Canada Samir - - - - laws intended to "balance" criminal justice system when harper was in office - - -...

grading assignment 1 = 10% assignment 2 = 15% midterm 1 = 20% midterm 2 = 20% final exam = 35% - **sept 6 --- lecture 2** ------------------------ chapter 1: crime in Canada Samir - - - - laws intended to "balance" criminal justice system when harper was in office - - - - Since Trudeau has been Prime Minister(2016-present), media is now drawing attention to problems within the correctional system that impact criminalized people such as: - - - - how laws have changes since 2015 - - - - a psychological understanding of criminal behavior 1. 2. a holistic perspective **macro level** - **meso level** - **micro level** - terminology - - - - - - - - Critical Stats andFacts - - - crimes that are police-reported are called **incidence rates** - the csi - crime severity index - - - - - - length of sentences - - - - - crime rates by gender and race - - highlighted concerns shown by crime victimization surveys 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cost of crime - - - personal costs of crime - - - criminal sanctions in Canada - - basic facts about correctional services of Canada - - - - - - - - - - ### **sept 9 --- lecture 3** careers in correctional psychology - - - - - - methodology --- key terms - - correlates, risk factors, causal factors, and crime - - cross-sectional research - - longitudinal research - - - central eight risk/need factors - - - - - - - - assessment and treatment approaches - - - general vs. specific responsivity principle - **sept 11 --- lecture 4** ------------------------- summary - - ch.2 what is the MAOA gene? - - - - biology and evolution - - - - cesare lombroso - - Charles Darwin - - the misuse of Darwin\'s work - - - What makes a strong theory? - - difference between theory and string theory a strong theory is: - - - - - - causal mechanisms, mediators and moderators - - - key terminology - - - - - - - - genetics and crime - - our DNA - - - twin studies - - - statistical modeling statistical modeling methods permit the estimation of two types of environmental factors 1. 2. in a study of 2,232 twins, identical twins were more similar in criminal offending than fraternal twins - family matters - - - - - - what does this mean? - - - molecular genetics research - - - - - - What does low MAOA gene variant mean? - the complexity of humans - - - - neurochemistry and crime - - hormones and crime - - - - testosterone and aggression - - - neurotransmitters and crime - - - - - - - - - - - serotonin - - - - - serotonin and antisocial individuals - - - - psychophysiology and crime - - **sept 13 --- lecture 5** ------------------------- the brain and crime phineas gage - - - Chris benoit - - - ted talk --- the surprising connection between brain injuries and crime - brain imaging - - - - - brain imaging and research - - - - - - - - - - neuropsychology - - - - - other biological considerations --- diet, toxins, and pregnancy - - - - neurotoxins and brain development - - - alcohol and recreational drugs - fetal development and criminal behavior - - - research thus far shows two things: 1. 2. in summary - - - - what are proximate explanations? - - **distal explanations** about function and adaptation for an entire species such as why we developed speech, emotion, or aggression basic principles of evolution and evolutionary psychology - - basic assumption of natural selection - - - - - hunters and gatherers - - evolution and crime - - - what micro-level theories and evolutionary psychology will discuss - - - - - life history theory and antisocial behavior - - - the two life history pathways a fast life strategy: - - - - - a slow life strategy: - - - what does life history theory teach us? - life history pathways and antisocial behavior - - - the significance of fast life strategy - - - sexual coercion - - - - - - psychopathy - psychopathy end evolution - - - - is psychopathy adaptive - - - psychopathy and salmon - - - psychopathy and sneaker salmon - - homicide and evolution - - - our ancestors lack of restoring a reputation could have had dire consequences from reproductive fitness standpoint for two reasons 1. 2. female-perpetrated crime - - - - - - costs and rewards of mating effort - - - - - - why do women and girls engage in more indirect aggression - - biology of aggression: evolutions versus the environment genetics vs. environment - - What did we learn? - - - - **lecture 6 --- Sept 18** ------------------------- - - - - - evolutionary theories of crime would have focused on how crime was an adaptive behaviour for Malik, to survive - importance of theories - - - psychodynamic vs. learning theories - - - - methods to test crime theories - - - - - basic psychodynamic principles: the id, ego, and superego - - - David abrahamsen - the id - - the ego - - the superego - - - - psychoanalytic theory - - harsh superego - - weak superego - - - deviant super ego - - bowlby\'s theory of maternal deprivation \] - - - - - the of gluecks - - - - hirschi\'s control theories - - - - attachment - - commitment - - - involvement - - belief - - - general theory of crime - - - - - - - - - - - - aversive conditioning and sexual deviance - - - - operant conditioning - factors in reinforcement and punishment - - - differential reinforcement theory - social learning theories and crime - learning theory limitation - Sutherland\'s differential association theory - - differential association theory non testable postulates - - - - - - - - the 7th postulate 1. 2. 3. 4. - differential association theory and criminology - - criticisms of Sutherland\'s differential association theory - - - akers social learning theory - - - What do social learning theories show us? - - - - social learning theory and crime - - - criticism for the social learning theory - - andrew and bonta's personal, interpersonal, and community reinforcement theory (PIC-R) - the PIC-R theory - - - - - - PIC-R - four key sources of antecedent and consequential events 1. 2. 3. 4. the PIC-R and predicting crime - PIC-R and socioeconomic factors - PIC-R criticisms - - key takeaways - - - **lecture 7 --- sept 25** ------------------------- What happens when someone goes to prison? - - - - - - - factors associated with criminal conduct - static factors - - - dynamic factors - - - - protective factors - SAPROF - 1. 2. 3. assessment approaches - - - - - - risk instrument classification 1. 2. 3. 4. bonta's model 1. 2. 3. 4. risk assessment levels - - - - - The Statistical Information on Recidivism Revised (SIR-R1) - - - - - Static Factors Analysis (SFA) - - - **The Level of Service Inventory (LSI)** - - - - The DFIA-R - - - - - DRAOR - Dynamic Risk assessment of Offender Re-entry - - 1. 2. 3. Items are rates from 0-2 (0= item absent, 1 = item partially/possibly present, 2 =item present). This tool is used primarily by parole and probation officers, especially in New Zealand The SPIn - - Practical Considerations - - - - Slide 55 - know which tools work the best - STUDY IT Practical Considerations Most risk-need tools show moderate predictive accuracy for general recidivism, wit some notable exceptions. - - - - - Key Decision Points Using Risk Assessment Pre-trial - - - - Pre-Sentencing - - - - - - - **Custody Classification** - - - - - - - - **The CSC and Custody Classification** - - - **Pre-Release** - - - - **Pre- Release** - - **Community Supervision and Dynamic Risk** - - - - - **Sentencing, Punishment, and Restorative Justice Models** ========================================================== - **Purposes of Sentencing** - - - - - - - - **Sentencing Practices Focus On Goals Such As:** - - - - **What are Sanctions For?** Sanctions are intended to deter both the sentenced individual (specific deterrence) and the broader public (general deterrence) from committing crimes. - - **Does Deterrence Work?** Research on deterrence has raised questions about its effectiveness. A meta-analysis by Gendreau, Goggin, and Cullen examined 222 studies with over 336,000 cases. - Incarceration for an average of 10.5 months also increased recidivism by 7% compared to community sanctions, **suggesting that general deterrence does not reduce crime**. - **Know this** Punishing smarter" strategies (e.g., boot camps, intensive supervision) have proven ineffective, with studies showing little to no impact on reducing recidivism. - **Is the Death Penalty Warranted?** The death penalty is often justified as a deterrent to capital crimes such as murder or treason. - Comparisons between neighboring states with and without capital punishment showed no difference in crime rates. In Texas, which arguably has the highest execution rate, **there was no correlation found between execution rates and lower murder rates.** **Why Are Punishment Models Ineffective?** They rely on the flawed assumption that people who commit crimes follow a rational choice model - Most individuals who engage in criminal behavior **focus on the immediate execution of the** **crime rather than long- term consequences.** - - - They do not align with learning theory principles which require punishment to be severe, certain, and immediate, to be effective. - Severe punishments like the death penalty are infrequent and fail to alter behaviour. - **Why Are Punishment Models Ineffective?** Petrich and colleagues identify three additional reasons punishment-based models fail. 1. 2. 3. **Restorative Justice** In Canada, sentencing aims to provide reparation to crime survivors and promote accountability among offenders which aligns with restorative justice (RJ) principles. - Restorative justice focuses on healing the harm caused by crime to both survivors and offenders, involving voluntary participation from both the survivor and the offender, often with community involvement to address and repair damages. - This can be applied at various stages of the justice process including before or after charges, sentencing, and parole. **Types of Restorative Justice Approaches** =========================================== **Survivor- Perpetration Mediation** **Otherwise known as conferencing** as mediation implies both parties are on somewhat equal ground seeking a settlement. Conferencing has **also been referred to as Circles, consistent with Indigenous cultures** and has been used in sentencing and parole decision-making. - **Survivor Assistance** Services help the survivor understand their legal rights regarding representation and notification and assists them if they chose to provide information to the decision-makers regarding their Experiences **Assistance for Formerly Sentenced People** Survivor assistance programs have overshadowed government organizations that help-justice impacted people reintegrate back into society. - This work often begins while people are incarcerated and continues into reintegration into the community. **Restitution** - Courts typically assign the amount of compensation, but in restorative justice, all parties are involved in the discussion. - **Community Service** Sometimes community service is alternative to incarceration or can be part of a probation order. A person who commits a crime is required to complete some sort of community service to make amends **Services to Survivors** Federal and provincial corrections offer services to survivors such as notifying them about the release of offenders. The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights (CVBR) passed on April 23, 2015, establishing statutory rights for survivors including the rights to information, protection, participation, and restitution, enhancing their involvement in the criminal justice system. **Does Restorative Justice Work?** What does "work" mean? - Restorative justice is voluntary, therefore there may be a selection bias as those who are more motivated or less serious will participate. RJ approaches vary, but most research focuses on survivor- perpetrator mediation. - - They are most effective in improving restitution compliance and less effective in reducing recidivism. - In Fulham's meta-analysis, **RJ was found to reduce the odds of general recidivism by 17%.** The analysis included mainly male participants and showed mixed results for violent recidivism. RJ was more effective in youthful, lower-risk, and White samples. Despite variability in effectiveness, RJ still demonstrated moderate impacts on the satisfaction of both survivors and perpetrators. **In Summary** Restorative justice can be a valuable alternative to incarceration and may complement other correctional programs. **Treatment Approaches and Effectiveness** ========================================== - **Treatment Approaches and Effectiveness** Rehabilitation is a key objective of sentencing in Canada, aiming to address and treat behaviours that have already occurred rather than preventing them before they start. Most rehabilitative approaches are classified as tertiary prevention (focusing on treating individuals who have already committed offenses). **The History of Rehabilitation** Rehabilitation has evolved from skepticism about its effectiveness to a more positive outlook over the past 40 years. Andrews and colleagues introduced a foundational "What Works" model, which focuses on effective interventions with justice-impacted individuals. In the 1970s, counseling for justice-impacted individuals was primarily conducted by psychologists and chaplains and focused on psychological symptoms like anxiety and depression. The belief that improving psychological functioning would reduce reoffending. By 2010, psychologists mainly oversaw high- intensity programs, but recent changes have introduced para-professionalized with specialized training into programming roles. Psychologists are part of formal mental health teams involved in risk assessment, crisis intervention, and some individual counseling. Para-professionals (parole and program staff who have a B.A. degree and specialized training) now play a key role in delivering structured, skills-based correctional programming, supported by rigorous selection, training, and standardized curricula. In community corrections, non-psychologists primarily provide programming and aftercare, focusing on evidence-based models that follows a standardized CBT program. - - Reviews such as those by Bonta and Andrews highlight that rehabilitation programs are crucial for lowering recidivism rates and improving public safety **General Principles of Effective Rehabilitation** Bonta and Andrews study in 2017 describes 15 overarching principles of evidence-based practices when working with justice-impacted people based on four decades of research. Three of these principles -- **risk, need, and responsivity** -- are central to the model and are highly researched. **Overarching Principles** 1. 2. 3. **Core RNR Principles and Key Clinical Issues** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. **Risk Principle** The risk principle emphasizes that higher-risk individuals should receive higher-intensity correctional programming, involving more frequent or longer sessions. If this type of programming was given to low-risk individuals, it could increase their chances of reoffending by exposing them to antisocial attitudes. Research shows that about 200 hours of programming for men leads to significant reductions in recidivism. More research is still needed, however, to determine appropriate dosage levels for women and other groups. - **Need Principle** Since the mid-1970s, treatment in corrections shifted from addressing psychological symptoms to focusing on factors directly related to crime. - Ideally, changes in criminogenic needs should lead to reductions in recidivism. - The application of the need principle is controversial, especially concerning women and Indigenous populations which we will discuss more in chapters 13 and 14. There are debates about whether some traditionally non-criminogenic needs are actually criminogenic and whether additional criminogenic needs should be considered for these groups beyond the Central Eight. **Responsivity Principle** The responsivity principle emphasizes that treatment should align with the learning styles and abilities of justice-impacted individuals. It consists of two types: general and specific. - - **What Does an Effective Correctional Program Look Like?** Correctional programs are specific activities that are clearly described in standardised manuals and delivered by highly trained staff. Correctional Service Canada (2021) explains that correctional programs are designed to: - - - - Reduce the risk offenders present when they return to society **Reasoning and Rehabilitation** Dr. Ross and his colleagues developed a Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R) program in the early 1980s. This was one of the first evidence-based correctional programs. The original R&R program used cognitive-behavioural techniques to prevent reoffending. The Cognitive Centre of Canada has since updated the program to R&R2 which focuses on developing skills in self-control, metacognition, emotional management, social perspective taking, problem-solving, social skills, critical reasoning, creating thinking, and values enhancement. **R & R2** Specialised programs tailor additional skills to specific groups. For instance, the R&R2 program for girls and young women addresses the high rates of abuse, trauma, and mental health issues among its participants. - Facilitators use a structured manual and various methods like group activities, role-playing, and homework assignments. - **You Be the Therapist - Joe** Joe, aged 28, has been convicted for two counts of armed robbery and received a three-year sentence. This is his first federal sentence, but he has more than 10 prior property offences relating to substance use and has been convicted twice of failure to appear. He also has committed two serious assaults while intoxicated. He has no outstanding charges and reports being motivated for treatment. He is now married with a one-year-old son, and he expects visits from his family while incarcerated. He feels it is time for him to change his life. He plans to begin his own painting business upon release. He is asking to go to a minimum-security facility to be closer to his family. There was a knife involved in the robberies, but he states that he is non-violent. He states that the robberies were to get money to provide for his new family, although the pre-sentence report suggests that needing money for drugs may also have been a motive. Joe noted that he had a fight in the county jail when others hassled him while he was on remand. - **Questions:** How motivated is Joe for treatment? What program element(s) from R&R might be suitable for him? What program dosage would be appropriate (low, moderate, high-risk hours)? moderate Should Joe take programming prior to release? yes If Joe does well in programming, do you think he would be a good parole candidate? yes **Core Correctional Practice** The 14th principle of effective rehabilitation is in effect (staff should use high quality relationship skills -- empathy, warm, fair, collaborative) while employing structuring skills (e.g., model prosocial behavior, use effective reinforcement, refer clients to programs in the community). **Core Correctional Practices** Meta-analytic research so far indicates the following CCPs reduce offending: - - - - - - - - **Core Correctional Practices Outcomes** Staff who apply these practices see positive outcomes including greater disclosure in interviews, improved program engagement, acceptance of responsibility for criminal behavior, better program completion, adherence to rules, fewer prison misconducts, and reducing reoffending. - STICS Bonta and a team of Canadian researchers developed the Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS). The STICS is a framework for probation and parole officers that is grounded in Core Correctional Practices. Officers receive three days of training on how to apply CCPs and are encouraged to participate in follow-up coaching. STICS focuses on addressing criminal attitudes which Bonta identifies as the foundational criminogenic need underlying other criminal behaviors CCS-W As well, the Collaborative Case Work with Women (CCS-W) has been developed as a community supervision model for women and has also generated promising results. There has been a 25.6% reduction in reoffending in women over a year period. The CCS-W is strength and relational-based, focusing on helping women develop their own competencies in the community to address their own specific needs; targeting criminal attitudes is not a focus of the CCS-W Program Evaluation Correctional programs must be evaluated across several levels due to their resource demands and significance to correctional goals. These evaluations include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Correctional Program Assessment Inventory- 2010 (CPAI-2010) It is used to assess whether correctional programs follow the principles of the Risk-Need-Responsivity model. Higher scores on the CPAI-2010 indicate a high-quality program (meaning the program has lower recidivism). Research shows the CPAI-2010 is comparable to standard risk assessments in predicting recidivism. The Gender-Responsive Program Assessment (GRPPA) This assessment is used to evaluate how well women's correctional environments follow gender-responsive principles. Do Correctional Treatment Effects Measure Up? What ABout the Good Lives Model (GLM)? The GLM is an alternative rehabilitative approach which posits that all humans pursue primary goods, such as health, knowledge, autonomy, and connection to others, which creates a fulfilling life. People use secondary goods (actions or strategies) to attain these primary goods. Thus, this model suggests that crime occurs when individuals use harmful or criminal strategies to achieve these goods, such as seeking pleasure through harmful actions. Good Lives Model This rehabilitation program is primarily characterized by: - - - - - - Where do we Go From Here? - Direction for Correctional Research and Practice - - - **Chapter 5: Justice Impacted Youth** Learning Objectives - - - - - - **Avery** - - - - - - - - - - Introduction to the history of juvenile justice in canada Adolescent crime - - - - - - - - The history of youth justice in canada - The juvenile delinquents act (jda) - - - - - - The young offenders act (YOA) - - - - - - - The youth criminal justice act (YCJA) - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - Key terminology - - Typologies of justice impacted adolescents In 1993, moffitt aimed to explain two patterns in antisocial behavior: 1. 2. - Moffitt research -- dual taxonomy for boys Moffitt categorized offenders into two types: 1. 2. Life course persistent (LCP) ' - - - - Adolescent limited - - Moffitts additional groups Moffitt and colleagues conducted longitudinal studies until participants were 26 years old and identified two additional groups 1. 2. Critical stats and facts Scope of youth crime Offenses that increased from 2019-2020 1. 2. - The most common criminal offenses by youth in 2020 Assault -- level 1, mischief, administration of justice, shoplifting under \$5,000, and uttering threats Some of these changes from 2019-2020 may be partly due to the pandemic, since opportunities for youth to commit crime changed Are 2SLGBTQA+ youth overrepresented in the juvenile justice system? - - Differences among youth in the juvenile justice system - - - Youth sentences  Youth sentences - - - - - - - - - - Since the YCJA - Alternatives to custody - - - Impact of youth crime - - - - - Looking for causes: theories and pathways Biological theories -