Psych 211 Midterm Lesson 1 PDF

Midterm PSYCH 211: PSYSIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY **LESSON 1:** **[ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM]** **\#** **NAME** **NERVE TYPE** **FUNCTION** -------- ------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

Midterm PSYCH 211: PSYSIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY **LESSON 1:** **[ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM]** **\#** **NAME** **NERVE TYPE** **FUNCTION** -------- ------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Olfactory Sensory Smell 2 Optic Sensory Vision 3 Oculomotor Motor Most eye movement 4 Trochlear Motor Moves eye to look at nose 5 Trigeminal Both Face sensation, Mastication (chewing) 6 Abducens Motor abduct of the eye/ looking away from the center 7 Facial Both Facial expression, Taste, Tears 8 Vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearing, Balance 9 Glossopharyngeal Both Interpreting what the taste, tastes like/ gag reflex/ swallowing 10 Vagus Both gag reflex/ parasympathetic innervation/ magdedecide what food u like to swallow or not 11 Accessory Motor shoulder/neck movement 12 Hypoglossal Motor Swallowing, Speech, tongue movement **THE 12 CRANIAL NERVES**  **COMPONENTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM** [COMPOSED OF]: **[BRAIN]** - (To Support Movement) Thinking, feeling, & remembering. **[SPINAL CORD]** - (Conducts signals bet. the brain and the body) governs basic muscles reflexes and can function independently from the brain. **THE PROTECTIVE PARTS OF THE BODY** **MENINGES** - The one that is attached to our skull or cranium. - (The brain and the spinal cord are the protected organs in the body. they are encased in bone and covered by 3 protective membranes. - Divided into (3) protective membranes: **(3) MENINGES:** - **[DURA MATER]** - The outer meninx. - "Tough Membrane". "**[MOTHER]**" - Attached directly to the Bone/cranium. - (Pinaka matigas na layer) leatherlike tissue - Inside is an arachnoid membrane (spider-like layer) - **[ARACHNOID ]** - "Spider web-like membrane". - Contains many Blood-vessels & CSF. - To **[keep your CSF & blood vessels]** that are seen in your subarachnoid space (**gap**). - The middle layer of your meninges lies directly below your dura mater. It's a thin layer that lays between your dura mater and pia mater. It doesn't contain blood vessels or nerves. Support and stabilize the brain and spinal cord. - **[SUBARACHNOID SPACE ]** - Contains large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid. - **[PIA MATER] ("Pious Mother" or "Tender Mother")** - Inner -most delicate covering - Follows the3 contours of the brain closely. - "3^rd^ layer" & "Less tough". - "**[PIOUS MATER]**" - It is directly attached to the surface of your CSF. - Note: viruses and bacteria can invade the meninges that result to meningitis that causes headache and stiffness of the neck, which can be followed by incoherence, drowsiness, coma, and death. **VENTRICULAR SYSTEM** **VENTRICLES** - A series of hallow interconnected chambers (filled with CSF). - It is for the **[CIRCULATION OF THE FLUIDS]**. - (It carries cerebrospinal fluid) **(3) [VENTRICLES]:** - **LATERAL VENTRICLE** -largest chamber. Connected to **3^RD^/THIRD VENTRICLE** **- FOURTH VENTRICLE** (malapit sa spinal cord) - **MASSA INTERMEDIA** - Serves as a convenient "The reference point". - Dito nag start ang production of CSF. - The **starting line** of the circulation. - **CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT** - the channel that connects the 3^rd^ ventricle to the 4^th^ ventricle. - "**[A long tube]**". **CHOROID PLEXUS** - Special tissue with an especially rich blood supply - Composed of Ependymal that secretes CSF. **ARCHNOID GRANULATIONS** - Small mushroom-like structures in the brain that help drain CSF from the brain into the bloodstream. **SUPERIOR SIGITTAL SINUS** - Collects blood from the brain and drains it into other veins which eventually return the blood to heart. - **Main Role of Ventricles-** production and distribution of cerebrospinal fluid. **CEREBROSPINAL FLUID** \- Fills the subarachnoid space, the canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain. \- It **[circulates through the central canal of the spinal cord and four ventricles in the brain]**. - **CHOROID PLEXUSES (**network of CAPILLARIES.) - Converts materials that come from our blood such as oxygen in order to form a CSF. - That needs to circulate in different ventricles of our brain.  **BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER** \- The SELECTIVE SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE between the blood and the brain. \- It has something to do with the exchange of blood. \- Impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain. \- PRESENCE OF **[ASTROCYTES]**. (responsible for contraction of the blood vessels) \- Presence of **[PERICYTES ENDOTHELIAL]** (responsible for regulating the flow of blood) **[MAIN FUNCTION]**: \- Is **[to detect pathogens]** within the blood na pumapasok. \- To prevent viruses. (MS) **SPINAL CORD** \- A long cylinder of nerve tissue that extends like a tail from the medulla. \- "**[Original Information Superhighway]**". **[FUNCTION]**: - Governs **[REFLEXES]** (e.g patellar reflexes, withdrawal reflex, and central pattern generators) **[DAMAGE:]** - Loss of sensation and loss of voluntary movement. **[(2) MAIN SECTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD]**: 1. **GREY MATTER** - the center and primarily made up of cell bodies and [unmyelinated interneurons]. 2. **WHITE MATTER** - Surrounds the gray matter and is composed of [myelinated axons.] - **[DORSAL ROOTS] are sensory neurons that carry information to the spinal cord ([afferent]).** (from the outside) - **[VENTRAL ROOTS] are motor neurons that carry commands from the spinal cord to muscles and organs ([efferent]).** (dadaan sa efferent nerves) (Its product is our movement/ motor movements) - **Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord.** - **Each nerve has a [dorsal root] and a [ventral root].** **[ROSTRAL]:** - (Towards the beak) - FRONTAL **[CAUDAL]:** - (Towards the Tail) - OCCIPITAL **[VENTRAL]** (ANTERIOR)**:** - (Ventral means nasa **harap**). **[DORSAL]** (POSTERIOR)**:** - (Dorsal means nasa **likod**). **[SUPERIOR]:** - (Towards the Head, end of the body) - HIGHER/ABOVE **[INFERIOR]:** - (Away from the head) - LOWER/UNDER. **[PROXIMAL]:** - (Centered body part) - malapit sa katawan. **[DISTAL]:** - (Away from the body). +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **MAJOR | **VENTRICLE** | **SUBDIVISION** | **PRINCIPLES** | | DIVISION** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Forebrain | Lateral | Telencephalon | Cerebral cortex | | | | | | | | Third | Diencephalon | Basal ganglia | | | | | | | | | | Limbic system | | | | | | | | | | Thalamus | | | | | | | | | | hypothalamus | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Midbrain | Cerebral | Mesencephalon | Tectum | | | aqueduct | | | | | | | Tegmentum | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Hindbrain | Fourth | Metencephalon | Cerebellum | | | | | | | | | Myelencephalon | Pons | | | | | | | | | | Medulla | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **ANATOMICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN** **HINDBRAIN** **-**regulates vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, sleep, and wakefulness. - **METENCEPHALON** - **PONS-** handles unconscious processes and jobs such as sleep and wake cycle. - **CEREBELLUM-** "Little Brain" - **MYELENCEPHALON** - **MEDULLA-** a long stem-like structure which makes up lower part of the brain stem. **MEDULLA (MYELENCEPHALON)** -Large quantities of white matter with suspended nuclei -Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure **[Reticular formation]** a\. From the medulla up into the midbrain b\. Role in arousal c\. Involved in a variety of functions-including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes. **PONS (METENCEPHALON)** -"Bridge" -Connects the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum -**Cochlear nucleus and vestibular nucleus** **CEREBELLUM (METENCEPHALON)** -"Little brain" -Located under the cerebrum -Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance. **MIDBRAIN** **TECTUM (MESENCEPHALON)** - composed of two pairs of bumps, the **Colliculi (little hills).** -**Inferior colliculi**- auditory -**Superior colliculi**- visual (motor) **TEGMENTUM (MESENCEPHALON)** **Periaqueductal gray** -**Gray matter (non-decremental)** situated around the cerebral aqueduct (pain reliever). -mediating the analgesic effects of opioid drugs. -Substantia nigra (black substance) and red nucleus. **FOREBRAIN** **THALAMUS (DIENCEPHALON)** -Two-lobed structure Joined by the *Massa intermedia* (a midline structure that connects the 2 thalamus). -responsible for mood and pain detection. And regulate several motivations. -Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the **cerebral cortex (**outermost layer of the brain). -**Sensory relay nuclei-nuclei** **HYPOTHALAMUS (DIENCEPHALON)** -Role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors -It exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones. \- Pituitary gland (manager)- control center, command eating, sleeping, sex drive **TELENCEPHALON** \- Largest division of the human brain \- contains the bulk of the left and right cerebral hemispheres **CEREBRAL CORTEX (TELENCEPHALON)** -The cerebral hemispheres are almost completely separated by the largest of the fissures: **the longitudinal fissure** \- [Cerebral commissures] - corpus callosum. -connecting tract. Act as glue for left and right hemispshere. -The two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere are: **central fissure-** divides frontal and parietal lobe **lateral fissure-** divides frontal and temporal lobe **-Convoluted cortex:** **Fissures-** deepest **Sulci-** narrowest **Gryi-** deep than sulci but not too deep as fissure **OCCIPITAL LOBE** -Analysis of visual inputs to guide our behavior **PARIETAL LOBE** -Analysis of sensations from the body -Role in our perception **FRONTAL LOBE** -Performs complex cognitive functions -[Broca's area-(]speech, writing) -fully developed at 25 years of age **TEMPORAL LOBE** -Hearing and languages important for certain kinds of memory -language recognition [-Wernicke's area-](meaning of words) **LIMBIC SYSTEM (TELENCEPHALON)** Circuits that circles the thalamus *memory, emotion, and stress response* **Major Structures:** a\. Cingulate cortex avoidance of pain) b\. Septum -Regulates hippocampal function c\. Mammillary bodies -Recollective memory d\. Hippocampus e\. Amygdala -Vital for fear, rage and aggression f\. Fornix -Connects various nodes of a limbic circuitry **BASAL GANGLIA (BRAIN)** - Important for motor control/responses - Involved with TURETTE SYNDROME: involuntary movements from time to time.  A diagram of the brain Description automatically generated