Psych 101 Exam 3 PDF

October 7, 2024 Cognitive psychology (7.1) - Cognition- most simply, is thinking. It encompasses the processes associated with - Perception - Knowledge - Problem solving - Judgment - Language - Memory Concepts and prototyp...

October 7, 2024 Cognitive psychology (7.1) - Cognition- most simply, is thinking. It encompasses the processes associated with - Perception - Knowledge - Problem solving - Judgment - Language - Memory Concepts and prototypes - Concepts- categories of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories - Used to see relationship[ps among different elements of experience - Prototype- the best example of representation of a concept - Example: Mahatma Gandhi could be a prototype for the category of civil disobedience Natural and artificial concepts - Natural concepts- created naturally through either direct or indirect experience - Example: our concept of snow - Artificial concepts- defined by a specific set of characteristics - Example: properties of geometric shapes like squares, triangles etc. Schemata - Schema - a mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts - Role schema - makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave - Event schema (cognitive script) - a set of routine or automatic behaviors - Can vary widely among different cultures or countries - Dictate behavior - Make habits difficult to break because they are automatic Language (7.2) - Language- communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another - Lexicon - the words of a given language - Grammar - the set of rules that are used to convey meaning using the lexicon - Phoneme - a basic sound unit (like the sounds ah and eh) - Morphemes - the smallest unit of language that convey some type of meaning - Semantics - the meaning we derive from morphemes and words - Syntax - the way words are organized into sentences Language development  - Noahm chomsky proposed that the mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined - Language develops in the absence of formal instruction - Language acquisition follows similar patterns in children from different cultures/ backgrounds - Critical period - proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life The case of genie - The effects or language deprivation during the critical period can e seen in the case study of genie: - Was found at age 13 after being raised in neglectful and abusive conditions - Grew up virtually no social interaction ad was unable to speak when found Language and thought - Sapir and whorf proposed that language determines thought - Today we know that the view is to absolute - However language still many influence the way we think (linguistic determinism) Cognitive psychologists primarily examine? - Thinking The basic sound units of language are_ while the smallest units that convey meaning are_ - Phonemes, morphemes Which of the following makes habits difficult to break? - Event schema Which of the following correctly pairs language development with age? - 18-24 months: simple sentences of 2 words