Psychology Term Test #2 Study Guide PDF

PSYC TERM TEST #2: STUDY REVIEW GUIDE F23 ROBINSON Scope and Composition: · Text Chapters 7-11 · D2L Modules 6-10 · 64 Multiple Choice Questions Do You Know/Can You Discuss: 1. Developmentally, which skill group would a 6-year-o...

PSYC TERM TEST #2: STUDY REVIEW GUIDE F23 ROBINSON Scope and Composition: · Text Chapters 7-11 · D2L Modules 6-10 · 64 Multiple Choice Questions Do You Know/Can You Discuss: 1. Developmentally, which skill group would a 6-year-old demonstrate the most skill/confidence in? A 6-year-old typically demonstrates confidence in gross motor skills (running, jumping, throwing) and basic fine motor skills (writing, drawing) as they gain more control over their body and coordination. 2. Brain lateralization is motivated/kick-started by what developmental process? Brain lateralization is influenced by myelination, where the axons of neurons are insulated, leading to more efficient neural communication and specialization of functions between the left and right hemispheres. 3. What does the RF do? (How does myelination impact function?) The reticular formation (RF) is involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions. Myelination enhances its function by increasing the speed of neural impulses, facilitating better attention and arousal. 4. [QLSS] What does this study have to say about the long-term impact of TV watching and child health? The Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSS) indicates that excessive TV watching is linked to negative health outcomes, such as obesity, sedentary behavior, and reduced academic performance. 5. What is PTSD – what do scans of its impact in children show? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing traumatic events. Brain scans often reveal changes in the amygdala (emotional processing) and prefrontal cortex (regulation of emotions) in children with PTSD. 6. What are ACEs – examples? Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refer to traumatic events occurring before the age of 18, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, domestic violence, parental substance abuse, and mental illness.  7. What is conservation – how do you know if a child has/has not achieved it? Conservation is the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in form or appearance (e.g., liquid in different shaped containers). A child who has achieved conservation can explain why the amount of liquid remains constant, while a child who has not will focus on the appearance and say they are different amounts. 8. Distinguish between Theory of Mind and “false belief principle.” Theory of Mind is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and perspectives different from one's own. The false belief principle refers specifically to the understanding that others can hold beliefs that are incorrect, demonstrating a more advanced level of theory of mind. 9. What do neo-Piagetians like Case have to say about cognitive development (where do they part ways with/improve on Piaget)? Neo-Piagetians like Case emphasize the role of information processing and the importance of cultural and contextual factors in cognitive development. They proposed that cognitive development occurs in stages but is more fluid than Piaget suggested, incorporating gradual improvements in specific areas of knowledge. 10. What does Vygotsky have to say about the appearance/disappearance/function of egocentric speech? Vygotsky viewed egocentric speech as a form of self-guidance that helps children think through their actions and solve problems. Over time, this speech becomes internalized as inner speech, aiding in cognitive development and self-regulation. 11. To what does overregularization refer – examples? Overregularization is when children apply grammatical rules too broadly. For example, saying "goed" instead of "went" or "mouses" instead of "mice." 12. According to Gladwell, what advantage does speaking Chinese give a child when it comes to mastering math skills? Gladwell argues that the structure of the Chinese language, which is more logical and consistent, allows children to develop numerical skills more intuitively, making it easier to grasp mathematical concepts. 13. Delayed/Disabled and Gifted – where’s the line so far as IQ test scores are concerned? IQ tests typically categorize scores above 130 as gifted and those below 70 as indicative of a learning disability or delay. However, the line can be blurry, as some gifted children may struggle with specific learning challenges.  14. What concerns were raised - propositions put forward to address - the cultural bias associated with Indigenous children’s IQ test results? Concerns include that standard IQ tests may not account for cultural differences in communication and problem-solving. Propositions include developing culturally relevant assessments and integrating traditional knowledge and skills into testing. 15. What central theme around development during the preschool period do Freud and Erikson BOTH agree on? Both Freud and Erikson agree on the importance of early experiences and relationships in shaping personality and development during the preschool years, focusing on foundational psychosocial conflicts. 16. What two factors do young children rely on/use when they classify/categorize people? Young children often rely on observable traits (such as physical appearance) and gender as primary factors for classification. 17. Distinguish between social conventions and moral rules – can preschoolers tell the difference? Social conventions are rules based on social norms (e.g., saying "please"), while moral rules relate to fairness and harm (e.g., not hurting others). Preschoolers may struggle to differentiate between the two, often viewing moral rules as more absolute. 18. Characterize authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting (where does each vary the most from the other two according to Baumrind)? Authoritarian parenting is strict, with high demands and low responsiveness. Authoritative parenting balances demands with warmth and responsiveness, promoting independence. Permissive parenting is lenient, with few demands and high responsiveness. The primary difference lies in the balance of control and warmth. 19. What challenges to Baumrind’s parenting style classifications have been identified (among which groups and why)? Critics argue that Baumrind's classifications may not adequately represent diverse cultural practices and values, particularly in Indigenous and immigrant families where different parenting styles may be more effective based on communal norms. 20. Maccoby & Martin added two dimensions (and one parenting style) to Baumrind’s work – identify them. Maccoby and Martin introduced responsiveness and demandingness as dimensions, identifying a neglectful parenting style (low demand and low responsiveness) in addition to Baumrind's three styles.  21. To what does inductive discipline refer – examples? Inductive discipline involves explaining the reasons behind rules and the consequences of actions to children, fostering understanding and empathy. For example, telling a child that hitting hurts others helps them understand the impact of their behavior. 22. Divorce may be associated with what outcomes? Divorce can lead to increased emotional distress, behavioral issues, academic challenges, and difficulties in relationships for children, particularly if the process is contentious. 23. Cooperative play refers to what? – what skill is essential for success? Cooperative play involves children working together towards a common goal, requiring skills like communication, negotiation, and empathy for success. 24. Distinguish between gender schemas and gender scripts. Gender schemas are cognitive frameworks that help children organize information about gender, while gender scripts are specific behaviors and expectations associated with being male or female. 25. Identify then distinguish between Maccoby’s two styles of communication (which gender does he associate with each). Maccoby identifies communal communication (associated with girls) that focuses on connection and emotional sharing, and agentic communication (associated with boys) that emphasizes assertiveness and independence. 26. What factors can cause a family climate or parenting style to shift away from authoritative parenting? Factors may include stress (financial, emotional), changes in family structure (divorce, loss), or external influences (social networks, cultural expectations). 27. What is emotional regulation – why is it important? Emotional regulation is the ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences appropriately. It's crucial for social interactions, mental health, and overall well-being. 28. What cognitive skills improve directly as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood? Skills such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and executive functions (like planning and organization) improve due to ongoing brain maturation and myelination. 29. The most significant health risks for school-aged children are associated with what? Significant health risks include obesity, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and mental health issues.  30. What is class inclusion? Class inclusion is the understanding that a subclass (e.g., dogs) can belong to a larger category (e.g., animals) and involves recognizing relationships between different categories. 31. Cognitive development for Piaget focuses on what? (as opposed to Siegler) Piaget focuses on stages of cognitive development (qualitative changes) and the progression through these stages, while Siegler emphasizes the variability and flexibility of cognitive processes (more quantitative). 32. Outline the information processing view of cognitive development in children (core elements & new abilities). The information processing view likens the mind to a computer, focusing on encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. New abilities include attention, memory, and problem-solving, with improvements in processing speed and capacity. 33. Characterize Gardner’s theory on intelligence. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory proposes that intelligence is not a single entity but consists of various distinct types (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical), each representing different ways of processing information. 34. Distinguish between interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence [Gardner]. Interpersonal intelligence involves understanding and interacting effectively with others. Intrapersonal intelligence refers to self-awareness and understanding one’s own feelings and motivations. Naturalist intelligence is the ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and natural phenomena. 35. Characterize Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence. Sternberg's triarchic model comprises three types of intelligence: analytical (problem-solving), creative (innovation), and practical (application of knowledge in real-world contexts). 36. Distinguish between experiential, componential, and practical intelligence [subset Sternberg]. Experiential intelligence refers to creativity and the ability to deal with novel situations, componential intelligence involves analytical skills and problem-solving, and practical intelligence is the ability to adapt to everyday environments. 37. Exceptionalities refers to what – which specific challenges/learning disorders would be included? Exceptionalities encompass a range of conditions, including learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia), intellectual disabilities, and developmental disorders (e.g., ADHD, autism).  38. Distinguish between program modification and program accommodation. Program modification involves changing the curriculum or learning objectives for a student, while program accommodation refers to adjusting how a student accesses the curriculum (e.g., providing extra time on tests). 39. Identify then distinguish between the 3 types of ADHD. The three types of ADHD are: - Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks. - Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Excessive fidgeting, impulsivity without inattention. - Combined Presentation: A mix of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. 40. What does neural synchrony refer to? (What are the benefits and links to social bonding?) Neural synchrony refers to the simultaneous activation of brain areas in different individuals, enhancing communication and social bonding, particularly in caregiver-child interactions. 41. Why is the preservation language – specifically Indigenous languages within Canada - core to preservation of cultural heritage? Indigenous languages carry unique worldviews, histories, and cultural practices. Preserving these languages is vital for maintaining cultural identity and continuity for Indigenous communities. 42. According to Erikson, what psychosocial tasks feature in childhood – resolved how? Erikson posits that childhood tasks revolve around trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, and initiative vs. guilt, resolved through positive caregiving and support from caregivers and the environment. 43. The Big Five refers to what? – what qualities are each associated with these personality traits? The Big Five personality traits are: - Openness: Creativity and willingness to try new things. - Conscientiousness: Organization and dependability. - Extraversion: Sociability and assertiveness. - Agreeableness: Compassion and cooperativeness. - Neuroticism: Emotional instability and anxiety. 44. Identify the 3 factors in Bandura’s reciprocal model of development. Bandura’s reciprocal model includes behavior, cognitive processes, and environmental factors, illustrating how these elements interact and influence each other in development. 45. How would a 6-year-old’s description of someone else be different from that of a 10-year-old? A 6-year-old is likely to describe others based on observable traits (e.g., hair color, clothing), while a 10-year-old may include more psychological attributes (e.g., personality, interests). 46. Outline Harter’s views on self-esteem (influences/impact). Harter suggests that self-esteem is influenced by social relationships, academic performance, and physical appearance. High self-esteem leads to positive outcomes like resilience, while low self-esteem can result in depression and anxiety. 47. Distinguish between moral relativism and moral realism (Piaget). Moral realism posits that moral rules are absolute and dictated by authority, while moral relativism recognizes that moral judgments can vary based on context and personal perspectives. 48. In middle childhood, the biggest shift in relationships is in the significance/expansion of what group? The biggest shift is in the significance of peer relationships, where friendships become more meaningful and influential during this stage. 49. Identify the key component of children’s friendships (middle childhood) and the challenge it presents to identifying/protecting children at risk. Reciprocity is a key component, where mutual give-and-take characterizes friendships. This can complicate identifying at-risk children, as they may appear socially engaged while experiencing underlying issues. 50. Identify then characterize the patterns of aggression we find in middle childhood (type, gender, consequences). Patterns of aggression include overt aggression (physical, verbal) more common in boys and relational aggression (social exclusion, gossip) more common in girls. Consequences may involve social rejection and academic challenges. 51. What is self-care – why is self-care for 9-year-olds problematic? Self-care refers to a child's ability to independently manage personal needs (e.g., hygiene, dressing). For 9-year-olds, self-care can be problematic due to varying maturity levels and the need for supervision.  52. What are the potential consequences/fallout of heavy TV watching in childhood? Consequences may include obesity, impaired academic performance, behavioral issues, and reduced social interaction. 53. The secular trend in the pattern of growth/development is most likely tied to what? The secular trend in growth and development is often tied to improved nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions. 54. What variables have been tied to early sexual development for males? Variables include pubertal timing, peer influence, family dynamics, and exposure to sexual content. 55. A strong sense of spirituality can be beneficial, how? (to which group may it be particularly beneficial) A strong sense of spirituality can enhance coping mechanisms and provide meaning, particularly beneficial for adolescents facing identity struggles or mental health issues. 56. Development of the frontal lobes is tied to improvement in what/where during puberty? The development of the frontal lobes is linked to improved executive functions, such as planning, decision-making, and impulse control, crucial for social interactions. 57. The most effective sex education programs focus on what? Effective programs emphasize comprehensive education, covering not just biology but also emotional aspects, relationships, consent, and communication skills. 58. Identify the risk factors for teenage pregnancy. Risk factors include low socioeconomic status, lack of access to contraception, early sexual activity, and limited parental guidance. 59. Distinguish between transsexual, transgendered, and two-spirited. Transsexual refers to individuals who transition from one sex to another, transgender encompasses a broader identity spectrum not limited to traditional binary notions, and two-spirited is a term used by some Indigenous cultures to describe a person embodying both masculine and feminine qualities. 60. At which stage of development does the process of achieving/accepting individual sexual orientation usually begin? The process typically begins in late childhood to early adolescence, where individuals start to explore and understand their sexual orientation.  61. Identify the different types of eating disorders – which proposed explanation is considered the most promising right now? Types include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. The most promising explanation currently involves a multifactorial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social factors. 62. Identify the universal ingredient in adolescent suicide. A common ingredient in adolescent suicide is feelings of hopelessness, often exacerbated by social isolation or lack of support. 63. What is Piaget’s pendulum task? (What can you do at the formal operational stage that you couldn’t do at the concrete operational level?) Piaget’s pendulum task tests a child's ability to systematically vary conditions to determine what affects the pendulum's swing. Children at the formal operational stage can hypothesize and test multiple variables simultaneously, unlike concrete operational children who may focus on one aspect. 64. Ability goals refer to what? (Examples) Ability goals refer to striving to demonstrate competence and outperform others, such as wanting to be the best in math or win a competition. 65. What are the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for youth 12-17 (as regards exercise, screen time, sleep)? The guidelines recommend at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily, limiting recreational screen time to no more than 2 hours, and ensuring 8-10 hours of quality sleep per night.