PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology Lecture 2 PDF

PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology 2023-2024 Term 2 Lecture 2 January 18, 2024 Psychological Approaches and Research Methods in Educational Psychology Some Resources Educational Psychology vs. School Psychology Associations in HK, US, & Europe Research Question Research Approaches Agenda Psychological...

PSYC 5123 Educational Psychology 2023-2024 Term 2 Lecture 2 January 18, 2024 Psychological Approaches and Research Methods in Educational Psychology Some Resources Educational Psychology vs. School Psychology Associations in HK, US, & Europe Research Question Research Approaches Agenda Psychological Research Methods Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed-Methods Core Areas within Educational Psychology Behavioral, Cognitive, Developmental, and Social Psychology Final Proposal Briefing Educational Psychology vs. School Psychology (US) Educational Psychology Researchers and theorists Focus more on generating or utilizing educational research to support their student communities and foster favorable learning environments. Support evidence-based practice or policy Expertise area e.g., Program Development and Implementation School Psychology Practitioners Focus on counseling, testing, and behavior modification in order to help students’ growth academically, socially, emotionally, and mentally. Expertise area e.g., Preventative and Response Services & Private Consultation Counseling https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/psychology/5-differences-between-educational-vs-school psychology/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20educational%20psychology%20programs,%2C%20testing%2C%20and%20beha vior%20modification. Associations Hong Kong Psychological Society Division of Educational Psychology https://www.dep.hkps.org.hk/ Hong Kong Association of Educational Psychologists https://www.hkaep.org.hk/ Associations American Psychological Association (APA) Division 15 https://apadiv15.org/ American Educational Research Association (AERA) e.g., Division C: Learning and Instruction https://www.aera.net/ European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI) https://www.earli.org/ Research Question What are your research questions? 1) Start with a broad topic 2) Do preliminary research to learn about topical issues 3) Narrow down your topic to a specific subject 4) Identify a problem related to your topic 5) Turn your identified problem into potential research questions 6) Evaluate and construct your research questions properly https://research.com/research/how-to-write-a-research-question Good vs. Bad Research Questions A. Does owning a pet improve quality of life for older people? VS. B. In what ways does owning a pet improve quality of life for older people? A. Does medication help alleviate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms? And do kids need more exercise? VS. B. How effective are the various types of medication in treating elementary students with ADHD? Good vs. Bad Research Questions A. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cell phone use in schools? VS. B. How does restricting cell phone use in school affect student social interaction? A. How does social media affect people’s behavior? VS. B. What effect does the daily use of YouTube have on the attention span of children aged under 16? Different Approaches to Research Can Ask and Answer Different Questions Different Approaches to Research Can Ask and Answer Different Questions Descriptive studies: Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods. Experimentation: Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded Correlation Studies Correlations: Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related. Characteristics of Relationship Direction: + or – Form: Linear & Curvilinear Degree (Magnitude): 1 or -1 : perfect relationship 0 : no relationship Linear Relations between Two Variables Think of your interest topics in educational psychology, what correlation examples can you think of? Does Correlation mean Causation? https://www.eufic.org/en/understanding science/article/correlation-vs.-causation-infograp Correlation ≠ Causation A correlation coefficient is merely an index of the relationship between two variables, not an index of the causal relationship between two variables. Example in Educational Psychology Experimental Studies Experimentation: Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded. Participants/subjects: People or animals studied. Quasi-experimental studies: Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiments. Random: Without any definite pattern; following no rule. Statistically significant: Not likely to be a chance occurrence. Example If some teachers receive training in how to teach spelling using word parts (cause), will their students become better spellers than students whose teachers did not receive training (effect)? (Hurry et al., 2005) Field Experiment Quasi-Experiment ABAB Experimental Design The goal of ABAB designs is to determine the effects of a therapy, teaching method, or other intervention. This form of design can help establish a causeand-effect relationship (Plavnick & Ferreri, 2013) First observing the participants for a baseline period (A) and assess the behavior of interest; Then trying an intervention (B) and noting the results; Then removing the intervention and go back to baseline conditions (A); And finally reinstating the intervention (B). https://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/~dfienup/reversaldesigninfo.html Clinical Interviews and Case Studies Clinical Interviews: Jean Piaget pioneered an approach called the clinical interview to understand children’s thinking. Uses open-ended questioning to probe responses and to follow up on answers. Questions go wherever the child’s responses lead. Case study: Intensive study of one person or one situation. Example Piaget is trying to understand a 7-year-old child’s thinking about lies and truth, so he asks, “What is a lie?” Ethnography A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved. For example How students from different cultural groups are viewed by their peers. How teachers’ beliefs about students’ abilities affect classroom interactions. https://medium.com/media-ethnography/using-ethnography-research-to-better-understand-the-community-334f1e24e744 Psychology Research Methods Quantitative Qualitative Mixed-Methods https://www.cdsmr.com/newsworthy/qualitative-quantitativeresearch-the-cds-way Quantitative Research Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing measurable numerical data, with the aim of testing whether a hypothesis is correct. Cause-and-effect relationships e.g., What is the relationship between parents’ socioeconomic status and children’s educational attainment? Experiment (manipulating variables experimentally) and Surveys (collecting self-reported data on attitude and experiences) Independent variable(s): what we believe to be the cause of a particular outcome Dependent variable(s): the outcome we are investigating Statistical Analyses Findings generated from analyses that are considered to be Objective Qualitative Research Qualitative research involves the collection and analysis of non numerical data, such as speech or written text. Subjectivity with a focus on exploring meaning and experience Can be used to generate new hypotheses Interview ”professional conversation” (Kvale, 1996) with the aim of gaining a detailed insight into the research topic or phenomenon under study To capture a range and diversity of participants’ views and interpretations of an issue in their own words Interviewer and participants Structured (list of fixed questions), semistructured, or unstructured (conversational style) Observation Explore a phenomenon in natural settings Directly observe and record activities, behaviors, and events Taking filed notes; take audio & video recordings Mixed-Methods Studies Mixed-Methods Studies Integration of process and components of both quantitative and qualitative approaches Group Discussion The prevalence of mixed methods research is increasing within the field of educational psychology. What do you believe are the reasons behind this trend? Research Ethics A rule of thumb is that participants should be at no greater risk than they would be in everyday life. Informed Consent Parents Consent Anonymity and Confidentiality Core Areas within Educational Psychology Behavioral Psychology Behaviorism People learn through the interaction with their environment. Unconditioned vs. Conditioned behaviors Stimulus – Responses https://www.autismpartnershipsg.com/articles/what-is-aba/ “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggarman and thief.” – John B. Watson, Behaviorism https://sites.gsu.edu/zbhatt1/behavioral/ https://sites.gsu.edu/zbhatt1/behavioral/ Cognitive Psychology The scientific study of human cognition How we think and process information (e.g., perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning, consciousness, and intelligence) Chapter 7 – Cognitive Development The application of cognitive psychology to education Attention Long-term vs. Short-term memory Information processing The branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior. (APA Dictionary of Psychology) Developmental Psychology Focus on how individuals develop, change, and acquire skills across the life course. Development in key areas: motor skills, cognition, language, and perception. The Importance of Early Attachments Bowlby & Ainsworth Typical and Atypical Development Most children follow a typical development trajectory Children have special educational needs (developmental disorder and disability ) The concept of life span development An individual follows a developmental trajectory which occurs from conception right through until the last day of life. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337 Different Diagnoses Which Encompass Developmental Disorder and Disability Social Psychology Explore social behaviors and experiences by using scientific methods and can help us to understand and solve real-world problems. A diverse discipline that is concerned with three broad facets of individual and social life: The personal An individual is inherently socially constructed How we form impressions and make contributions about ourselves and others The interpersonal The relationships and interactions that occur between two or more individuals, including group formation and intergroup conflict The societal Individuals and groups influence and are influenced at a societal level through the developmental of social norms. Final Proposal Briefing What are your research questions? 1) Start with a broad topic 2) Do preliminary research to learn about topical issues 3) Narrow down your topic to a specific subject 4) Identify a problem related to your topic 5) Turn your identified problem into potential research questions 6) Evaluate and construct your research questions properly 1) Start with a broad topic Form your group Choose a leader for your group Brainstorm several broad topics Next Week Social and Emotional Development