PSY REV MIDTERM PDF

**PSY : PHYSCIAL SELF** **PHYSICAL SELF** - a marvelous container and complex, finely timed machine with which people interface with the environment and fellow beings. (Sanjay Singh) **[Different Perspectives about the Physical Self]** **William James -** body is the primary source of sensatio...

**PSY : PHYSCIAL SELF** **PHYSICAL SELF** - a marvelous container and complex, finely timed machine with which people interface with the environment and fellow beings. (Sanjay Singh) **[Different Perspectives about the Physical Self]** **William James -** body is the primary source of sensations necessary for development. **Sigmund Freud -** physical body is the core of human experiences which help to construct self and personality. **Wilhelm Reich -** core of a person's existence is his/her physical body. Everything about a person can be attributed with experience and interaction with environment. **Erik Erikson --** Physical change happened in the body, that can impact to their psychosocial development and personal identity. **Carl Gustav Jung -** physical body could not be separated from the psyche since it is an integral part of it. **B.F. Skinner -- s**ignificance of the body its role in managing and utilizing the bioenergy. **[CONCEPT OF BEAUTY]** **most debated views** 1\. Beauty is objective. 2\. Beauty is subjective. **[Beauty is an objective quality.]** **SAINT AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO -** Beauty is considered as pure manifestation of the good. -God is the supreme good, and the source of all beings, and all of beauty. -[three negative forms of the absence of beauty:] \(1) The absence of metaphysical beauty, \(2) The absence of moral beauty \(3) The absence of physical beauty. **PLATO -** Beauty is a response to love and desire. -concept of beauty exists in the world of Forms. -being beautiful does not depend upon personal evaluation. **ARISTOTLE -** "to be beautiful, a living creature, and every whole made up of parts, must \... present a certain order in its arrangement of parts" -Beauty can be measured through order, symmetry, and definitiveness. -**The Golden Ratio, formula of beauty** - set of proportions found in nature and applied by man to all manner of visual culture. **[Beauty is a subjective quality.]** **DAVID HUME -** Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind. **IMMANUEL KANT --** Beauty is purposive and pleasurable. **-** The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical. **Four distinguishing features of aesthetic judgment:** \(a) disinterested, \(b) universal, \(c) necessary \(d) purposive without purpose or final without end. **FRANCIS HUTCHESON --** If there is no internal sense of beauty, then there is no perception of it. **-**The perception of beauty does not depend on the external sense of sight; however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. **[Definition of Beauty According to Different Psychologists]** **COGNITIVE BIAS -** an error in reasoning , evaluating, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to one's preference or beliefs. **HALO EFFECT** Physical attractiveness stereotype What is beautiful is also good. **[EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY]** Beauty or attractiveness is a function of the genetic quality of an individual. Factors that influence attraction: symmetry, averageness, and sexually dimorphic traits Physical attractiveness has important social consequences, for instance, people and animals rely on external traits to attract mates. **[How Cultural Traditions Shape Body Image?]** Beauty and body image have been subjected to transformation, reflecting cultural values, norms, and historical context. **SELF-ESTEEM -** person's beliefs about his or her own worth, self confidence. **BODY IMAGE** - the way one sees the physical self and the thoughts and feelings that result from that perception. **PSY: SEXUAL SELF** **X-chromosome -** develop into ovaries and the offspring will be female. **Y-chromosome** - develop into testes and the offspring will be male. **[Further Sexual Development during Puberty]**   **[EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY]** **Erogenous Zones-** highly sensitive when stimulated since these have a high number of sensory receptor. **[Two Types of Erogenous Zones in the Skin]** **NONSPECIFIC TYPE** - portion of the usual haired skin. - exaggerated form of tickle - sides and back of the neck, axilla (armpits, underarm), and sides of the thorax (chest) **SPECIFIC TYPE -** Found in the mucocutaneous regions of the body. -Includes the genital regions (prepuce, penis, female external genitalia or vulva, perianal skin, lips, and nipples) **[SEXUAL RESPONSE]** **Sexual Response Cycle -** structured series of changes the body goes through (physically, psychologically, emotionally) when a person is involved in a sexually simulating activity. [Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson)] **Phase 1: Excitement** -Initial physiological sexual arousal response. \- Increased heart rate, respiration, and blood Pressure. -nipple hardening or erection. -Flush or reddening of the skin. **Phase 2: Plateau** -Intensifies the response from the excitement phase. -Continuous increase and stabilization of breathing, blood flow, and heart rate. **Phase 3: Orgasm** Sexual climax of excitement. Shortest and generally last only for a few seconds. A sense of euphoria and a feeling of tension relief. **Phase 4: Resolution** The body returns to its normal functioning Refractory period -- the recovery time after orgasm. **[SEX AND THE BRAIN]** **BRAIN** is considered as the largest sex organ. -responsible for controlling biological urges, mental processes, and emotional and physical responses to sex. **[Roles of the Brain in Sexual Activity]** \- Translates nerve impulses sensed by the skin to pleasurable sensation. ­-Controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities. **Cerebral cortex** is responsible for sexual thoughts and fantasies. **Limbic system** is the source of emotions and feelings. **[Hormones Released by the Brain during Sexual Activities]** **Oxytocin** -- "love hormone" **Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)** -- ovulation in females. **Luteinizing hormone (LH)** -- regulates the testes and ovaries; stimulates the production of testosterone from the testes. **Vasopressin** -- male arousal. **Estrogen and progesterone** -- regulates motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females. **[Three Categories of Falling in Love]** **Stage 1: LUST** Physical attraction Desire for sexual gratification (the need for a person to reproduce) Driven by testosterone (male) and estrogen (female) **Stage 2: ATTRACTION** People are "love struck, blinded by love, or infatuated." Three chemical triggers: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. **Stage 3: ATTACHMENT** Desire for long lasting commitment Involves defense of territory, feeding and grooming, close proximity, separation anxiety, and shared tasks **[Three Chemical Triggers for Attraction]** 1\. **Norepinephrine** -- gives a person an extra surge of energy 2\. **Dopamine** -- gives a person a feeling of ecstasy **3. Serotonin --** causes obsessive thinking **Sexual Desire-** Subjective feeling of wanting or interest to engage in sex. **Sexual Drive** A basic, biological mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. **[Physiological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior Motivation]** **Hypothalamus -** important function in motivated behaviors, as well as sexual functioning. **Amygdala --** integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. **Nucleus accumbens --** known as the pleasure center, has important role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion. **[DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS]** **Sex --** biological. **Gender -** social construct. **Sexual orientation --** a person's emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual. **Gender identity --**how a person identifies himself/herself. **[Sexually Transmitted Diseases]** -disease or infection acquired through sexual contract. -transfer thru bodily fluids. **Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases** **CLAMYDIA** parasitic bacterium that causes unusual discharge. **GONORRHEA** bacteria spread to warm, moist areas of the body. **GENITAL HERPES** virus that infects the skin, mouth, mucous membranes of the genitals, and the rectum. Can be transmitted through sharing towels. **GENITAL WARTS -** Caused by a virus characterized by rough, wart-like growths. **SYPHILIS** dangerous and life threatening bacterial disease. **ECTOPARASITIC INFECTIONS** Caused by parasites. **[REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH]** **Republic Act No. 10354** - "The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012" **Responsible Parenthood** respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and children. **Reproductive Health** state of complete well-being in matters relating to one's sexual and reproductive life. **Family Planning** make informed choices on when and if they decide to have children. **Methods of Contraception** **Natural method -** Periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) **Long-acting reversible contraception -** Implants or intra uterine device (IUD) **Hormonal contraception -** Birth control pill, birth control injection. **Barrier method --** Condoms **Fertility awareness** Periodic abstinence method. **Permanent contraception** Vasectomy, tubal ligation. **Natural Family Planning Method** body's natural physiological changes and symptoms. **Periodic Abstinence Method-** most effective natural birth control method. **Rhythm or Calendar Method** having sex during a woman's fertile days. **Basal Body Temperature** woman's lowest body temperature at rest on a given day. woman must take her temperature early every morning before doing any activity. **Cervical Mucus Method** Based on carefully observing the woman's mucus patterns during ovulation. **Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM)** temporary infertility that occurs in a woman when she is not menstruating giving birth. **Withdrawal or Pull-out Method** man pulls out his penis from a woman's vagina prior to ejaculation. **[Hormonal Contraceptive (Artificial Family Planning)]** **ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE** -Also known as the pill. **Estrogen** suppresses ovulation, while **progesterone** decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus. **TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH** adhesive patch. **VAGINAL RING --** inserted in vagina to release hormones**.** **SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS -** delivery of a steroid progestin from polymer capsules. **HORMONAL INJECTIONS -** Given once every three months. suppresses ovulation, keeping the ovaries from releasing an egg. **INTRAUTERINE DEVICE -** T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contains hormones. **[CHEMICAL BARRIERS]** **SPERMICIDES, VAGINAL GELS & CREAMS, AND GLYCERIN FILMS** Used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix. Lowers the pH level of the vagina. **DIAPHRAGM** Made of latex (rubber) and formed like a shallow cup. Dome-shaped barrier that block sperms from entering the uterus. **CERVICAL CAP** silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix. **MALE CONDOM** placed on the erect penis, trap the sperm during ejaculation. **FEMALE CONDOM** thin pouch inserted into the vagina before sex. **VASECTOMY** permanent male contraception method. **TUBAL LIGATION** surgical procedure for female. **PSY: MATERIAL AND ECONOMIC SELF** **Material Self** -tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation of my or mine. **WILLIAM JAMES** "A man's self is the sum total of all that he can call his, not only his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and bank account." **[Two Subclasses of the Material Self]** **BODILY SELF** A tridimensional structure composed of \(1) functions, (2) sense of physical identity, and (3) representations One's body and possessions Intimate parts of who a person is **EXTRA CORPOREAL SELF** The extended self Beyond the body Psychological ownership **[CONSUMPTION AND MATERIALISM]** **Consumption** - use of good and services to satisfy a person's current needs and wants. **Materialism** -high value on objects. **[Two Types of Motivation for Acquiring Goods/Services]** **INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -** goal of consumption is to get a person closer to his/her personal goals, regardless of what other people think of him/her. **EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION -** attempt to meet the expectations or definition of value set by other people. **Conscious Consumption -** being thoughtful about the environmental, social, and ethical consequences of their consumption. **[IDENTITY AND CONSUMER CULTURE]** **Identity** **Mach (1993**) A symbolic idea Dynamic and context-dependent An image built through social interaction Affected by social relations of power and symbolic image of the world. **Erik Erikson** A social category defined by membership rules, characteristic attributes, or expected behaviors Socially distinguished features that an individual takes pride in having. **Consumer Culture --** Values, attitudes, behaviors, and activities are defined by a person's ability to consume goods and services. -person's ability to consume goods and services tells something about a person's status in the Society. **[Features and Characteristics of Consumer Culture]** A culture of consumption The culture of market society Universal and impersonal Identifies freedom with private choice and life Consumer needs are insatiable and unlimited. A privileged medium for building personal identity and status **[A Statistics on Filipino Online Shopping Behavior]** Millenials, age 25 to 34 years old are the main drivers of ecommerce. The Philippine ecommerce market sales are projected to hit \$24 billion in 2025. **[The Problem with Consumerism]** Intrusive Manipulative Cannot provide many of the things that are important to a person Restricts a person's choices and life Affects a person's worldview and character Unsustainable **PSY: THE SPIRITUAL SELF** **SPIRITUAL** **-**concerned with growing and experiencing the Divine. -Approach of love -Believes in God who is omnipresent and omniscient. -All faiths are valid **RELIGIOUS** **-**Believes in god or group of gods. -Approach of fear. -God is depicted as separate from humanity. -need to convert others to their faith. **[Contemplative Practices]** **MEDITATION** -Mental exercises -done to reach a heightened level of spiritual awareness **PRAYER** -A form of spiritual connection with God. -provide a sense of comfort and support in difficult times. **YOGA** -A Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline. -Teaches the suppression of all mind and body activity **JOURNALING** **-**Helps a person become aware of his/her inner life -help a person find life's meaning despite of the challenges faced. **[PRACTICE OF RELIGION]** **Religion -** belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. -particular system of faith and worship. -"A systematic attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object" **[Four Dimensions of Religion]** **BELIEF** system of ideas and values that shape members of religious group come to understand the world around them. **RITUAL** repeated physical gestures or activities used to reinforce teachings to connect worshippers with higher order ex. Baptism **SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE** feeling of immediate connection with the higher power. **UNIQUE SOCIAL FORMS OF COMMUNITY-"Unite in one single community called a Church, all those who adhere to them"** **[Categories of Religion]**  **[MAJOR RELIGIONS]** **Judaism** -earliest of the three monotheistic, Abrahamic religion. -way of life of Jewish people. **-Torah --** the Law, including the Ten Commandments, given to Moses on Mount Sinai -Two main groups of Judaism: **Orthodox and Progressive** **or Reform Judaism** **Christianity** -Believes in one God, who has three personas -- **Father,** **Son, and Holy Spirit** **-**life and ministry of Jesus Christ -Types of Christian community: **Roman Catholic,** **Orthodox, Protestant, and Evangelical** **Islam** -means "submission to the will of God" -Comes from the root word "Salam" meaning "peace" -Muhammad (Mohammed or Mohammad) was believed to be the final prophet sent by God. **Hinduism** -develop in india -world's largest religion \- one Supreme God, **Brahman**, who is revealed in three aspects**: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva** **-**sacred text of Hinduism is the **Vedas,** which is divided into four parts: **Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur- Veda, and Atharava-Veda** **Buddhism** -teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, the "enlightened one" \- Main source of faith and practice is the Dharma -Believes in the Four Noble Truths and follows the Eightfold Paths. **[CONCEPT OF SPIRIT AND SOUL]** **Concept of Soul and Spirit during Pre-colonial Philippines** **-**Souls are quasi-physical and can exist outside the body and can transfer from one body to another. -persist after death and become ghosts. \- Spirits, deceased ancestral souls, dwell in the environment and forces in nature. **Dungan according to the Bisaya** **Dungan** is a life force, an energy, as well as an ethereal entity, -inhabit a region above the earth before inhabiting their chosen unborn human being. -can temporarily leave the body when a person is asleep or sick. -individual dies, the Dungan is lost permanently. -individual is asleep, the Dungan leaves the body to travel. **[Concept of Ginhawa]** -known as the breath of life and is responsible for the heart's ability to beat. -believed that when the ginhawa left the body, the person dies. **[Difference between Soul and Spirit]**  **[Spirit according to William James]** -spiritual self id the most intimate and subjective part of the self**[.]** **[-]**Finding the meaning of life satisfies the spiritual self. **[The Soul according to Ethnolinguistic Groups In the Philippines]**  **[RITUALS AND CEREMONIES]** **Rituals [ ]**acts performed in respect of spiritual and sacred laws. **Ceremonies** are formal acts or rituals. **[Nature and Origin of Rituals]** **ORIGIN APPROACH** Earliest form to explain ritual Ritual is a part of human evolution. Through discovering the oldest culture and cults, contemporary human rituals can be explained. **FUNCTIONAL APPROACH (EVIDENCE-BASED)** Rituals was believed to be defined by its function in the society. Explains ritual behavior in terms of individual and social needs. **HISTORY OF RELIGIONS APPROACH** Ritual behavior is an expression of the sacred; how the material human connects with the transcendent realm or the ultimate reality. **[Classification of Rituals]** **PSY: POLITICAL SELF** **Political self** individual's identity and sense of belonging within a community or country. -encompasses one's political beliefs, values, affiliations, as well as his or her understanding of societal structures and systems. **THE FILIPINO IDENTITY** **[The Filipino based on the 1987 Constitution]** Someone who is a citizen of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the Constitution Someone whose father or mother are citizens of the Philippines Someone born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mother, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority. Someone naturalized in accordance of the law **natural-born Filipino** -- born in ph with filipino blood **naturalized Filipino** - foreigner who has undergone a judicial act that gave him or her the privileges of a Philippine citizen. **[Factors that Influence the Filipino Character]** **Home environment -** children are taught to value and give primary importance to the family. **Social environment** Depending on one another to survive. **Culture and language** Openness to foreign elements with no basic consciousness of Filipino's cultural core. **History** The colonization of the Philippines was the culprit for the Filipino's colonial mentality. **Educational system** Schools are highly authoritarian, where students are taught to be passive and to conform to authorities. **Economic environment** Filipinos are forced to work hard and take risk due to the economic situation of the Philippines. **Political environment** Government structures and systems are fraught with problems like corruption. **Mass media** It reinforces colonial mentality through emphasizing the superiority of imported brands. **Leaders and role models** Filipinos have high respect for authorities. **Strengths of the Filipino Character** **PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO -** Filipino's openness, helpfulness, and generosity through the practice of bayanihan and hospitality. **FAMILY ORIENTATION -** Giving honor and respect to parents and elders, care for the children, generosity toward kin. **JOY AND HUMOR -** Cheerful and fun-loving, which are demonstrated through various fiestas and social gatherings -Always finding a reason to smile or laugh. **FLEXIBILITY, ADAPTABILITY, AND CREATIVITY** Ability to overcome life's challenges Tremendous in adjusting and adapting to any circumstances Can improvise and make use of whatever is at hand to create and produce **HARD WORK AND INDUSTRY** Willingness to take risks and work in other countries **FAITH AND RELIGIOSITY** Bahala na mindset, which serves as a "kickstarter" or "pampalakas loob" to move him or her into action. **ABILITY TO SURVIVE** Can endure, make do, and get by on so little while looking forward to the coming of better days **[Weaknesses of the Filipino Character]**  **[THE DEMOCRATIC CULTURE]** **DEMOCRACY-** supreme power is vested and exercised by the people directly or indirectly. usually involving periodically held free elections. **[Key Elements of Democracy]** Rule by the people through free and fair elections and other forms of participations The use of the Constitution to limit government by law Freedom, quality, and dignity of an individual