PSY Notes Final 2 PDF

Chapters 9-12 Antagonist vs. agonist Drug withdrawal vs. tolerance Sleep – REM, stages, etc.  Accommodation vs. assimilation Attachment styles (secure, ambivalent, disorganized, avoidant)  Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, etc.) Stages of prenatal develo...

Chapters 9-12 Antagonist vs. agonist Drug withdrawal vs. tolerance Sleep – REM, stages, etc.  Accommodation vs. assimilation Attachment styles (secure, ambivalent, disorganized, avoidant)  Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, etc.) Stages of prenatal development  Stressors, stress reactions, general adaptation model  Chapters 13-15 Types of defense mechanisms Id, ego, superego What is personality? Personality refers to the unique set of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and traits that characterize an individual and influence how they interact with their environment, others, and themselves. It is relatively stable over time but can evolve due to experiences or environment. Psychodynamic Theory (Freud): Emphasizes unconscious processes, childhood experiences, and inner conflicts (id, ego, superego). Trait Theory: Describes personality using a set of traits, such as the Big Five Personality Traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism).  Humanistic Theory: Highlights personal growth, self-actualization, and free will (e.g., Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' concept of self-concept). Behaviorist Theory: Focuses on learned behaviors through conditioning and environment. Social-Cognitive Theory: Examines the role of social learning, self-efficacy, and cognition in shaping personality. Know some of the main disorders we talked about in lecture – be able to know 3-4 symptoms of each (primarily anxiety, depression, personality disorders)  Medical vs. psychological vs. biopsychosocial models of psychopathology Diathesis-stress model The Diathesis-Stress Model is a psychological theory that explains how psychological disorders develop as a result of the interaction between predisposing vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Key Concepts: 1. Diathesis: o Refers to an individual’s vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder. This could be genetic, biological, psychological, or situational. o Examples: Genetic predisposition, low serotonin levels, childhood trauma, or personality traits. 2. Stress: o Refers to environmental or life events that can trigger the onset of a psychological disorder. o Examples: Loss of a loved one, financial hardship, abuse, major life changes, or pressure from work. 3. Interaction: o The interaction between diathesis and stress determines the likelihood of a disorder developing. A higher predisposition combined with higher stress increases the risk. Internalizing vs. externalizing childhood disorders Various types of therapy with some details of each: psychodynamic, client- centered/humanistic, Gestalt, cognitive-behavioral  Systematic desensitization, flooding (types of exposure therapy). Efficacy of therapy along, medication alone or both.