Unpacking the Self: Physical Self Oct 29, 2024 PDF

October 29, 2024 - Unpacking the Self: Physical Self ○ Physical Self Physical self refers to the body, this marvelous container and complex, finely tuned, machine with which we interface with our...

October 29, 2024 - Unpacking the Self: Physical Self ○ Physical Self Physical self refers to the body, this marvelous container and complex, finely tuned, machine with which we interface with our environment and fellow beings. The physical self is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. ○ Why do we need to know our Physical Self? According to GORDON ALLPORT, every person has to know his/her body and its limitations to fully understand oneself. “BODY IMAGE is correlated with SELF ESTEEM. That is, when you have a positive body image, you are more likely to have high self esteem.” ○ What is Body Image? The mental picture that you have of your body, the feelings you have about your body when you look in the mirror, and the actions taken to manage your body image. Highly subjective. ○ What is Beauty? The Science of Beauty Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Different people possess different standards of beauty and that not everyone agrees on who is beautiful and who is not. Beauty is culturally constructed. Traditional Ideals of Beauty: India Cleanliness Graceful of clothing  How a woman carries herself Whether her skin or hair is well cared for Wearing of the BINDI on the forehead Traditional Ideals of Beauty: Africa Adorned skin Body & Face scarification Large plates inserted into the lips and ears (tribes; more beautiful & marriageable) Himba of Namibia They rub their bodies in red ochre to celebrate the fertility of earth and the life-giving qualities of blood. This makes them quite lovely. Traditional Ideals of Beauty: Philippines Before colonization Golden-Brown Skin (Kayumanggi) Long, Thick Hair Well-Tattooed Body (Batok) Strong, Sturdy Physique Adornment with Natural Materials Beauty is universal. According to evolutionary psychologists, ALL cultures have, more or less, the same concept of what is beautiful. Usual concept of Beauty Symmetrical Faces Beauty is innate. People from different cultures share the same standards of beauty they are INNATE; we are born with the knowledge of who’s beautiful and who’s not. In the mid-1980s, a study showed that infants as young as 2-3 months old gaze longer at a face that adults judge to be more attractive than at a face that adults judge to be less attractive. Babies stare at objects that they consider to be pleasing.  When babies stare at some faces longer than others, it indicates that they prefer to look at them and find them attractive. Can we measure beauty? There is an ideal measurement for the space between the eyes, the length of the chin, height of the eyes, the length and width of the nose, and the width and the shape of the mouth. Those men and women who possess such ideal measurements should be the individuals considered, in any society, to be the most attractive. Greeks valued faces that were symmetrical, in harmony, and in proportion. Ideal Greek Face Two-thirds as wide as it was high, could be divided into thirds, chin to upper lip, upper lip to eyes, and eyes to hairline. Golden Mask of Stephen Marquadt A visual representation of the proportions that should be found on a beautiful face. Masks can fit perfectly over any beautiful face, male or female. According to DeMello, beauty cannot be truly “measured” in a scientific sense, as it is a concept deeply embedded in social constructs and subjective experiences. Standards of Beauty Standards of beauty today are so unrealistic and unattainable, specifically the vast majority of women. ○ Society has distorted the perception of beauty. Types of body discrimination Weight Discrimination: Judging or treating someone differently based on their body weight, often affecting those considered overweight or underweight.  Height Discrimination: Discriminating against individuals based on their height, with taller people often receiving social privileges compared to shorter individuals. Skin Color Discrimination: Also known as colorism, this involves prejudices based on skin tone, often within the same ethnic or racial group. Age Discrimination (Ageism): Negative bias toward individuals based on their age, affecting both older and younger people in different ways. Physical Ability Discrimination (Ableism): Treating people unfairly due to physical disabilities or differences in physical abilities. Facial Feature Discrimination (Lookism): Favoring individuals with specific facial features considered attractive by societal standards, often leading to prejudice against those with unconventional or diverse facial features. Hair Discrimination: Bias based on hairstyles, texture, or natural hair types, often impacting individuals with ethnic or cultural hairstyles. Gender Expression Discrimination: Discrimination based on appearance that does not conform to traditional gender norms or expectations. Body Shaming Eating Disorders Obesity Epidemic How is beauty achieved? Exercise Proper Meals Sleep  November 5, 2024 - Unpacking the Self: Sexual Self ○ How would you describe your sexual self in three (3) words? Blue Yellow Pink ○ Why do we need to know our sexual self? Aspect Biological “Sex” Identity “Gender” Attraction Expression “Sexuality” Definition Physical attributes Internal External Desire or (chromosomes, sense of self presentation attraction to hormones, as male, of gender others anatomy) female, etc. Determined Biology Personal Personal Emotional By self-percepti choice and and on style romantic feelings Examples Male, Female, Cisgender, Masculine, Heterosexual Intersex Transgender Feminine, , , Non-Binary Androgynou Homosexual, s Bisexual Visibility Generally visible Internal and Visible Internal and at birth (Penis, may not be through based on Vagina, both — immediately appearance personal Intersex visible and feelings “hermaphrodites” behaviour ) Independen Independent of Independen Independen Independent ce identity and t of t of identity of biological attraction biological and sex and sex and attraction identity attraction Gender 1. Is the structure of social relations that centers on the reproductive arena, and the set of practices that bring reproductive distinctions into social processes (Connell 2002: 10). 2. A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions associated with a given sex; it is generally considered to be a socially constructed concept. 3. Gender underlies assumptions regarding ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ behavior. Sexuality/Sexual Orientation 1. Your sexuality is about who you’re attracted to sexually and romantically. 2. Human sexuality refers to people’s sexual interest in and attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses. ○ Dating in Today’s Generation Dating as a Filipino Young Adult or Adolescents  1. The current dating landscape among young Filipino adults reveals a dynamic interplay of traditional cultural values and modern influences shaped by technology and changing social norms. Technology and Digital Platforms 1. Rise of Dating Apps and Online Platforms Young Filipino adults are increasingly turning to dating apps like Tinder, Bumble, and local platforms such as FilipinoCupid to meet potential partners. The convenience and broader reach offered by these platforms align with the fast-paced lifestyles of millennials and Gen Z. Balancing Traditional Values with Modern Expectations 1. Cultural Expectations and Family Involvement Despite the modernization of dating practices, traditional values such as family approval and respect remain influential. Young Filipinos often seek their families’ blessings before committing to serious relationships. Delayed Marriage and Cohabitation 1. Similar to global trends, young Filipinos are delaying marriage to pursue education and career opportunities. Cohabitation without marriage is becoming more common, although it may still face scrutiny. Gender Roles and Equality 1. There is a gradual shift towards more egalitarian relationships, with both partners sharing responsibilities and decision-making processes. This change reflects broader movements towards gender equality in the Philippines. Work-life Balance 1. Balancing career ambitions with personal relationships remains a challenge. Young adults strive to find equilibrium to ensure that neither aspect is neglected. ○ Skills you need to build a Healthy Romantic Relationship  COMMUNICATION 1. Communication is key when building healthy relationships. Being willing and able to clearly communicate your emotions, values, and needs honestly is essential. When you help your partner truly know you, they interact with you in ways that are mutually beneficial. NON-DEFENSIVE LISTENING 1. Being willing to listen to what the other person has to say is key to working through any issues that may arise. Instead of justifying your actions or defending yourself, try to empathize with what they are saying. This openness is essential for mutual respect and makes it more likely that they will do the same for you. HONESTY 1. It’s important not to be dishonest to avoid conflict. Omitting information (or lying) only leads to distance and distrust. Even though being honest can hurt the other person (and you), it generates a sense of connection and trust. Just be careful not to nag or bring up every little issue of flaw. EMOTION REGULATION 1. Being able to manage your emotions is another great relationship skill to have. Emotional discussions in relationships are bound to include anger, anxiety, and even sadness. Learning how to give those emotions a back seat while trying to solve the issue at hand is key. 2. When you calm your emotions and clear your thoughts, you can better figure out how to move forward effectively. ○ Risks of Dating during Adolescence Emotional Risks 1. EMOTIONAL TURMOIL Adolescents are still developing emotional maturity. Intense feelings associated with romantic relationships can lead to mood swings, anxiety, or depression. 2. HEARTBREAK  Breakups or unreciprocated feelings can cause significant emotional pain, impacting self-esteem and overall well-being. 3. STRESS AND PRESSURE Managing the expectations of a relationship alongside school, family, and social obligations can be overwhelming. Social Risks 1. Peer Pressure - Adolescents may feel pressured by peers or partners to engage in activities they’re not comfortable with, such as drinking, partying, or sexual behaviors (e.g., emotional or psychological abuse or manipulation). 2. Isolation - Focusing heavily on a romantic relationship might lead to neglecting friendships and other social connections. 3. Reputation Concerns - Rumors or gossip stemming from relationship issues can affect an adolescent’s social standing and mental health. Academic Risks 1. Distraction from Studies: Investing time and energy into a relationship can detract from academic responsibilities, potentially leading to lower grades or missed opportunities. 2. School Conflicts: Relationships that end poorly might create uncomfortable situations in shared school environments. Physical Risks 1. Sexual Health Concerns: If the relationship involves sexual activity, there’s a risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy. 2. Pressure to Engage in Sexual Activity: Adolescents may feel compelled to become sexually active before they are ready, leading to emotional and physical consequences (e.g., sexual coercion, rape). 3. Physical Abuse: There’s a risk of experiencing physical harm in an abusive relationship. Financial Risks  1. Monetary Pressure: Dating can involve expenses (gifts, outings), which may strain an adolescent’s limited financial resources. 2. Exploitation: There’s a risk of being taken advantage of financially by a partner. Future Relationship Patterns 1. Establishing Unhealthy Norms: Early experiences can shape expectations for future relationships, potentially normalizing unhealthy behaviors. 2. Attachment Issues: Negative experiences may affect an adolescent’s ability to form secure attachments later in life. November 8, 2024 - Family Planning ○ Sexual Response Cycle The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation. Sex-Related Behavior Influenced by expectations, attitudes, beliefs, and the state of medical and biological given period. Today, we know that sexual behavior may take diverse forms, and much of what was once seen as “unnatural” or “lewd” is often more likely to be accepted in contemporary society (e.g. Nonmarital and Premarital Sex, Same-sex relationships, sexual exploration, and many more.) Masturbation: Solitary Sex Also known as self-gratification. Sexual self-stimulation, often using the hand to rub the genitals.  94% of all males and 63% of all females have masturbated at least once. Male masturbation is most common in the early teens then declines, whereas females both begin and reach a maximum frequency later. Premarital Sex Unfairly, recently, premarital sex, at least for women was considered one of the major taboos in our society. Women have been warned by society “nice girls don’t do it.” Men have been told that although premarital sex is okay for them, they should make sure they marry “virgins”. Marital Sex Sexual behavior was the number one standard by which marital bliss is measured. With increasing age and length of marriage, the frequency of intercourse declines. EXTRAMARITAL SEX - 85% of married women and 75% of married men are faithful to their spouses. The sexual response cycle is one model of physical and emotional changes that happens when you’re participating in sexual activity.  Phase 1: Excitement (Desire = Libido) ○ General characteristics of the excitement phase, which can last from a few minutes to several hours, include the following: Muscle tension increases. Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated. Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back). Nipples become hardened or erect. Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis. Vaginal lubrication begins. The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell. The man’s testicles swell, their scrotum tightens and begin secreting a lubricating liquid. Phase 2: Plateau ○ The changes begun in phase I are intensified. ○ The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple. ○ The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis. ○ The man’s testicle tightened. ○ Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase. ○ Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands. ○ Muscle tension increases. Phase 3: Orgasm ○ The orgasm is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds. ○ Involuntary muscle contractions begin. ○ Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. ○ Muscles in the feet spasm. ○ There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.  ○ In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. ○ In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. ○ A rash, or “sex flush” may appear over the entire body. Phase 4: Resolution ○ During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and colour. ○ This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy, and often, fatigue. ○ Some women are capable of a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further sexual stimulation and may experience multiple orgasms. ○ Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during which they cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period varies among men and usually lengthens with advancing age. Fertility-Based Contraceptive Methods (Natural Methods) - According to CDC ○ Natural Family Planning “Methods of planning and preventing pregnancy by observation of the naturally occurring signs and symptoms of the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle, with the avoidance of intercourse during the fertile phase if pregnancy is to be avoided.” To achieve pregnancy → Procreative management To avoid pregnancy → Family planning management ○ Scientific NFP Methods Biomarkers identify the fertile window Vaginal mucus discharge Basal body temperature Cycle length Couples can choose: Intercourse during the fertile window to conceive. Abstinence during the fertile window to avoid. Fertility-Based Contraceptive Methods (FABM’s) ○ STANDARD DAYS METHOD (SDM) - uses a calendar to track cycles, identifying days 8-19 as the fertile window for women with cycles  consistently between 26 and 32 days. Couples abstain from sex or use protection during these days. ○ BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE (BBT) - method involves taking daily temperature readings before rising. A slight rise in BBT signals ovulation, suggesting that intercourse can be avoided or planned accordingly around this fertile period. ○ TWO-DAY METHOD - method checks for cervical secretions. If any secretion is present today or was present yesterday, then the woman is likely fertile. Absence of discharge for two days suggests a lower chance of conception. ○ BILLINGS OVULATION METHOD (BOM) - method relies on tracking cervical mucus changes, which indicate fertile and infertile days. During fertility, mucus is clear, slippery, and stretchy, while during infertility, it becomes thick and sticky. ○ SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD - Combining BBT and cervical mucus monitoring, this method tracks multiple fertility indicators to determine the beginning and end of the fertile window, making it one of the more accurate FABMs. ○ LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD (LAM) - effective for up to six months postpartum, LAM relies on the natural infertility during breastfeeding. It is most effective when breastfeeding is frequent, exclusive, and menstruation hasn’t resumed. Effectiveness Method Rate with Typical Use Rate with Perfect Use Standard Days Method (SDM) ~86 - 88% 95% Basal Body Temperature (BBT) ~80% 98 - 99% Two-Day Method ~86% ~96% Billings Ovulation Method (BOM) ~80-85% 97 - 99% Sympto-Thermal Method ~75 - 88% 98 - 99% Lactational Amenorrhea Method ~98% 98 - 99% (LAM) Artificial Contraception Methods ○ Intrauterine Device (IUD) Types: Copper IUD (non-hormonal) and hormonal IUD. Copper IUD: Releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm, preventing fertilization. Hormonal IUD: Releases progestin, which thickens cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to reach the egg and can prevent ovulation. Effectiveness: Over 99%, lasting 3-10 years depending on the type. Considerations: Can be inserted by a healthcare provider and is reversible. Some may experience discomfort initially. ○ Implant A small rod placed under the skin of the upper arm releases progestin, which prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. Effectiveness: Over 99%, effective for up to 3 years. Considerations: Reversible and convenient but requires minor surgery for insertion and removal. May cause irregular periods. ○ Diaphragm A shallow cup inserted into the vagina that covers the cervix, blocking sperm entry. Used with spermicide to enhance effectiveness. Effectiveness: Around 88% with typical use. Considerations: Requires fitting by a healthcare provider and correct placement each time. Some find it challenging to use consistently. ○ Injectable An injection of progestin given every three months to prevent ovulation. Effectiveness: Around 94% with typical use. Considerations: Requires quarterly visits to a healthcare provider. It may cause changes in menstrual cycles and may delay fertility return after stopping. ○ Pill Combined (estrogen and progestin) and progestin-only. Mechanism: Prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins the uterine lining. Effectiveness: Around 91% with typical use; requires daily intake. Considerations: Offers additional benefits, like regularizing periods and reducing cramps, but requires strict adherence to daily use. ○ Condom Provides a physical barrier preventing sperm from entering the uterus. Also protects against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Effectiveness: Around 85% with typical use. Considerations: Readily accessible, non-hormonal, and provides STI protection. May affect spontaneity or sensation for some users. ○ Withdrawal Method The male partner withdraws before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the vagina. Effectiveness: Around 78% with typical use. Considerations: No cost and convenient, but relies heavily on self-control and timing, which may lead to failure. No STI protection.  ○ Vasectomy (Men) A surgical procedure that cuts or seals the vas deferens, preventing sperm from mixing with semen. Effectiveness: Over 99%, a permanent form of contraception. Considerations: Permanent and intended for individuals who are certain they don’t want future children. It’s an outpatient procedure with low risks. ○ Tubal Ligation A surgical procedure that closes or blocks the fallopian tubes, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus. Effectiveness: Over a 99%, a permanent form of contraception. Considerations: Permanent and generally irreversible. Typically performed in a hospital setting, though some may experience regret if performed too early in life. Natural and 100% Contraceptive ○ Abstinence Refraining from sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. “Sex education is not about promotive behavior; it’s about preparing adolescents to make safe, informed choices when the time comes.”  November 15, 2024 - Aspects of the Self: Spiritual Self ○ We are a 3-Part Whole Body (Function) 5 senses Nerves Brain Organs/Cells Proteins, CHO, Fats Soul (Personality) Conscious Mind Thinking Reasoning Subconscious Mind Beliefs Attitudes Feelings Emotions Memories Will (Choices) Involves nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Spirit Meaning Purpose Love We are a spirit, have a soul, and live in a body. “Animals couldn't go to heaven when they die, because they do not have a spirit; they are not rational immortal soul.” - Thomas Aquinas ○ Franciscans disagree with the idea; and that Christ reconciles all creation. ○ Logotherapy  Meaning, reason in greek Victor Frankl, psychotherapy. The theory is founded on the belief that human nature is motivated by the search for a life purpose. It's based on the belief that a sense of purpose can contribute to mental well-being. “Will-to-meaning” The “will-to-meaning” is a central concept in Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy. It suggests that a sense of purpose can be a powerful force guiding human behaviour and contributing to psychological well-being. It's about the basic human desire to understand why we're here and what gives out lives purpose. So, it's the motivation to find meaning in everything we do. ○ Religion and Spirituality Constantly mired in controversy, especially within the scientific community. Science: religion and spirituality are destructive. General public: religion and spirituality are our only salvation. More research being done on the relationship between religion or spirituality, and health and well-being. Religion and spirituality are now being integrated into teaching, research, and practice. Positive psychology is exploring topics that have religious and spiritual relevance such as hope, forgiveness, and gratitude. Are these two the same?  Spirituality Religion - Personal search for a relationship - Formal, long-established with the sacred (religious leaders, institution/organization. symbols; values, vocations) - May not occur within the context - Discover and transform self, of a formal institution/organization. objects of significance (relationships, personal success, purpose in life). Spirituality Truth discovery Formless Inclusive Experience based Modernized Internal divinity Purpose Practices of behaviour Religion Truth knowledge Structured Exclusive Belief system Traditional External divinity Morals Practice of worship Similarities Faith based Belief Direction Can overlap Can lift spirits Lifestyle  Positive effects of Spirituality or Religion Prevention of and recovery from illness. Longevity Helps manage mental illness and substance abuse. Decreased anxiety, distress, and fears about one’s own mortality. Encourage health behaviour, self-regulation, and self-control. Enhance social support Encourage coherence, meaning making, and transcendence. Negative effects of Spirituality or Religion There are people who have been harmed by religious involvement. Hatred toward outgroups. Religious fundamentalism Religion and spirituality may cause spiritual struggles. ○ Gratitude From the Latin Gratia Psychological state of wonder, thankfulness, and appreciation for life. Expressed behaviourally toward others, or nonhuman sources (nature, higher being). Positive psychological concept that is continuously being studied and integrated into practice. Gratitude Visit (Martin Seligman) If you could write a letter to someone in your life who you never properly thanked, what would you say to him/her?  November 19, 2024 - Aspects of the Self: Political & Digital Self Political Self The Good Citizen Defined by laws, regimes and rulers; but the moral fiber (and universal characteristics) of a good person is fixed and it transcends the expectations of any particular political regime. Good citizenship includes behaving in accordance with the rules, norms and expectations of our own state and society. Defining Citizenship Classical View Active Participation To the ancient Greeks The concept of citizenship was only partly related to accidents of birth and political geography. The Athens of Aristotle’s time was a small political society, or city-state (Polis), that at any given time accorded a proportionately large number of citizens significant decision-making power (women and slave were excluded). A citizen was a member of the community who legally belonged to the polis as well as who had certain political rights. A crucial detail of being a citizen was that the person was a male. In eighteenth-century Europe The Greek ideal re-emerged in a modified form. Citizen became a term applicable to those who claimed the right to petition or sue the government. Citizens were distinguished from slaves, who had no  claims or rights and were regarded as chattel (property). Citizens also differed from subjects, whose first and foremost legal obligations was to show loyalty and obey the sovereign. Defining the Good Every language in the world has a word meaning “good”. But every language is embedded in a culture, and no two cultures are identical. Along with the language, we also learn about our environment. Tangible and intangible things. Such as; values — what our parents or other guardians say is “good” or “bad”. Political Culture Encompasses the prevailing moral values, beliefs, and myths people live by and for which that are willing to die. It also includes the collective memory of a society. Virtually anything and everything that shapes our shared perception of reality is part of our political culture. A political culture is like a filter for our personal experiences — without it, we lack any common interpretation of reality. ○ Good citizens are made, not born. Children grow up to be responsible citizens through the interplay of various influences and institutions. The process of being conditioned to think abd behave in a socially acceptable manner is called socialization. Political Socialization  The Family Exerts the first and most important influence on the formation of individual values. Different political regimes view the family in different ways. Children are first socialized at home, within the family structure, leaning what is and what is not permissible, with rewards and punishment to reinforce daily behaviour. Slowly, children become citizens of the family, often with clearly defined responsibilities with rights or privileges occasionally. Social class and minority status Family interest in political tends to increase with social standing. “Middle- and upper-class children are most likely to become actively engaged in politics; children from lower-class families are typically uninformed about politics and participates less often.” Gender and politics Gender differences can be important independent correlates of political behaviour and opinions. Gender Gap Differences in the way men and women think and vote in the aggregate. Religion Either the church or the state may present itself as the true source of moral authority, which makes religion particularly important in the socialization process. Schools Play a vital role in civic education (the process of inculcating in potential citizens the fundamental values and beliefs of the established order). Some governments merely prescribe one or two courses in civics or history, require students to salute  the flag, and hanh a few pictures of national heroes on school walls. Peer Groups Refer either to a group of people who are friends or to people of similar age and characteristics. Peer groups exert considerable influence over our political activities and beliefs. The Law Some laws are designed to promote public order. Other laws prohibit violent or antisocial behavior in society. Digital Self ○ Online and Offline Identities Developmental tasks of adolescents: Identity formation Intimacy in mutual, safe relationships Sexuality Online Identity All personal characteristics and interpersonal interactions done online; representation of the self in cyberspace. Self-presentation and self-disclosure are needed to master the task. Self-presentation and self-disclosure are increasingly occurring via online communication platform because of their controllability. ○ Hyperpersonal Model of Computer-Mediated Communication Anonymity — identity and other personal information remains private and confidential. Source Audiovisual  Asynchronicity — information shared online is editable, does not occur in real time. Accessibility — access to technology and online communication platforms is becoming cheaper and more efficient. ○ Facebook was recognized as the most visited SNS. By the end of the second quarter, the users in Facebook reached 1.7 billion. ○ TikTok Takes Off Changes in the social media landscape since 2014-15 extend beyond TikTok’s rise and Facebook’s fall. ○ There are some notable demographic differences in teens’ social media choices. For example, teen boys are more likely than teen girls to say they use YouTube, Twitch, and Reddit, whereas teen girls are more likely than teen boys to use TikTok, Instagram, and Snapchat.