PSY 657 Midterm Sheet PDF

Chapter 1- Mental Disorder-(p7, ○ Defined as a syndrome thats present in an individual and involves clinically significant disturbance in behvaior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning ○ Associated with significant distress or disability in key areas of f...

Chapter 1- Mental Disorder-(p7, ○ Defined as a syndrome thats present in an individual and involves clinically significant disturbance in behvaior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning ○ Associated with significant distress or disability in key areas of functioning such as social, occupational, or other activities ○ Definition somewhat arbitrary Psychopathology (p3,19, ○ People trained in abnormal psychology ○ Higher rates in psychopathology in women Comorbidity (p14)- ○ Describes the presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person Qualifying Terms-(p16,14) ○ Acute- Short duration ○ Chronic- Long duration ○ Mild= comorbidity is the exception rather than the rule ○ Moderate= ○ Severe= Unable to find adequate treatment in the community ○ Episodic ○ Recurrent Epidemiology (p12) ○ Study of the distribution of disease, disorders, or health-related behaviors related to the population ○ Key component is determining the frequency of MD Prevalence (p12) ○ Number of active cases in a population during any given period of time, expressed in percentage Lifetime Prevalence (p13) ○ Number of people who have a disorder at any point in their life time (currently ill and recovered individuals) higher than other prevalences Incidence (p14) ○ Number of new cases that occur over a given time Correlational Study(p21-22) ○ A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (co vary) without manipulating (changing) any variables ○ Involves studying the world as it is, no manipulation of variables Experimental Study (p26) ○ Research that involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant. ○ Participants assessed at baseline then randomly assigned to different groups. Afterwards the experiment/treatment is compared from each group Case Study(p17) ○ In-depth examination of an individual/ family that draws from a number of data sources ○ Conclusions of a case study have low generalizability (cant be used to draw conclusions even through cases involving people with similar abnormality) Validity (p20) ○ Internal- How confident we can be in the results of the study. The extent which a study is free of confounds is methodologically sound, allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings ○ External- Generalized findings beyond the study itself, findings from a single study are relevant to the other populations, contexts, or times Chapter 2 Hippocrates (p33) ○ Father of modern medicine ○ Emphasized the importance of heredity and predisposition and natural causes of disease, clinical observation, and brain pathology as the root of mental illness ○ Pointed out injury to the head could cause sensory and motor disorder Plato (p35) ○ Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism ○ Emphasized on individual differences in intellectual and other abilities and sociocultural influences Galen (p35) ○ One of the most influential greek physicians. Practiced in Rome ○ Made alot of original contributions concerning the anatomy and nervous system based on dissecting animals. Took scientific approach Mass Madness ○ Exorcism (p33,37) ○ Defined as Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a possessed person ○ Treatment used to be prayer,holy water, sanctified ointments, sanctified ointments, the breath/spittles of priests, touching relics, visiting holy places ○ Performed by laying on of hands Witchcraft (p37,38 ○ Witchcraft and mental illnesses were connected more frequently in the medieval mind than was the case ○ Johann Weyer argued that those accused of witchcraft were really mentally ill and not deserve persecution. Humanitarian Approaches (p ○ Asylum (p39,40) ○ Historically institutions meant solely for the care of people with mental illnesses ○ Initially created to remove from the community troublesome individuals who couldn't care for themselves ○ St.Mary of Bethlem (London) was made into an asylum by Henry VIII ○ Early asylums were primarily modifications of penal institutions, and the inmates were treated more like beasts than human ○ Inspected every 4 months Pinel’s Experiment (p39,40) ○ Was in charge of the LA Bicetre hospital in Paris. Instituted the removal of chains from some patients as an experiment to test his view that people with mental illness should be treated with kindness and consideration as sick people ○ It was successful. Chains were removed and kindness was implemented for the patients. Patients were able to move around the hospital. Order and peace Moral Management (p40) ○ Wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on the patient's social, individual, and occupational needs ○ In asylums emphasize the patient's moral and spiritual development and rehab ○ Achieved a high degree of effectiveness  Mental Hygiene Movement (p41, ○ A movement that advocated a method of treatment focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized patients with mental disorders ○ Focused on the physical well-being of hospitalized patients Dorothea Dix (p41) ○ Cosigned to prisons and mental institutions for decades ○ Important driving force inhumane treatments for psychiatric patients ○ Worked as a school teacher but was forced into early retirement because of recurring attacks of tuberculosis ○ Began to teach women's prisons, became acquainted with deplorable conditions in jails, almshouses, asylums ○ Advocated a method of treatment that focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospital patients known as the mental hygiene movement General Paresis (p44, ○ Produces symptoms including paralysis, mood changes, seizures and death from brain deterioration (syphilis of brain). One specific type of serious mental disorder Memerism ○ Nancy School ○ Early Psychoanalysis ○ Freud (p46, developed a comprehensive theory of psychopathology that emphasized the inner dynamics of unconscious motives (often referred to as psychodynamics) found that patients would eventually overcome inner obstacles to remembering and would discuss their problems freely. devoted the rest of his long and energetic life to the development and elaboration of psychoanalytic principles ○ Free Association (p48)- Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, feelings, and motives ○ Dream Analysis (p48)- Method involving the recording, description, and interpretation of a patient's dreams ○ Catharsis (p47)- Discharge of emotional tension associated with something like talking about past trauma, feeling significant emotional release Behaviorism and the Behavioral Perspective ○ Classical Conditioning (p74) A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned behavior. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. a formerly neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit biologically adaptive responses through repeated pairings is not as blind or automatic as was once thought. Its well maintained over time; that is, they are not simply forgotten is important in abnormal psychology because many physiological and emotional responses can be conditioned, including those related to fear, anxiety, or sexual arousal and those stimulated by drugs of abuse ○ Operant Conditioning (p75) An individual learns how to achieve a desired goal. The goal in question may be to obtain something that is rewarding or to escape from something that is unpleasant.  the delivery of a reward or pleasant stimulus, or to the removal of or escape from an aversive stimulus. Chapter 3 Etiology (p54,66 ○ causes of disorders. causal pattern, of abnormal behavior. Diathesis-Stress Model (p56) ○ Models describing this kind of situation of vulnerability (diathesis) and stressors ○ A vulnerability (diathesis) is a predisposition toward developing a disorder that can derive from biological, psychological, or sociocultural causal factors Developmental (p85, ○ developmental outcomes for children: ○ (1) authoritative, (2) authoritarian, (3) permissive/indulgent, and (4) neglectful/uninvolved Protective Factors (p57) ○ Influences that modify a person's response to an environmental stressor, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse effects of the stressor ○ Decreases the likelihood of negative outcomes among those at risk ○ Sometimes leads to resilience (the ability to adopt successfully to very difficult circumstances) Biological Causal Factors ○ Synapse (p66)- Tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of a neuron ○ Neurotransmitters- Chemical substances that are released into the synapse by the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse controls ○ Hormonal Imbalance (p67)- Chemical Messengers secreted by a set of endocrine glands in our bodies ○ Genetic Vulnerability (P61 a genetically vulnerable person has usually inherited a large number of genes, or polymorphisms of genes, that operate together in an additive or interactive fashion to increase vulnerability. ○ Chronocomal Abnormalities ○ Temperament (p67)- Refers to a child's reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation, which is believed to be biologically programmed Early temperament is thought to be the basis from which our personality develops (2-3 months) Consistent over time causing use to have similar reactions in similar contexts Psychological Viewpoints ○ Psychodynamic Perspective (p70) Id = the source of instinctual drives and is the first structure to appear in infancy. (1) life instincts & (2) death instincts Ego = develops after the first few months of life. The ego mediates between the demands of the id and the realities of the external world. Superego = the outgrowth of internalizing the taboos and moral values of society concerning what is right and wrong. Ego Defence Mechanisms Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation. Usually unconscious and reality-distorting (defense mechanism) Psychosexual Stages of Development ORAL STAGE: During the first 2 years of life, the mouth is the principal erogenous zone: An infant's greatest source of gratification is sucking, a process that is necessary for feeding.  ANAL STAGE: From ages 2 to 3, the anus provides the major source of pleasurable stimulation during the time when toilet training is often going on and there are urges both for retention and for elimination. PHALLIC STAGE: From ages 3 to 5 or 6, self-manipulation of the genitals provides the major source of pleasurable sensation. LATENCY PERIOD: From ages 6 to 12, sexual motivations recede in importance as a child becomes preoccupied with developing skills and other activities. GENITAL STAGE: After puberty, the deepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual relations. Oedipus or Oedipal Complex Electra Complex Introjection (p72 a child symbolically incorporates into his or her personality (through images and memories) important people in his or her life. ○ Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning (p74)- A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned behavior A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response Instumental (Operant) Conditioning (p75)- A form of learning in which is a particular response is reinforced, it becomes more likely to be repeated on similar occasions Individuals learn how to achieve a desired goal The essential concept is reinforcement (reward or pleasant stimulus) Generalization- Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other stimuli (ex- fear of bees= fear of flying insects) Discrimination- Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli (ex red strawberries are good and not green= experienced both ) Observational Learning- Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (closed condition) or reinforcement (operant condition) ○ Cognitive Behavioral Perspective Attributions (p79)- The process of assigning causes to things that happen Theorists are interested in whether different forms of psychopathology are associated with distinctive and dysfunctional attribution styles (assign good and bad behaviors) Schemas (p78)- Representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information and often leads to distorting attention, memory and comprehension Albert Bandura (p78 developed an early cognitive-behavioral perspective and placed considerable emphasis on the cognitive aspects of learning stressed that human beings regulate behavior by internal symbolic processes. focused almost exclusively on cognitive processes and their impact on behavior. we prepare ourselves for difficult tasks human beings and have “a capacity for self-direction” later developed a theory of self-efficacy, the belief that one can achieve desired goals. cognitive-behavioral treatments work in large part by improving self-efficacy. Aaron Beck (p78 One central construct for this perspective is the concept of a schema  Assimilation (p79 we are likely to cling to existing assumptions and to reject or distort new information that contradicts them. Accommodation(p79 hanging our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn't fit—is more difficult and threatening, especially when important assumptions are challenged ○ Humanistic Perspective (p73 human nature as basically “good.”Paying less attention to unconscious processes and past causes, it emphasizes present conscious processes and places strong emphasis on people's inherent capacity for responsible self-direction ○ Existential Perspective(p73 resembles the humanistic view in its emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual, the quest for values and meaning, and the existence of freedom for self-direction and self-fulfillment. Childhood Trauma Chapter 5 Distress(p91 ○ Cultural idioms of distress refer to culture-specific ways of expressing distress to others Essential Hypertension(p143 ○ Relaxation training can also help patients who experience tension headaches Acute Stress Disorder (p143)- Occurs within 4 weeks after a traumatic event and lasts for a minimum 2 days, max 4 weeks. Post-traumatic stress disorder- ○ Criterial for PTSD: Intrusion (recurrent experience of traumatic event), Avoidance (avoiding thoughts, feelings, a reminder of trauma), Negative alterations in cognition and mood (detached moods), Arousal and reactivity (exessive response when startled, aggression) Adjustment Disorder (with depressed mood)(p143 ○ psychological response to a common stressor that results in clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms. Treatment of stress disorders ○ Telephone Hotlines, Crisis Intervention, Psychological Debriefing, Medications, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments Chapter 6 Anxiety (p162)- Feeling of apprehension about possible future danger Neurosis and neurotic behavior ○ Phobias ○ Social Phobia (p170)- Disabling fears of one or more specific social situations (ex- Public speaking, eating or writing in public, public activities, etc) Person fears that she or he may be exposed to the scrutiny and potential negative evaluation of other or embarrassment ○ Specific Phobia (p165)- Present if a person shows strong and persistent fear triggered by the presence of a specific object or situation leading to significant distress/impairment in the person's ability to function People with this phobia recognize their fear is somewhat excessing or unreasonable  Panic Disorder (p175)- Occurrence of panic attacks, sometimes out of blue. Unexpected panic attacks for at least a month with intense symptoms Agoraphobia (p175)- Fear of open gathering place ○ Most commonly feared and avoided situations include streets and crowded places (shopping malls, movie theaters, stores, etc) ○ Sometimes develops as a complication of having panic attacks in one or more situations ○ Typically also frightened by their own bodily sensations, so they also avoid activities that will create arousal (exercising, sex, drinking coffee) ○ ASH first develops, people tend to avoid situations in which attacks have occurred, but usually, the avoidance gradually spreads to other situations where attacks might occur. (Frequent complication of panic disorder) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (p185-190) ○ Chronic excessive worry about a number of events/ activities ○ Live in a relatively constant future-oriented mood state of anxiousness and apprehension ○ More common in women. Most people with the disorder manage to function in life ○ Less likely to go to clinics for psychological treatment than others with panic disorder or major depressive disorder ○ Treatments Usually involves a combination of behavioral techniques (muscle relaxation) and cognitive restructuring techniques (reducing distorted cognitions and information processing bias associated with GAD) CBT approaches resulted in large changes in most measured symptoms. Also known to help people who have used benzodiazepines for over a year to taper their medications successfully. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (p190-191) Classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM, but in DSM 5 its it own disorder Includes OCD, dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, excoriation disorder, and trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling) Defined by the occurrence of both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors performed attempting to neutralize throughts ○ Obsession- Persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are experienced as disturbing, inappropriate, and uncontrollable ○ Compulsion- Involve overt repetitive behaviors that are performed as lengthy rituals (doing something over and over again). May also involve covert mental rituals (saying words over and over again) Chapter 8 Somatization Disorder (DSM IV TR) (p259) ○ Hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, and pain disorder are considered somatic symptom disorder Somatic Symptom Disorder (DSM 5) (p258) ○ Experiences bodily symptoms that cause them significant psychological distress and impairment ○ Contains no assumptions about the cause ○ Individuals must be experiencing chronic somatic symptoms that are distressing to them ○ Experiences dysfunctional thoughts, feelings and or behaviors and psychological component ○ Causes of SSD Some say symptoms develop as a defense mechanism against unresolved or unacceptable unconscious conflicts Hypervigilant and increased awareness of bodily change  A person tends to see bodily sensations as somatic symptoms meaning physical sensations are attributed to illness Worry excessively about what they symptoms mean and have catastrophizing cognitions. Because of the worry person is very distressed and seeks medical attention for perceived physical problems Hypochondriasis (p259 ○ individuals are preoccupied either with fears of contracting a serious disease or with the idea that they have a disease even though they do no ○ qualify for the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder Malingering (p269) ○ Consciously faking illness of symptoms of disability to achieve some specific nonmedical objective ○ Intentionally producing or grossly exaggerating his/her physical symptoms and is motivated by external incentives such as avoiding work or military prosecution ○ Patients may surreptitiously alter their own physiology in order to simulate various real illnesses. Factitious Disorder (p269) ○ A person intentionally produces psychological or physical symptoms (or both) ○ Person presents with somatic symptoms and with the expressed belief that he/she is ill ○ History of being stigmatized and many doctors don't take them seriously Dissociative Fugue (p275) ○ A dissociative amnesic state in which the person is not only amnesic for some or all aspects of his or her past but also departs from home surroundings Dissociative Identity Disorder (p271) ○ Are a group of conditions involving disruptions in a persona normal integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception ○ The concept of dissociation can be defined as “a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal, subjective integration of one or more aspects of psychological functioning, Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder( p273) ○ Dissociative disorder in which episodes of depersonalization and derealization become persistent and recurrent ○ People have persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from their own bodies and mental processes