Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is a defining characteristic of a mental disorder?
What term describes a predisposition toward developing a disorder?
What is meant by comorbidity?
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and high expectations with little warmth?
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Which of the following terms describes conditions that are unable to find adequate treatment in the community?
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What is a protective factor in the context of environmental stressors?
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What does 'lifetime prevalence' refer to in the context of mental disorders?
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What happens at the synapse during neurotransmission?
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Which study design is characterized by the manipulation of variables?
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Which term refers to the chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands?
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What is the focus of epidemiology in the context of mental disorders?
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How is temperament best described in relation to personality development?
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Which of the following best describes 'incidence' in the study of mental disorders?
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Which aspect of the psychodynamic perspective represents instinctual drives?
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What is meant by the term 'acute' in relation to mental disorders?
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Which of the following best supports resilience according to the content?
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What is a significant limitation of case studies in psychological research?
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What is internal validity primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following best describes Hippocrates' contribution to medicine?
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What was Plato's perspective on psychological phenomena?
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What method did Galen utilize in his contributions to medicine?
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What does external validity involve in the context of research findings?
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Which of the following defines exorcism in the historical context of mental illness treatment?
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What did Johann Weyer argue regarding individuals accused of witchcraft?
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What is the primary principle of classical conditioning?
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In instrumental conditioning, what role does reinforcement play?
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What does generalization refer to in behavioral learning?
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Which of the following best describes observational learning?
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What is an attribution in the cognitive behavioral perspective?
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How do schemas affect cognition according to the cognitive behavioral perspective?
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What aspect of learning did Albert Bandura emphasize in his cognitive-behavioral perspective?
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What is self-efficacy according to Bandura's theory?
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What does the concept of accommodation refer to in psychological frameworks?
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Which perspective emphasizes the inherent capacity for responsible self-direction?
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What is commonly associated with Acute Stress Disorder?
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What characterizes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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What are cultural idioms of distress?
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In which scenario would relaxation training be most beneficial?
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What does adjustment disorder with depressed mood typically result from?
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Which aspect of the existential perspective is emphasized?
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Study Notes
Mental Disorder
- Defined as a syndrome present in an individual that includes clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.
- Associated with significant distress or disability in key areas of functioning, such as social, occupational, or other activities.
- Definition is somewhat arbitrary.
Psychopathology
- People trained in abnormal psychology.
- Higher rates of psychopathology in women.
Comorbidity
- Describes the presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Qualifying Terms
- Acute: Short duration
- Chronic: Long duration.
- Mild: Comorbidity is the exception rather than the rule.
- Moderate:
- Severe: Unable to find adequate treatment in the community.
- Episodic:
- Recurrent:
Epidemiology
- Study of the distribution of disease, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a population.
- Key component is determining the frequency of mental disorders.
Prevalence
- The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time, expressed as a percentage.
Lifetime Prevalence
- Number of people who have a disorder at any point in their lifetime.
- This includes currently ill and recovered individuals.
- Lifetime prevalence is usually higher than other prevalence rates.
Incidence
- The number of new cases that occur over a given time.
Correlational Study
- Research that examines whether and how variables go together (co-vary) without manipulating any variables.
- Involves studying the world as it is, with no manipulation of variables.
Experimental Study
- Research that involves manipulating a given factor or variable while holding everything else constant.
- Participants are assessed at baseline and then randomly assigned to different groups.
- Afterward, the experiment/treatment is compared across each group.
Case Study
- An in-depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources.
- Conclusions of a case study have low generalizability (cannot be used to draw conclusions about other cases, even if they involve people with similar abnormalities).
Validity
- Internal: How confident we can be in the results of the study.
- The extent to which the study is free of confounds is methodologically sound, allowing the researcher to have confidence in the findings.
- External: The ability to generalize findings beyond the study itself.
- Findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times.
Hippocrates
- "Father of Modern Medicine."
- Emphasized the importance of heredity and predisposition, natural causes of disease, clinical observation, and brain pathology as the root of mental illness.
- Pointed out that injury to the head could cause sensory and motor disorders.
Plato
- Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism.
- Emphasized individual differences in intellectual and other abilities and sociocultural influences.
Galen
- One of the most influential Greek physicians who practiced in Rome.
- Made original contributions concerning the anatomy and nervous system based on dissecting animals. Took a scientific approach.
Mass Madness
Exorcism
- Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a possessed person.
- Treatment used to be prayer, holy water, sanctified ointments, the breath/spittles of priests, touching relics, and visiting holy places.
- Performed by laying on of hands.
Witchcraft
- Witchcraft and mental illness were connected more frequently in the medieval mind than was the case.
- Johann Weyer argued that those accused of witchcraft were really mentally ill and did not deserve persecution.
Diathesis-Stress Model
- Models describing vulnerable (diathesis) and stressors.
- A vulnerability (diathesis) is a predisposition toward developing a disorder that can derive from biological, psychological, or sociocultural causal factors.
Developmental
- Developmental outcomes for children include: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive/indulgent, and neglectful/uninvolved.
Protective Factors
- Influences that modify a person's response to an environmental stressor, making it less likely that the individual will experience the adverse effects of the stressor.
- Decreases the likelihood of negative outcomes among those at risk.
- Sometimes leads to resilience (the ability to adapt successfully to very difficult circumstances).
Biological Causal Factors
- Synapse: Tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of a neuron.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical substances released into the synapse by the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse controls.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Chemical messengers secreted by a set of endocrine glands in our bodies.
- Genetic Vulnerability: A genetically vulnerable person has usually inherited a large number of genes, or polymorphisms of genes, that operate together in an additive or interactive fashion to increase vulnerability.
- Chromosomal Abnormalities:
-
Temperament: Refers to a child's reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation, believed to be biologically programmed.
- Early temperament is thought to be the basis from which our personality develops (2-3 months).
- Consistent over time, causing us to have similar reactions in similar contexts.
Psychological Viewpoints
-
Psychodynamic Perspective:
- Id: The source of instinctual drives and is the first structure to appear in infancy. (1) Life instincts & (2) Death instincts.
- Ego: Develops after the first few months of life. Mediates between the demands of the id and the realities of the external world.
-
Behavioral Perspective:
-
Classical Conditioning: A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned behavior.
- A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.
-
Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning: A form of learning in which when a particular response is reinforced, it becomes more likely to be repeated on similar occasions.
- Individuals learn how to achieve a desired goal.
- The essential concept of reinforcement is (reward or pleasant stimulus).
- Generalization: Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other stimuli (ex- fear of bees= fear of flying insects).
- Discrimination: Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli (ex red strawberries are good and not green= experienced both).
- Observational Learning: Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning) reinforcement (operant conditioning).
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Classical Conditioning: A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned behavior.
-
Cognitive Behavioral Perspective:
-
Attributions: The process of assigning causes to things that happen.
- Theorists are interested in whether different forms of psychopathology are associated with distinctive and dysfunctional attribution styles (assign good and bad behaviors).
- Schemas: Representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information and often leads to distorting attention, memory and comprehension..
- Albert Bandura: Developed an early cognitive-behavioral perspective and placed considerable emphasis on the cognitive aspects of learning. Stressed that human beings regulate behavior by internal symbolic processes. Focused almost exclusively on cognitive processes and their impact on behavior. We prepare ourselves for difficult tasks human beings and have “a capacity for self-direction”. Later developed a theory of self-efficacy, which is the belief that one can achieve desired goals. Cognitive-behavioral treatments work in large part by improving self-efficacy.
-
Aaron Beck: Developed a perspective centered on the concept of a schema.
- Assimilation: We are likely to cling to existing assumptions and to reject or distort new information that contradicts them.
- Accommodation: Hanging our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn't fit—is more difficult and threatening, especially when important assumptions are challenged.
-
Attributions: The process of assigning causes to things that happen.
-
Humanistic Perspective:
- Emphasizes human nature as basically “good.”
- Paying less attention to unconscious processes and past causes, it emphasizes present conscious processes and places strong emphasis on people's inherent capacity for responsible self-direction.
-
Existential Perspective:
- Resembles the humanistic view in its emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual, the quest for values and meaning, and the existence of freedom for self-direction and self-fulfillment
- Childhood Trauma:
Distress
- Cultural idioms of distress refer to culture-specific ways of expressing distress to others.
Essential Hypertension
- Relaxation training can also help patients who experience tension headaches
Acute Stress Disorder
- Occurs within 4 weeks after a traumatic event and lasts for at least 2 days, maximum 4 weeks.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
-
Criteria:
- Intrusion (recurrent experience of the traumatic event)
- Avoidance (avoiding thoughts, feelings, or reminders of the trauma)
- Negative alterations in cognition and mood (detached moods)
- Arousal and reactivity (excessive response when startled, aggression)
Adjustment Disorder (with depressed mood)
- Psychological response to a common stressor that results in clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms.
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Description
Explore the intricate concepts related to mental disorders, psychopathology, and comorbidity. This quiz will test your understanding of the definitions, qualifying terms, and epidemiology of mental health issues. Prepare to delve into the complexities of clinical significance and the burden of mental health on individuals.