Abnormal Psychology Final Study Guide PDF

Chapter 1 HISTORY 1. Defining Abnormal psychology (the 4 Ds) Deviance Statistical infrequency, violation of cultural norms Consider "normalcy" relative to behavior of others in same cultural context Distress (hard to tell) Subjective; is normal i...

Chapter 1 HISTORY 1. Defining Abnormal psychology (the 4 Ds) Deviance Statistical infrequency, violation of cultural norms Consider "normalcy" relative to behavior of others in same cultural context Distress (hard to tell) Subjective; is normal in some situations Dysfunction (disability) Maladaptive, impairment that must be pervasive and/or significant Danger To self or others 2. Basic viewpoint of the cause of abnormality and major figures a. Before Greeks & Romans The supernatural tradition Drill a hole in the head let the spirit out Trephination Spiritual possession b. Greeks & Romans The biological tradition Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Father of modern western medicine  Yellow bile – anger Blood- too much passion Black bile – meloncholy Phlegm- Phlegmatic Mental disorders understood as physical disease ▪ Humoral theory of emotion (precures to chemical imbalance) ▪ Hysteria "the wandering uterus" c. Dark Ages & Malleus Return to superstition Chrisian theme instead of piece-meal spirits - Causes: satanic possession, evil behavior (exception: paracelsus & lunacy) - Cures: exorcism People: - Johann sprenger and heinrich kraemer 1484 (Witches Hammer/ - Johann weyer- "the deception of demons" 1563 - Reginald scot - "the discovery of witchcraft" 1584 d. After the Dark Ages 3. Major figures in the Reform movement a. Dorothea Dix Raised money to build 32 mental hospitals in US Responsible to change methods to more humane treatment b. Phillipe Pinel 1780's 1790's France – la bicetre & moral therapy c. Benjamin Rush Brought the Psychological movement to America (pennsylvania hospital 1783) d. William Tuke York Treatment e. Clifford Beers Wrote "A mind that found itself" in 1908 1909 Nat'l Comm. On Mental Hygiene 1931 Int'l comm on mental Hygiene 4. Basic differences between major psychological perspectives (in a word or two be able to define each) Psychoanalytic – Fruedian Humanistic – Growth to betterment Cognitive Behavioral Model – Classical Conditioning 5. Freud’s personality structure or structure of the mind Three parts of the mind Id- animal instinct Ego- Logical and rational (mediator) Super Ego- wants you to be good 6. Understand classical and operant conditioning Chapter 2 INTEGRATIVE 1. Phenotype & genotype Genotype – that which the Genes code for Phenotype – the “physical” expression of Genes 2. Agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist Agonist – increases activity Antagonist – decreases or blocks Inverse agonist – produces opposite effects 3. Know which neurotransmitters are the amino acids, monoamines, catecholamines, indolamines, neuropeptides Amino acids – Gaba and glutamate Monoamines – norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine Catecholamines - Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine Indolamines - serotonin Neuropeptides - vasopressin and oxytocin 4. Know basics of too little serotonin, dopamine, GABA and too much dopamine Too little: - Serotonin – animalistic (less inhibition, instability, impulsivity, overreaction, aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, excessive sexual behavior) - Dopamine – Parkinson’s (deterioration in motor behavior, rigidity of muscles, difficulty with judgement)  - Gaba – increased arousal (anxiety, tenseness, less sleep, anger, hostility, agression) Too much: - Dopamine – Schizophrenia (Hallucinations, delusions, catatonia, disorganized speech) 5. 2 major dopamine pathways Movement Motivation Chapter 3 ASSESSMENT 1. Reliability & Validity a. Interrater R WHEN I give this test and you give this test do we get the same results b. test-retest R When you take this test twice are you results the same c. predictive V How well your assessment tells you what will happen in the future d. descriptive/concurrent V Diagnosis (do i have the diagnosis correct) Comparing your results with results that are better known e. construct V Whatever we’re talking about is made up  can only be described by it’s parts Construct Validity is whether or not the construct created is good or not 2. Very basics of IQ, its mean and standard deviation IQ = how different someone is from the average of their age Mean = 100 Standard Deviation is 15 on either side of mean 3. What is measured and what kind of test the following are SB, WISC, WAIS, WPPSI, Rorschach, MMPI, TAT, Halstead-Reitan, Luria-Nebraska, Ray-Osterith SB (Intelligence) - Child learning ability WISC (intelligence) - intelligence scale for children WAIS - (intelligence) - intelligence scale for adults WPPSI - (intelligence) - intelligence scale for babies Rorschach (projective test) - unconscious mental process MMPI (empirical personality test)- look for patterns of disorders TAT (projective test)- unconscious mental process through stories Halstead-Reitan (fixed battery) - Neurological Luria-Nebrask (fixed battery)- Neurological Ray-Osterith (neuropsychological test) - neuropsychological functioning 4. DSM (what it is) and its history (dates & versions) DSM – American Psychological classification book 1952 DSM – I 1958 DSM- II 1980 DSM – III 1987 DSM – III – R (significant Revision) 1994 DSM – IV 2000 DSM – IV- TR (Text Revision (not big)) 2013 DSM – 5 2022 DSM – 5 – TR Chapter 5 ANXIETY 1. Specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic D/O, OCD, GAD a. How to diagnose (e.g. symptoms) Specific phobia - Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation - Object or situation produces immediate fear - Fear is out of proportion to the danger presented - 6 or more months Agoraphobia - Being afraid of public spaces because difficulty of escape - Actively avoids presence of companions or public settings - 6 or more months Panic disorder - Recurrent unexpected panic attacks - Fear of more attacks - Adaptation for attacks  - 1 month OCD - Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both - They are time consuming GAD - Excessive anxiety and worry - Restlessness - Easily fatigued - Difficult concentrating - Irritability - Muscle tension - Sleep disturbance - Symptoms present more days than not - 6 months b. Etiology (biological and psychological) Specific phobia - Biological - hereditary - Psychological o Conditioning ▪ Two factor model of fear acquisiton o Observational learning (modeling)  o Misinformation Agoraphobia - Biological - - Psychological – learned fear / misinformation Panic disorder - Biological – exhaling too much CO2 - Psychological – learned alarm/ fear of fear OCD - Biological – increased activity in the orbital surface (frontal lobe) - Psychological – thought action fusion GAD - Biological o Autonomic restrictors (mainly channeled through simple thoughts) o Except elevated muscle tension o Except elevated beta (awake) EEG activity in the left prefrontal lobes - Psychological o Hypervigilant to threat o Worry is negatively reinforcing c. How to treat (medical & cog-behav) Specific phobia - Gradual supervised exposure-based exercises Agoraphobia - SSRI - Cognitive behavioral Therapy Panic disorder - SSRIs - Panic control treatment (create mini panic attack and coach them out of it) OCD - SSRI’s - Exposure and ritual prevention GAD - Benzodiazepines - Evoke worry and use coping strategies to control worry 2. 5 types of specific phobias Animal Natural environment Blood-injection-injury Situational Other 3. ataque de nervios, kyol goeu (define) Ataque de nervois- uncontrollable screaming or shouting, crying, trembling, sensations of heat rising in the chest and head, dissociative experiences, and verbal or physical aggression Kyol Goeu- fear of being too full of air Chapter 6 SOMATIC SYMPTOM & DISSOCIATIVE D/Os 1. Somatic symptom, conversion, Illness Anxiety a. How to diagnose, symptoms Somatic symptom – Someone feels many symptoms but there's no medical basis Conversion – Someone’s anxiety and stress are converted into a physical symptom Illness Anxiety – Someone takes every small feeling they have and worries it's a horrible disease 2. Malingering, factitious D/O & FDO imposed on another a. what they are Malingering – assume sick role for gain (money) Factitious Disorder- assume sick role for no external gain Factitious disorder imposed on another- force sickness onto loved ones for no external gian 3. Dissociative Amnesia/Fugue/Dissociative Identify Disorder a. How to diagnose Dissociative Amnesia - Includes several forms of psychogenic memory loss Generalized (massive chunk) vs. Localized (selective/specific) type Dissociative Fugue - dissociative state that involves geographical escape Dissociative Identity Disorder - Adoption of several new identities (a few to 100; average 15)  Identities display unique behaviors, voice, and postures People will be able to distinct the personalities Personalities are to the extremes (pure, perverted, aggressive, sweetest) 4. 3 types of estrangement (be able to define) Object estrangement- persons, objects, situations Somatic estrangement – one's own body or part Personal estrangement – out of body experience Chapter 7 MOOD 1. Major depression, dysthymia, bipolar I & II, cyclothymia a. How to diagnose Major Depression - Presence of one major depressive episode and the absence of manic, or hypomanic episodes Dysthymia - Depression for at least 2 years - Free for no more than 2 months - Don't have to have as many symptoms as major depression Bipolar 1 - Full manic episode - Can have depressive episodes Bipolar 2 - Depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes Cyclothymia - Chronic alteration of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes b. Etiology (biological & psych) Biological - Lack of serotonin - Elevated Cortisol - Sleep disturbances Psychological Stressful life events Learned helplessness Attributional style (what you blame things on) Viewing everything Negative c. How to treat (medical & psych) Depression - Tricyclics - MAOIs - Electroshock (anti med patients) - Social Skills training - CBT (errors in thinking)  - Interpersonal Therapy (address problems in life) Bipolar Lithium Bicarbinate Family therapy 2. Suicide (short section...read & know everything in book) 1.5% of all deaths foremost cause of death in 15-24 y/o US 10th leading cause of death Native American rate extremely high Males more 4 times more likely to die (use extreme measures) Females attempt 3 times more (use less violent options) Chapter 8 EATING & SLEEP 1. Anorexia (types), bulimia, binge eating a. How to diagnose Anorexia – Intense fear of weight gain – little food/ little food w/ purging Bulimia – Binging followed by compensatory behaviors Binge Eating – binging with no compensatory behaviors b. Etiology (biological, sociocultural) Anorexia - Biological – lack of hormones from starvation - Sociocultural – intense mother Bulimia - Biological - Low levels of cholecystokinin  - Sociocultural – lack of digestion knowledge Binge Eating - Biological – low serotonin - Sociocultural – use food to lower stress c. Treatment (medical, psychological) Anorexia - Knowing that they can't leave hospital until they eat - Show what correct portion should be Bulimia - Consequences of binge/purging - 5-6 Scheduled small, manageable meals Binge Eating - Body image CBT - Guided self- help book 2. Basic definitions of sleep disorders a. Summary defn’s on Table 8.4 Insomnia disorder – difficulty falling sleep Hypersomnolence disorder – excessive sleepiness Narcolepsy - excessive sleep Breathing-related sleep disorders – variety of breathing disorders that lead sleepiness Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder – awake during night asleep during day (sleepy) Disorder of arousal – sleepwalking, sleep terrors Nightmare disorder- frequent awakening by frightening dreams Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder – arousal during REM sleep Restless legs syndrome – urges to move legs bc of sensations Substance-induced sleep disorder – sleep disturbance bc of drugs b. Causes of insomnia - Pain/ discomfort - Drugs - Stress c. 3 Sleep breathing disorder types Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome Central sleep apnea Sleep-related hypoventilation Chapter 11 SUBSTANCE & IMPULSE 1. Know what drugs go in what class and their basic behavioral and neurochemical effects a. Depressants Alcohol (Gaba antagonist, glutamate agonist) Barbiturates (Sedative drugs) - Amytal - Seconal - Nembutal Benzodiazepines (reduces anxiety) - Valium  - Xanax - Ativan b. Stimulants Amphetamines (elation and reduce fatigue) - Ritalin - Adderall - MDMA (Molly/Ecstasy) - Crystal meth Cocaine (alert, euphoric, increased blood pleasure) c. Narcotics (Opiates) Opioids (Induce euphoria, Relieve pain) - Heroin - Fent - Methadone - Hydrocodone - oxycodone d. Hallucinogens Halucinogenic (intense perception, depersonalization, hallucinations) - LSD - Psilocybin - Lysergic acid amide  - DMT - Mescaline e. Cannabis Marijuana (altered perceptions, giggles) Fake Weed (extremely harmful) 2. Understand physiology of alcohol, problems from alcoholism Gaba Antagonist Glutamate Agonist Leads to - Loss of memory - Delirium Tremens - Black outs - Seizures - Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech) 3. Opponent process theory, expectancy effect, abstinence violation effect Opponent Process theory – Positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings Expectancy Effect – What people expect to experience when they use drugs influences how they react to them Abstinence violation effect – people lapse so they conclude that they should go ahead and relapse 4. Biological therapies mentioned in lectures Agonist substitution Antagonist drigs Chapter 12 PERSONALITY 1. Know the personality disorders, their cluster, and how to diagnose Odd - Paranoid – distrust and suspicion - Schizoid – Detachment from social relationships - Schizotypal – Less schizophrenic Dramatic - Antisocial – No remorse nor empathy - Borderline – instable relationships, self-image, affects, and control - Histrionic – Center of attention no matter what - Narcissistic – Center of attention but has to be the best Anxious - Avoidant – Feelings of inadequecy (super shy) - Dependent – cannot make own decisions - Obsessive-Compulsive – Everything is rules based Chapter 13 Schizophrenia 1. History of schizophrenia (names and dates) a. Know the names of various types of schiz by various individuals (e.g. Hecker, Kalhbaum, Bleuler, etc.) 1809 John Haslam - England 1849 John Conally - England 1852 Benedict Morel - Belgium - dementia praecox (early dementia) 1871 Ewald Heck - Germany – Hebephrenia (giggle monster) 1874 Karl Kahlbaum - Germany – Catatonia (cats are stiff), paranoid 1895 Emil Kraeplin (father of modern psychiatry)- Germany Dementia praecox: hebephrenic type Dementia praecox: catatonic type Dementia praecox: Paranoid type 1911 Eugen Bleuler ("schizophrenia") Schizophrenia: hebephrenic type Schizophrenia: catatonic type Schizophrenia: Paranoid type 2. Positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms Positive - Hallucinations - Delusions Negative Avolition (or apathy) - lack of initiation and persistence Anergia (lack of energy) Alogia – relative absence of speech Anhedonia – lack of pleasure, or indifference Affective flattening – little expressed emotion Asociality – social withdrawal Disorganized - Disorganized speech - Inappropriate Affect - Catatonia 3. How to diagnose schizophrenia, schizophreniform, brief psychotic disorder, & schizoaffective Schizophrenia - Two or more Positive, negative, and/or disorganized speech - One must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech Schizophreniform Psychotic symptoms only last 1-5.99 months Brief psychotic disorder Psychotic symptoms less than 1 month Schizoaffective - Schizophrenia symptoms + major mood episode 4. Etiology of schizophrenia (biological only) Too much D2 (limbic system aka emotions) too little D1 (prefrontal) activity Many neurotransmitters are likely involved NMDA glutamate receptors Structural and functional abnormalities in the brain Enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue volume (atrophy) Hypofrontality – less active frontal lobes 5. Basic idea of delusional disorder & shared psychotic disorder Delusion disorder – Only delusions for 1 month or more Shared psychotic disorder – develop delusions from relationship with delusional individual 6. Phases of schizophrenia Premorbid symptoms Some trouble with cognitive issues Seem pretty minor Prodromal Phase Increase social withdrawal Unusual psychotic-like behavior Active phase (onset/deterioration) Schizophrenic break Most will recover after break Residual Phase (chronic) Those who don’t recover 7. Typical vs atypical antipsychotics (names – generic and Brand) Typical antipsychotics Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)  Haldol (Haloperidol) Atypical antipsychotics Clozaril (Clozapine) Zyprexa (olanzapine) Risperdal (Risperidone) Chapter 14 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 1. ADHD, Autism spectrum, Intellectual disability, specific learning disorder a. How to diagnose (symptoms) ADHD Pattern of Inattention and/or Hyperactivity-Impulsivity prior age 12 2 or more settings 6 months Autism Spectrum - Deficits in social communication and interactions - Restricted, repetitive patterns - Must be present in early development period Intellectual Disability - Deficits in intellectual functions - Failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards - Must be present in early development period Specific Learning Disorder - Difficulties w/ Reading, writing, or math compared to their intelligence - 6 months b. Levels of Intellectual disability Levels of ID Mild ID (2-3 SDs) IQ score between 50 or 55 – 70 Moderate ID (3-4 SDs) IQ score between 35 – 40 to 50-55 Severe ID (4-5 SDs) IQ ranging from 20-25 up to 35 to 40 Profound ID (+5 SDs) IQ below 20-25 c. Learning disability vs learning disorder Learning Disability – Intelligence compared to others their same age Learning Disorder – Intelligence compared to their own personal IQ Chapter 10 1. Paraphilias and sexual dysfunctions a. Etiology Sexual dysfunctions  - Associated fear - Lack of experience - Interpersonal relational struggles b. Basic diagnostic symptoms (be able to id examples on test) Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder - No or lack of desire for sex - 6 months Female sexual interest/Arousal disorder - No or lack of desire for sex - 6 months Erectile disorder - Lack of physical arousal (erection in men, lubrication in women) Female orgasmic disorder - Dalay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm - 6 months Delayed ejaculation disorder - Delayed or no orgasm Premature ejaculation  - Ejaculation within a minute of penetration - 6 months Genito-pelvic Pain/ Penetration Disorder - Pain during intercourse for women - Vaginismus – pelvic muscle spasms Frotteuristic disorder - Rubbing against someone - 6 months Fetishism - Love of non-sexual body parts or items Voyeurism - Attracted to spying on people sexually Exhibitionism - Attracted to flashing oneself Transvestic - Attracted to wearing other gender’s clothing Sadism - Attracting to hurting or humiliating another Masochism - Attracted to being hurt or humiliated Pedophilia - Attracted to prepubesent children c. Treatment Sexual disfunctions Sex education Masturbation training Use of dilators Use of lubricants Use of Viagra Paraphilias - Covert Sensitization (associated sexual action with potential harm) - Orgasmic Recondition (masturbate to usual fantasy but think of something else last second) - Relapse prevention