PSAR 2023-24 Competition Season Only PDF

For competition use only Season 2023/24 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Table of Contents PS PSAR AR 35 35............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Foreword........................................................................................................................ 10 Preface.......................................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ 12 Module 1 – Intr Introduction oduction to Surf Life Saving......................................................................... 14 Drowning prevention strategies..................................................................................... 19 Lifesavers and Lifeguards.............................................................................................. 20 ly SLSA Governance and Organisational Structure............................................................. 21 on Training and Education................................................................................................... 22 4 Module 1 – Reflection Questions..................................................................................... 24 /2 Module 2 – Safety and W Wellbeing ellbeing........................................................................................ 25 20 23 Safety and wellbeing...................................................................................................... 25 Work Health and Safety.................................................................................................. 28 Work Health and Safety Act 2011.............................................................................. 30 Duty of Care.............................................................................................................. 30 n Duty to Rescue.......................................................................................................... 31 -s ea so WHS Responsibilities................................................................................................. 32 Environmental management and sustainability......................................................... 33 Hygiene..................................................................................................................... 34 Personal Hygiene.................................................................................................. 34 Environmental hygiene......................................................................................... 36 us e Personal protective equipment.................................................................................. 37 Workplace injury and illness........................................................................................... 38 Types of hazards........................................................................................................ 38 io n Examples of hazards................................................................................................. 39 Dangerous marine creatures..................................................................................... 45 pe tit Tropical Marine Stingers........................................................................................ 45 Risk Management............................................................................................ 46 Actions in the event of a sting.......................................................................... 46 om Sharks and crocodiles........................................................................................... 47 C Risk management............................................................................................ 47 Actions on sighting.......................................................................................... 48 Actions in the event of a shark or crocodile bite............................................... 48 Manual Handling....................................................................................................... 49 How to Lift............................................................................................................ 50 Lifting Equipment................................................................................................. 51 Personal Injury.......................................................................................................... 54 Personal Injury Reporting...................................................................................... 54 Physical Health.............................................................................................................. 56 Fitness levels for lifesaving/lifeguarding.................................................................... 57 Alcohol and Drugs..................................................................................................... 57 Cigarette Smoking..................................................................................................... 58 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 2 of 479 Diet and Hydration.................................................................................................... 59 Medication................................................................................................................ 59 Sun Protection........................................................................................................... 60 Dangers of exposure to Sun.................................................................................. 60 Preventing Sun Damage....................................................................................... 61 Mental Health................................................................................................................ 64 Work-related stress................................................................................................... 65 Signs and symptoms............................................................................................. 66 Management of work-related stress...................................................................... 66 Critical incident stress............................................................................................... 68 ly Signs and symptoms............................................................................................. 69 on Management of critical incident stress.................................................................. 70 Critical incident on patrol...................................................................................... 73 4 Operational debrief.......................................................................................... 73 /2 Mental health conversations...................................................................................... 74 20 23 Support services....................................................................................................... 75 Member protection......................................................................................................... 75 Bullying, harassment and discrimination................................................................... 76 Safeguarding children and young people................................................................... 77 n Raising concerns....................................................................................................... 78 -s ea so Module 2 – Reflection Questions..................................................................................... 78 Module 3 – R Radio adio Operations.............................................................................................. 79 Radio Equipment............................................................................................................ 79 Radio Basics.............................................................................................................. 79 us e Types of Radios......................................................................................................... 81 Your Radio................................................................................................................. 82 Surf Life Saving Communication Centre..................................................................... 83 io n Radio Transmissions....................................................................................................... 84 Radio Technique........................................................................................................ 84 pe tit Interruptions to transmissions................................................................................... 86 Prowords................................................................................................................... 86 The NATO phonetic alphabet..................................................................................... 87 om Call signs.................................................................................................................. 89 Radio protocols.............................................................................................................. 91 C Signing on................................................................................................................. 92 Radio checks............................................................................................................. 92 During patrol............................................................................................................. 93 Signing off................................................................................................................. 94 Incidents and emergencies............................................................................................ 94 Emergency call.......................................................................................................... 94 Incident procedures................................................................................................... 95 Radio Maintenance......................................................................................................... 97 Battery Charging....................................................................................................... 98 General Information....................................................................................................... 99 Module 3 – Reflection questions..................................................................................... 99 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 3 of 479 Module 4 – Surf A Awar wareness eness............................................................................................... 100 The coastal environment.............................................................................................. 100 Wave Formation........................................................................................................... 100 Wind energy to wave generation............................................................................. 101 Swell propagation and characteristics..................................................................... 103 Surf forecast........................................................................................................... 103 Wave grouping........................................................................................................ 105 Swells interacting with the coastline....................................................................... 105 Wave profiles........................................................................................................... 108 Tsunamis................................................................................................................. 112 ly Local winds............................................................................................................. 113 on Surf Zone Currents....................................................................................................... 114 Longshore currents.................................................................................................. 116 4 Rip currents............................................................................................................. 118 /2 Identifying rip currents............................................................................................ 119 20 23 Types of rip currents................................................................................................ 120 Flow behaviour of rip currents................................................................................. 122 Circulating rip currents............................................................................................ 123 Non-circulating rip currents..................................................................................... 123 n Rip current avoidance principles.............................................................................. 124 -s ea so Rip current survival principles................................................................................. 125 Tides............................................................................................................................ 129 Beach types and hazard ratings................................................................................... 131 Types and safety issues........................................................................................... 131 Reflective........................................................................................................... 132 us e Low tide terrace.................................................................................................. 133 Bar and rip......................................................................................................... 134 Longshore trough................................................................................................ 136 io n Dissipative (broad surf zone).............................................................................. 137 Beachsafe App........................................................................................................ 138 pe tit Surf skills..................................................................................................................... 139 Self-survival skills.................................................................................................... 140 om Before entering the surf.......................................................................................... 143 Surf swimming........................................................................................................ 144 C Effective use of swim fins........................................................................................ 148 Bodysurfing............................................................................................................. 149 Rescue board paddling............................................................................................ 151 Entering the water............................................................................................. 152 Bunny-hopping................................................................................................... 154 Board trim and getting on the board................................................................... 156 Paddling technique............................................................................................. 156 Prone paddling............................................................................................... 156 Paddling on your knees.................................................................................. 158 Negotiating the surf zone with a board.......................................................... 160 Pushing up on a rescue board........................................................................ 161 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 4 of 479 Rolling a rescue board.................................................................................... 162 Popping a wave.............................................................................................. 163 Punching a wave............................................................................................ 164 Catching waves on a board............................................................................ 164 Paddling with a victim on a board.................................................................. 165 Module 4 – Reflection questions................................................................................... 165 Module 5 – R Rescue escue............................................................................................................ 167 Rescue principles......................................................................................................... 167 Rescue Techniques....................................................................................................... 168 Preparing for a Rescue............................................................................................ 168 ly Situational Awareness............................................................................................. 169 on Scanning................................................................................................................. 170 Scanning Strategies................................................................................................ 173 /2 4 Recognising the Victim................................................................................................ 179 Characteristics of different types of victims............................................................. 180 20 23 Signalling team members............................................................................................ 185 Beach to Water Signals............................................................................................ 186 Water to Beach Signals............................................................................................ 192 n Tower Signals.......................................................................................................... 199 -s ea so Planning the Rescue..................................................................................................... 199 Pause and Plan........................................................................................................ 200 Rescue Method........................................................................................................ 200 Deciding on a Plan of Action.................................................................................... 201 Key factors influencing rescue decisions.................................................................. 202 us e Undertaking the Rescue............................................................................................... 204 Victim approach...................................................................................................... 204 Defensive position................................................................................................... 206 io n Releases and escapes............................................................................................. 207 Rescues without equipment..................................................................................... 210 pe tit Tube rescues........................................................................................................... 214 Board rescues......................................................................................................... 221 Mass rescues........................................................................................................... 230 om Using other flotation resources................................................................................ 232 Victim handling techniques..................................................................................... 233 C Two-person carries and drags............................................................................. 234 Two-person carry (‘trunk and legs’)................................................................ 234 IRB variation of two-person carry................................................................... 237 RWC variation of two-person carry................................................................. 239 Two-handed seat carry................................................................................... 240 Two-person drag............................................................................................ 242 Post-rescue operations............................................................................................ 243 Team debriefing and reporting............................................................................ 243 Equipment cleaning and maintenance................................................................ 244 Module 5 – Reflection questions................................................................................... 244 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 5 of 479 Module 6 – R Resuscitation esuscitation.................................................................................................. 245 Safety first................................................................................................................... 245 Prevention of cross-infection during CPR................................................................. 246 Prevention of cross-infection during CPR training.................................................... 248 Anatomy considerations that can affect CPR................................................................ 249 The nervous system................................................................................................ 249 The circulatory system............................................................................................ 251 The respiratory system............................................................................................ 252 Best practice guidelines............................................................................................... 254 Chain of survival..................................................................................................... 254 ly The Australian Resuscitation Council....................................................................... 254 on Primary victim assessment—DRSABCD........................................................................ 255 Danger.................................................................................................................... 257 4 Response................................................................................................................ 258 /2 Send for help........................................................................................................... 261 20 23 Airway..................................................................................................................... 261 Breathing................................................................................................................ 271 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation................................................................................ 274 CPR Procedure.................................................................................................... 274 n Compressions..................................................................................................... 275 -s ea so Rescue Breathing................................................................................................ 276 Team CPR........................................................................................................... 279 CPR for children and infants................................................................................ 281 CPR for a pregnant victim................................................................................... 283 CPR Overview..................................................................................................... 283 us e Complications during CPR................................................................................... 285 Defibrillation........................................................................................................... 287 Safety................................................................................................................. 288 io n Operation........................................................................................................... 289 Shock delivery protocols..................................................................................... 293 pe tit Recovery................................................................................................................. 295 Management of the victim after CPR............................................................................ 296 om Documentation........................................................................................................ 298 Victim handover...................................................................................................... 298 C Module 6 – Reflection Questions................................................................................... 300 Module 7 – Emer Emergency gency Car Care e.............................................................................................. 302 Safety First.................................................................................................................. 302 Best Practice Guidelines............................................................................................... 303 Aims of First Aid...................................................................................................... 303 Legal Considerations............................................................................................... 303 First Aid Kits................................................................................................................. 305 Contents................................................................................................................. 306 Bandages and Dressings......................................................................................... 308 Maintaining First Aid Kits......................................................................................... 309 Secondary Assessment................................................................................................ 310 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 6 of 479 Secondary Assessment Procedure........................................................................... 310 Pain Management.................................................................................................... 312 Monitoring and reassuring the person..................................................................... 313 Documentation........................................................................................................ 314 Advanced Medical Assistance....................................................................................... 315 Requesting an ambulance....................................................................................... 315 Referring to a Medical Practitioner........................................................................... 316 Cardiovascular Emergencies........................................................................................ 317 The Heart................................................................................................................ 317 Cardiac Arrest......................................................................................................... 318 ly Heart Attack............................................................................................................ 319 on Respiratory Emergencies............................................................................................. 320 Respiratory system.................................................................................................. 320 4 Asthma.................................................................................................................... 321 /2 Choking................................................................................................................... 325 20 23 Circulation Emergencies (Bleeding).............................................................................. 329 Circulatory system.................................................................................................. 330 Signs and symptoms............................................................................................... 330 Severity.................................................................................................................. 330 n Minor cuts and abrasions......................................................................................... 331 -s ea so Nosebleeds............................................................................................................. 332 Major external bleeding.......................................................................................... 334 Severe, life-threatening external bleeding............................................................... 335 Shock...................................................................................................................... 338 Allergic Reactions........................................................................................................ 340 us e The immune system................................................................................................ 340 Allergies.................................................................................................................. 340 Anaphylaxis............................................................................................................. 341 io n Brain-related Emergencies........................................................................................... 344 Nervous system...................................................................................................... 344 pe tit Stroke..................................................................................................................... 344 Head Injury............................................................................................................. 346 om Temperature-related Emergencies................................................................................ 348 Integumentary system............................................................................................ 349 C Sunburn.................................................................................................................. 349 Hypothermia........................................................................................................... 350 Heat exhaustion...................................................................................................... 351 Heat stroke............................................................................................................. 352 Musculoskeletal Injuries............................................................................................... 354 Musculoskeletal system........................................................................................... 354 Fractures................................................................................................................. 354 Sprains and strains.................................................................................................. 355 Dislocations............................................................................................................. 357 Immobilisation—slings............................................................................................. 358 Venomous Bites and Stings.......................................................................................... 361 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 7 of 479 Lymphatic system................................................................................................... 361 Bites and stings....................................................................................................... 362 Heat................................................................................................................... 362 Cold.................................................................................................................... 364 Vinegar............................................................................................................... 365 Pressure immobilisation technique...................................................................... 366 Venomous sea creatures......................................................................................... 368 Venomous land creatures........................................................................................ 380 Module 7 – Reflective Questions................................................................................... 382 Module 8 – Communication............................................................................................... 383 ly Communication............................................................................................................ 383 on Effective Communication......................................................................................... 384 Methods of Communication..................................................................................... 386 /2 4 Public Image................................................................................................................ 386 Verbal communication.................................................................................................. 387 20 23 Active listening skills............................................................................................... 389 Barriers to verbal communication............................................................................ 389 Non-verbal communication.......................................................................................... 391 n Body language........................................................................................................ 392 -s ea so Graphic communication............................................................................................... 393 Warning Signs......................................................................................................... 394 Information signs.................................................................................................... 394 Regulatory signs...................................................................................................... 395 Safety signs............................................................................................................ 396 us e Selecting an appropriate communication tool.............................................................. 398 Social media................................................................................................................ 400 Building relationships................................................................................................... 402 io n How to provide feedback......................................................................................... 403 Conflict resolution................................................................................................... 405 pe tit Communicating with an agitated person...................................................................... 406 Routine communications for lifesavers......................................................................... 408 Written instructions................................................................................................. 408 om Reports................................................................................................................... 408 Group communication............................................................................................. 408 C Module 8 – Reflective Questions................................................................................... 409 Module 9 – Spinal Management........................................................................................ 410 The Spinal Cord............................................................................................................ 410 Common causes of spinal cord injury........................................................................... 411 Classification and level of injury................................................................................... 412 Signs and Symptoms.................................................................................................... 414 Managing a victim with suspected spinal injury............................................................ 415 Extracting a victim with a suspected spinal injury (aquatic environment)................ 415 Managing the spinal victim’s airway........................................................................ 420 Providing spinal care............................................................................................... 421 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 8 of 479 Spinal care for children and infants......................................................................... 425 Log roll technique........................................................................................................ 426 Strapping and extrication............................................................................................ 428 Module 9 – Reflective Questions................................................................................... 429 Module 10 – P Patr atrol ol Operations.......................................................................................... 430 Patrolling the beach..................................................................................................... 430 Patrol uniforms............................................................................................................. 431 Preparing for patrol...................................................................................................... 432 Risk management........................................................................................................ 432 Communication and consultation............................................................................ 433 ly Identify hazards...................................................................................................... 434 on Assess risks............................................................................................................. 435 Control risks............................................................................................................ 436 /2 4 Monitor and review control measures...................................................................... 437 Team Briefing............................................................................................................... 438 20 23 Safety First.............................................................................................................. 439 Allocation of responsibilities.................................................................................... 440 Setting up the patrol area....................................................................................... 442 n Checking gear and equipment................................................................................. 443 -s ea so Patrolling the beach as a team..................................................................................... 447 Roles and responsibilities........................................................................................ 447 Patrolling methods.................................................................................................. 448 Working as part of a team....................................................................................... 452 Community Service................................................................................................. 453 us e Reporting incidents to the patrol captain................................................................. 454 Preventative actions................................................................................................ 455 Crowd control.......................................................................................................... 458 io n Working with inflatable rescue boats....................................................................... 459 Emergencies on patrol................................................................................................. 462 pe tit Search and rescue operations................................................................................. 462 Major emergencies.................................................................................................. 463 Closing the beach.................................................................................................... 464 om Working with other emergency services.................................................................. 465 Working with other powercraft in emergencies........................................................ 467 C Concluding patrol operations....................................................................................... 470 Team debrief........................................................................................................... 470 Other patrol resources................................................................................................. 471 Service agreements................................................................................................ 472 Standard operating procedures............................................................................... 472 Module 10 – Reflective Questions................................................................................. 473 Reflection Questions......................................................................................................... 475 Refer eferences ences....................................................................................................................... 478 (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 9 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly PSAR 35 A PDF version of this manual can be downloaded by current members from the SLSA Members Area. Foreword Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) is Australia’s peak coastal water safety, drowning prevention and rescue authority. SLSA is also one of many national aquatic lifesaving organisations from around the world that collectively form the International Life Saving Federation which establishes international best-practice strategies for improving drowning (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 10 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en prevention, water safety, lifesaving and lifesaving sports. With nearly 200,000 active members, Surf Life Saving is the largest volunteer movement in Australia. Made up of 315 surf lifesaving clubs, paid lifeguard services, emergency support operations and state and territory centres around the country, SLSA is a diverse and professional organisation protecting communities from as far north as Gove, to as far south as Clifton Beach. ly The breadth and depth of what we deliver makes us truly unique. We are: on A vital emergency service 4 An iconic Australian sport /2 Australia’s largest youth movement 20 23 An accredited national training organisation Vibrant community hubs -s ea so n Since SLSA was established in 1907, over 650,000 people have been rescued by surf lifesavers. Our volunteers are highly skilled and trained to international best practice standards in public safety and drowning prevention. Our standards are embedded within units of competency and qualifications that are part of the world-renowned Australian Quality Training Framework. pe tit io n us e The new 35th edition of the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual reflects our commitment to continuous improvement in surf lifesaving training techniques. Furthermore, it also reflects our commitment to making the lives of our volunteers easier through the increasing use of technology. C om John Baker ESM President Surf Life Saving Australia Preface Surf Life Saving Australia’s Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual 35th edition (PSAR35) is the most comprehensive training guide for surf lifesaving techniques in Australia. It is the key educational resource used to deliver the Surf Life Saving Australia Surf Rescue Certificate (SRC) and Bronze Medallion (BM) award courses providing key information, instructional videos and links necessary for completing the eLearning and practical requirements of the courses. Surf lifesavers throughout Australia will learn from it, teach from it and ultimately contribute to it. Its contents also provide base knowledge for further training in beach management, emergency care, training and assessing, surf sports (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 11 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en and powercraft operations The PSAR35 has been updated to meet current requirements following a Curriculum Review, recent changes in the Public Safety training package and changes to the Australian Resuscitation Council guidelines. The updates were informed by extensive consultation with SLS members, taking into account feedback from across the movement and content written by an expert committee. 4 on ly The PSAR35 has been developed in a new digital format. This has improved accessibility, will make the members learning experience more engaging and allow for timely updates. Lifesavers will now have the ability to access the PSAR35 on their devices at any time to refer to content, refresh their knowledge, share content and review updates to maintain the currency of their knowledge. The digital manual also complements new online self-paced training developed for the Surf Rescue Certificate and Bronze Medallion awards. n 20 23 /2 The PSAR35 has been and will continue to be benchmarked against competency standards from the public safety industry, specifically the Certificate II in Public Safety (Aquatic Rescue). This helps to ensure that our training and assessment standards remain current and of a high standard to meet the demands of our role as an emergency service and the preservation of life. io n om pe tit Chris Jacobson Chair, Lifesaving us e -s ea so To all those dedicated surf lifesavers who contributed to the review and development of the PSAR35, your efforts are invaluable and we extend our deepest appreciation on behalf of the movement. C Tracey Hare-Boyd Chair, Education Acknowledgements Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) would like to acknowledge the many staff and volunteers from every state/territory who contributed their time and expertise to support the development of this manual. Our appreciation goes in particular to the Editorial Panel: Tracey Hare-Boyd (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 12 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Andrew Hjorth Chris Jacobson Hayley Jay Elise McCorriston Roy Menner, Kevin Richardson Graham Sharpe Michael White ly And the following SLSA Committees: on SRC/BM Curriculum Working Group Lifesaving Advisory Committee /2 4 Lifesaving Management Committee 20 23 Education Advisory Committee Education Management Committee C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n PSAR35 Consultative Reference Group (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 13 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Module 1 – Introduction to Surf Life Saving Surf Life Saving (SLS) exists to save lives, create great Australians and build better communities. It is a unique not-for-profit cause that exists through donations, fundraising, corporate sponsorship and government grants. Since Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) was established in 1907, over 650,000 people have been rescued by our surf lifesavers SLSA is Australia’s peak coastal water safety, drowning prevention and rescue authority. on ly With over 170,000 members and 314 affiliated surf lifesaving clubs, SLSA represents the largest volunteer movement of its kind in the world. Our history /2 4 A brief history of surf bathing, lifeguarding and surf lifesaving in Australia 20 23 8 July 1818 A Sydney newspaper (Sydney Gazette) records the first surf drowning in Australia, at Bondi Beach. C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n Late 1800s Some basic lifesaving and rescue assistance are provided by surf brigades and councils. Early 1900s Daylight bathing bans (introduced in the mid- to late-1800s) are lifted and the earliest surf lifesaving clubs were formed in Sydney. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 14 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en 1906–07 Manly Council employs a lifeguard, Edward ‘Happy’ Eyre, who dons a water polo cap to identify himself on the beach when on duty. The idea was adopted by surf lifesaving clubs for competition and patrols. 18 October 1907 The Surf Bathing Association of NSW (SBANSW) is formed by a group of surf lifesaving clubs, swimming clubs and the Royal Life Saving Society. The association regulated and promoted matters relative to surf bathing and was the precursor to the organisation known today as Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA). om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly 1907 Reel, line and belt lifesaving equipment is introduced in Australia. C 1910 The first SLSA Bronze Medallions are awarded to five men from Sydney clubs. The Bronze Medallion becomes the basic qualification required to perform surf rescues. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 15 of 479 io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en om pe tit 20 Mar March ch 1915 The first Australian Surf Lifesaving Championships are held on Bondi Beach. This is now an annual event. C Mid-1930s The red and yellow colours are adopted from the maritime warning flag system for patrol caps (the diagonal red and yellow flag is the international maritime warning flag for ‘man overboard’). 1935 Red and yellow beach flags are introduced, replacing the earlier colours of blue and white. 6F February ebruary 1938 (‘Black Sunday’) Hundreds of swimmers are swept into the water at Bondi Beach. Roughly 250 were rescued, making this the biggest mass rescue in SLSA history. Sadly, five men died. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 16 of 479 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en -s ea so n 1939–45 (W (World orld W War ar II) Active surf lifesavers on military service overseas set up patrols on beaches in the Middle East and the Pacific, undertaking training sessions and instructing locals in surf rescue techniques. Back in Australia, women and schoolboys play an important role in ensuring that surf lifesaving clubs continued to operate. io n us e 1956 The Surf Life Saving Association of Australia joins with those of Ceylon, Great Britain, Hawaii, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA to establish the International Council of Surf Life Saving (ICSLS). om pe tit Mid-1960s Nippers programs are developed to provide surf skills training for children (boys only until females are admitted as members by SLSA in 1980). C 1970 The use of stinger suits is introduced to Northern Australia. 1970s Inflatable rescue boats (IRBs) are introduced for surf rescue work 1971 A meeting takes place in Sydney at which all affiliates to the ICSLS join to form a new, fully constituted organisation called World Life Saving (WLS). 1973 First use of oxygen equipment on patrol. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 17 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly 1980 Females are admitted as full patrolling members of surf lifesaving clubs for the first time. Today, almost 40 per cent of patrolling lifesavers are female. C om 1993 WLS and the Fédération Internationale de Sauvetage Aquatique (FIS) unite to become the International Life Saving Federation (ILS), with their headquarters in Leuven, Belgium. 1997 First successful use of a defibrillator by a volunteer surf lifesaver. 2007 Centenary of surf lifesaving; designated the ‘Year of the Surf Lifesaver’. 2015 The Australian Surf Life Saving Championships celebrates its 100th anniversary of the firstever staging of The Aussies in April. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 18 of 479 n -s ea so 2017 First ever drone-assisted rescue in the world. 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Drowning prevention strategies pe tit io n us e SLSA aims to base its drowning prevention strategies and programs on substantial evidence. Equally important is the use of research strategies to fill gaps in our knowledge and to discover new and effective strategies. SLSA collaborates with many research institutions to ensure that evidence is of a high quality, independently evaluated and of value to SLSA program and service improvement. SLSA has developed a ‘total service plan’ that outlines some initiatives for addressing each C om aspect of the International Life Saving Drowning Prevention Chain. This plan recognises that lifesavers need to be skilled in prevention, recognition, rescue and recovery strategies in order to effectively prevent drowning. Each module of this app links to one or more aspects of the Drowning Prevention Chain. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 19 of 479 -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en C om pe tit io n us e Lifesavers and Lifeguards Many members of the public ask what is the difference between surf lifesavers and lifeguards. Surf lifesavers are trained volunteers who patrol our beaches and provide beach (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 20 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en safety services on weekends and public holidays during the peak school holidays and summer season. They undertake a number of roles including aquatic rescues, providing first aid and emergency care, and providing surf safety information to the public. Lifeguards are paid employees undertaking patrols at a beach or another aquatic environment. The Australian Lifeguard Service (ALS) is the national lifeguard provider of beach and pool lifeguard services to government councils and land managers across Australia. You can refer to the Australian Lifeguard Service website for more information on lifeguarding in Australia. on ly For simplicity in this manual, lifesaver is used to refer to both lifesavers and lifeguards except when there is a point of difference between the two. 20 23 /2 4 SLSA Governance and Organisational Structure C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n As one of the largest volunteer organisations in Australia, we depend on the contribution of our volunteer members for everything from patrolling beaches, to providing input for the strategic direction for the organisation. Thanks to its members, SLSA has evolved over time into a highly federated and geographically dispersed organisation, made up of surf lifesaving clubs, regional branches (in New South Wales and Queensland), state centres, support operations (regional rescue and response teams), as well as paid lifeguard services. Refer to the SLSA website or the SLSA Annual Report for more information. As one of Australia’s largest volunteer movement, SLS has several committees at every level of the organisation to ensure volunteer representation in key decisions. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 21 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Committees may comprise of SLS staff and/or volunteer members. Some committees cast votes to make changes in the strategic direction of SLS, while other committees provide recommendations for consideration, e.g., WHS committees. Refer to your SLS state centre, branch and/or club’s annual report for more information on the structure and function of your local SLS workplace committees. us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Training and Education C om pe tit io n There are multiple entry-level qualifications for being a lifesaver and SLS training opportunities for you to maintain your effectiveness as a lifesaver. Refer to your patrol captain or SLS state centre website for more information on courses and training opportunities available in your state as well as any prerequisite and proficiency requirements. You can supply feedback on training through your surf lifesaving club’s chief training officer or by contacting SLSA directly and speaking with a member of the Learning and Development team. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 22 of 479 -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en us e Progression and competition opportunities C om pe tit io n Many potential employers and members of the community recognise the skills and positive values that volunteer lifesavers uphold. Getting involved in SLS activities, progressing through SLS pathways and participating in other SLS training or leadership programs can lead to various career and competition opportunities, both within Australia and internationally. There are also opportunities at every level of the organisation to progress as a volunteer or paid staff member. Refer to any of the SLS entity’s websites for information on what further options are available. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 23 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Module 1 – Reflection Questions Now that you have completed this module, read through the following reflection questions. If you find yourself answering ‘no’ or ‘not sure’ to any of them, you may wish to go back and review the relevant content or speak with your trainer for clarification. 1. Are you familiar with the different ways in which Surf Life Saving works to reduce drowning? ly 2. Do you know how your SLS club fits into the national organisation and how decisions are made in your SLS club and state centre? on 3. Are you aware of the different award pathways and training opportunities available to you? C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 4. Do you know who is available to support you in your role at your SLS club? (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 24 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Module 2 – Safety and Wellbeing Safety and wellbeing Work Health and Safety Workplace injury and illness Physical Health Mental Health Member protection on ly Module 2 – Reflection Questions /2 4 Safety and wellbeing 20 23 Your surf lifesaving club (or lifeguard base), the beach and the aquatic environment are seen as your workplace. As such, all SLS members have a shared duty of care under Australia’s Work Health and Safety (WHS) legislation to ensure the health and safety of themselves and others, as is reasonably practicable. -s ea so n As part of SLSA’s commitment to health and safety, this manual outlines some of the safety responsibilities involved in surf lifesaving and what can be done to minimise the risk of injury or illness in the surf lifesaving work environment. Safety induction io n us e You must participate in an induction as part of your safety awareness training and as per your surf lifesaving club or service’s work health and safety management plan. This should be done before participating in any SLS activities. Your induction should cover all the points listed on the SLSA Club Member Induction Checklist, which is available in the SLS Members C om pe tit Area Document Library. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 25 of 479 C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 26 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Safety signage C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly The Australian Standard 1319-1994 Safety signs for the occupational environment specifies several signs that relate to safety. Look for these signs in and around your surf lifesaving club. Read and understand their safety messages before taking appropriate action. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 27 of 479 C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Work Health and Safety There are many forms of WHS legislation with supporting documents relevant to WHS in surf lifesaving clubs. Both state/territory and federal legislation cover WHS matters. SLSA is guided by the following in establishing its WHS related policies and guidelines: (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 28 of 479 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en 20 23 Acts — statutes or laws passed by both houses of an Australian or state parliament where appropriate. Regulations — rules that specify in great detail how to comply with an Act. Regulations are legally binding documents. -s ea so n Standar Standards ds — authoritative guides to best practice; in some cases, they are legally binding when incorporated into legislation. Codes of practice — practical guidance about one or more ways of achieving legal requirements under the WHS Act and regulations. They are also the minimum standards of WHS that should be complied within a workplace. us e Policies — official documents adopted by SLSA and its entities that outline the rules that must be followed within a specific area of the organisation. io n Guidelines — streamline certain processes according to what is best practice when specific policies or standards do not apply. pe tit Standar Standard d operating pr procedur ocedures es ((SOP SOPs) s) — step-by-step instructions on how to complete tasks to enact policies, standards and guidelines. These are what you will see and follow in your day-to-day operations at your surf lifesaving club. C om Copies of SLS policies, guidelines and standard operating procedures (SOPs) are available to access via the SLS Members Area Document Library. You should familiarise yourself with them. Monitor the SLS Members Area News and Events for any updates made to policies before June each year. Work Health and Safety Act 2011 The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act 2011) law requires that organisations protect the health, safety and welfare of all workers (including volunteers) and other people in the workplace. It defines health to mean both physical and psychological health. The WHS Act 2011 also requires that all people are protected from hazards arising from work, so much as is reasonably practicable. State and territory WHS regulators can impose penalties when organisations or individuals do not comply with this law. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 29 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Work Health and Safety Act 2011 The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act 2011) law requires that organisations protect the health, safety and welfare of all workers (including volunteers) and other people in the workplace. It defines health to mean both physical and psychological health. The WHS Act 2011 also requires that all people are protected from hazards arising from work, so much as is reasonably practicable. State and territory WHS regulators can impose penalties when organisations or individuals do not comply with this law. om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Duty of Care C Australian WHS legislation requires organisations such as SLSA and its entities to offer a duty of care to ensure, so much as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of people who carry out activities in the workplace. ‘A volunteer officer’ (someone who makes, or participates in making, decisions that affect the whole, or a substantial part, of the organisation’s activities) generally cannot be prosecuted for failing to comply with their officer duties under the WHS Act 2011. A volunteer officer can, however, be prosecuted in their capacity as a volunteer worker just like any other worker if they fail to take reasonable care regarding their health and safety or that of others. Some incidents should be immediately notified to your state/territory WHS regulator. In (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 30 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en some instances, an incident or injury scene may need to be preserved as per your local SOPs. Your designated club safety officer will facilitate this. us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Duty to Rescue pe tit io n Where a lifesaving or lifeguarding service is provided, team members on duty have a certain level of responsibility to beachgoers. While lifesavers and lifeguards do not have an automatic duty to rescue someone, there are some guiding principles that need to be taken into consideration at the time of any incident(s). om Are you putting yourself in unnecessary danger? Do you have the skills to perform the rescue? C Do you have the equipment you need? Is the person(s) asking for help? Is it foreseeable that the person(s) will need help? Is it reasonable to render assistance? If you are off duty, you have no legal duty of care to stop and render assistance to any person requiring assistance. If you do, the ‘Good Samaritan’ laws in your state should offer some protection. Nearly all Australian states and territories have in place Good Samaritan legislation to ensure that people who step forward to provide emergency medical assistance are not held legally liable for their actions provided they act in good faith. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 31 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Whether you are on or off duty, you should take care to do only what is within the limits of your ability and training. WHS Responsibilities All SLS members have a shared duty of care under Australia’s WHS legislation to ensure the health and safety of themselves and others within their surf lifesaving clubs, so much as is reasonably practicable. on ly Responsibilities of all SLS entities Establish and monitor risk management procedures. 4 Consult widely on WHS issues and resolve them promptly. /2 Investigate surf lifesaving incidents and accidents. 20 23 Implement and maintain the injury reporting system and strategies. Maintain a safe work environment with clear safety rules and updates. -s ea so Provide safety training and education. n Promote a culture of safety and wellbeing. Provide access to safety equipment necessary to perform specific activities. Support the development of systems for managing critical incidents and stress. Support rehabilitation and return-to-duty procedures for injured members. C om pe tit io n us e For more information on the responsibilities of various roles within a surf lifesaving club, refer to the SLSA Club Responsibility Matrix, which is available in the SLS Members Area Document Library. Responsibilities of all SLS members Act responsibly within your limits and with care for yourself and others while (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 32 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en promoting a culture of safety and wellbeing. Comply with SLS policies at all levels of the organisation. Control and provide feedback on hazards identified. Follow safety guidelines, SOPs and the safety directions of your patrol captain or club officers. Report any injury, illness, near-miss incident or faulty equipment as soon as possible to your patrol captain or relevant club officer. Stay informed and up to date with changes within the SLS organisation that impact on your role as a lifesaver. on ly Use all equipment safely, correctly and for the job for which it is intended. 20 23 /2 4 SLS members must also participate in annual skills maintenance sessions before 31 December each year (or 31 July in the Northern Territory) to develop and maintain their own expertise, demonstrate they are fit to save a life and maintain SLS award proficiency. C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n Environmental management and sustainability (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 33 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en The beach and aquatic environment are also considered part of a lifesaver’s work environment. Currently Australia’s coastal environment is experiencing the impacts of climate change, such as heatwaves, sand erosion and inundation from extreme weather conditions. It is also impacted by an increasing number of pollutants making their way into the ocean. You can help ensure our coastal environment remains clean and safe for yourself, beachgoers and marine life by adapting to climate change and following the 5 Rs of sustainability: ly Refuse on Reduce Reuse 4 Repurpose 20 23 /2 Recycle You should also dispose of your rubbish responsibly. Personal Hygiene Environmental hygiene Personal protective equipment -s ea so n Hygiene C om pe tit io n us e Personal Hygiene (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 34 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Personal hygiene is important to ensure the safety of yourself and others. Listed below are ways to make sure you meet the highest standards of personal hygiene. ✓ DO Always be clean and presentable, e.g., long hair tied back. Wash your hands regularly, especially before and after activities such as treating a victim, eating or handling garbage. Avoid contact with other people’s body fluids, e.g., blood from a victim. Cover open cuts or wounds C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Use single-use items when providing resuscitation or first aid if available, e.g., a resuscitation mask. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 35 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Environmental hygiene C Environmental hygiene is about keeping your workplace clean and tidy to avoid conditions that allow disease-causing bacteria and vermin to thrive. Everyone should: ✓ DO clean and maintain all work premises and equipment regularly control pests and vermin follow correct storage and waste removal procedures follow all workplace health and safety requirements, e.g., safe food and manual handling (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 36 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en protect food and water from biological contamination use sharps containers for the disposal of needles and sharp objects. us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Personal protective equipment pe tit environment are : io n Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used by SLS members to further reduce risk during SLS operational activities. Some common examples of PPE used in the SLS operating om helmets, which are required to be worn by all rescue water craft (RWC) operators and are optional and encouraged for inflatable rescue boat (IRB) operators on lifesaving duties C lifejackets (also known as a personal flotation device or PFD), which must be used by all powercraft operators and crew patrol uniforms (See Patrol uniforms) single-use gloves and resuscitation masks sunglasses, sunscreen and hats wetsuits and long-sleeved shirts. It is crucial that PPE meets industry standards to ensure the validity of its safety features. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 37 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Workplace injury and illness io n Common causes of workplace injury and illness pe tit Unsafe work conditions and practices can lead to injury, illness or even death. This is in addition to property, reputation or environmental damage. C om Types of hazards (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 38 of 479 pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en om More information about the different hazard categories and how to manage hazards is available in the SLSA Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs located in the SLS Members Area Document Library. C Examples of hazards The following are examples of common hazards that are a source of potential harm in a lifesaving environment: (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 39 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en on ly Accidents -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 An accident is an unexpected event that results in or creates the possibility of an injury or damage to property. Both accidents and near-miss incidents give warning that there is something in a work process that needs to be investigated and possibly changed. Failure to do this may lead to the accident recurring or a more serious accident. All accidents and near-miss incidents should be taken into account and reported to the patrol captain and logged appropriately. Accidents outside duty hours using service equipment should also be recorded by an officer. C om pe tit io n us e Fatigue Fatigue is the state of extreme tiredness. It is a common contributing factor to workplace injuries and tends to be cumulative. Many different physical and/or psychological conditions can cause fatigue, including poor work conditions, anxiety, depression and impaired sleep. Effective treatment for fatigue will depend on its cause. You can manage fatigue using various control measures such as developing healthy sleep habits, eating a healthy diet and doing regular physical activity. Between six to eight hours of quality sleep is recommended in every 24-hour period. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 40 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en on ly Faulty equipment 20 23 /2 4 Equipment needs to be well maintained so that it is not hazardous. Damaged rescue boards, broken propeller guards on IRB motors and patrol enclosures in disrepair are all examples of hazards. All breakdowns or faulty equipment must be reported and then repaired by a qualified person prior to use. pe tit io n us e -s ea so n Hazardous manual tasks C om Many manual handling injuries that result from hazardous manual tasks are not caused by a single handling accident, but rather, they build up over a period of time. A hazardous manual task is any task that requires a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any person, animal or thing. Age, posture, level of fitness, body strength, medical history, workplace environment, poor ergonomic design, as well as one’s attitude to self-safety are all factors that will contribute over time to a person’s risk of injury (especially to their back, hands, arms and feet). (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 41 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en on ly Incorrect storage of equipment 20 23 /2 4 Lifesaving equipment, goods and fuel need to be stored correctly to prevent them from becoming a hazard as well as meeting some legislative requirements, e.g., Australian Standard AS 1940:2017- The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids. Follow your local SOPs, which may be accessed online via the SLS Members Area Document Library. Good judgement should be used when storing equipment, for example: -s ea so n fuel and hazardous substances should always be correctly labelled, stored securely away from children and in accordance with directions on the safety data sheet (SDS) heavy items should be stored on the bottom, lighter items on the top milk crates and boxes should not be used to support the weight of IRBs, or as shelves or ladders io n us e storage areas should have strong shelves suitable for the equipment that they are holding. C om pe tit Incorrect use of rescue equipment Rescue equipment and patrol items should be used only by SLS members and in designated (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 42 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en areas. Training areas should be set up with adequate signage and in an area that will not cause harm to the public. SLS members learning new skills such as board paddling or IRB driving must be particularly careful. Wetsuit cords and long hair should be tucked away where possible to ensure that they do not get caught in any equipment. n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Organic substances C om pe tit Obstructions io n us e -s ea so Organic substances such as food, body fluid, microorganisms, toxins and viruses can present a threat to living organisms, such as humans. The use of PPE such as gloves, masks and safety glasses when providing first aid, resuscitation or preparing food assists in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Any equipment that comes into contact with bodily fluids should be disposed of correctly (e.g., using sharps containers, hazardous waste bags) or washed and disinfected where appropriate. You should also maintain high levels of personal hygiene. Obstructions can cause harm, with or without direct contact. For example, equipment piled in fire exits or in stairwells may cause a delay in your response to control a fire hazard. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 43 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Poor attitude Actions taken as a result of an individual’s poor attitude and decisions regarding their safety and that of their fellow SLS members is considered a behavioural hazard. You should always follow organisational policies and procedures as well as lead by example to promote a culture of safety first. -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Spills and slippery surfaces us e A spill such as water, food, oils or powercraft fuel on the floor can be hazardous. Rock surfaces and pool walkways may also be very slippery and hazardous, especially when a quick response is needed. Slips, trips and falls result in thousands of preventable injuries every year. C om pe tit io n Surf environment Working outdoors for long periods of time can subject you to long periods of sun exposure and extremes of temperature (hot or cold). The surf environment also creates a unique blend of hazards in the form of waves, shallow water and sandbanks, rocks, potholes, marine creatures, aquatic equipment, other surfers or swimmers and rip currents. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 44 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Dangerous marine creatures Many interactions with dangerous marine creatures are sporadic and unpredictable, while others are regular threats that require constant risk management. Tropical Marine Stingers 20 23 /2 4 on ly The tropical waters north of Bundaberg in Queensland and on through the Northern Territory to Exmouth in Western Australia are home to some of the world’s most dangerous marine stingers. These include in particular the Irukandji and the box jellyfish, which have tentacles equipped with millions of nematocysts, or stinging cells, which have a tiny harpoon attached to a venom-filled bulb. These nematocysts are triggered when they come into contact with chemicals found on the skin. The venom injected negatively impacts a victim’s heart, nervous system and skin cells. C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n Identification Lifesavers may also inform the public that these box jellyfish are often not far from their (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 45 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en food source such as sea lice felt in the water and clusters of salps, which look like crushed glass or ice at the high tide line. The stinger peak season is October to May. Risk Management The following are examples of control measures that can be taken in order of effectiveness as per the hierarchy of controls: avoid the open ocean during peak stinger season ly discontinue beach activities (beach closure) on use stinger resistant swimming enclosures (swimming nets) conduct stinger drags 4 display signage /2 wear PPE such as lycra or neoprene full body wetsuits, gloves and neoprene boots 20 23 ensure the availability of vinegar on patrol and in first aid kits. C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n Swimming nets are used to protect the patrolled area in some tropical waters during the stinger peak season, and the water is constantly tested prior to the start and end of patrol by conducting ‘stinger drags’ to assess the presence of marine stingers. Refer to your local SOPs for more information about managing marine stingers in tropical waters. Actions in the event of a sting Pain from a box jellyfish sting is almost immediate and there is a characteristic ‘ladder pattern’ on a stung area. Death from their sting can occur within 2–3 minutes. Severe (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 46 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en generalised pain from an Irukandji sting may occur 5–40 minutes after a sting and you may see a faint red mark develop. Other signs and symptoms as well as treatment of marine envenomation are covered in your first aid training. Sharks and crocodiles -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Sharks and crocodiles are ambush predators and opportunistic feeders. There are many types of sharks around Australia; most pose little threat to humans. Freshwater and estuarine crocodiles are known to inhabit the tidal areas and inland waterways of northern Australia. pe tit io n us e Safety advice and risk management regarding sharks and crocodiles aim to avoid encounters with these marine creatures. As a lifesaver you should keep watch for any sign of sharks or crocodiles. You can adopt an elevated surveillance position and wear polarised sunglasses to increase your effective vision over a greater distance. If you are in a region known to have saltwater crocodiles, you should also frequently check for slide marks on the shoreline and maintain surveillance of the water around the red and yellow flags to avoid encounters. C om Risk management To reduce the chances of encountering sharks, you should avoid swimming: at dawn and dusk at river mouths or in murky, discoloured or brackish water in or around schools of fish. Throughout northern Australia there are warning signs placed at access points to waterways where crocodiles might live. Refer to your local government’s ‘crocwise’ website for more information on how to avoid a crocodile encounter. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 47 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en Actions on sighting If you sight a shark or crocodile, you should follow your local SOPs and: ✓ DO request all swimmers leave the water record as much detail as possible regarding your sighting, e.g., size, behaviour, presence of fish. 4 on ly 20 23 attempt to kill or capture the creature -s ea so n /2 ✖ DO NOT Actions in the event of a shark or crocodile bite pe tit io n us e Shark and crocodile bites can result in massive tissue damage and severe blood loss. You want to safely bring the victim to shore as soon as possible to apply first aid as per your training and arrange for advanced emergency care. You should continue to manage risks and work effectively as a member of your patrol team at every stage of a shark or crocodile response plan. C om Refer to your local SOPs for more information about actions to take in the event of a shark or crocodile sighting, encounter or bite. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 48 of 479 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en 20 23 Manual Handling -s ea so n Everyone should follow safe manual handling practices. You may injure yourself, harm others or cause equipment damage if you do not handle and manoeuvre victims or equipment safely. A risk assessment should be done before any new manual handling task to help you minimise the risk of sustaining or aggravating an injury. us e A typical workplace injury is to the lower back, caused by incorrect lifting or handling of heavy, awkward or large objects. Heavy items should be transported with the assistance of other people or with the assistance of devices such as a trolley, trailer, side-by-side vehicle (SSV) or another vehicle. Objects like a surfboat, fully laden IRB, outboard motor and IRB floorboards are particularly heavy and/or awkward, and they require careful handling and C om pe tit io n manoeuvring. Conduct the lifting and carrying of victims by following your training available in the Rescue module of this manual. The use of team carries and spinal boards is recommended for a victim who is not able to move themselves. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 49 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly How to Lift us e https://www.youtube.com/embed/MWqwY3NqXUw?rel=0 io n It is important that the environment or area that you are required to lift in is safe. This will depend upon things such as: pe tit how far you have to carry equipment or goods the size and weight of mobile equipment om the number of obstructions along the transport route the storage method of the equipment C the terrain you have to negotiate where and how equipment is laid out. Below is a set of steps that describes how to lift correctly and with care. Follow these steps when lifting heavy items on your own or with two or more people. 1. Face in the direction of where you intend to lift. 2. Bend the knees and crouch down, with a straight back. 3. Balance with a wide base of support and take hold of the object securely. 4. Keep the load close to the body wherever possible. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 50 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en 5. One person coordinates and calls the lift if two or more people are lifting. 6. Brace your stomach muscles and, while keeping your back in a neutral position, lift the object using your legs. Refer to the SLSA Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs in the SLS Members Area Document Library for more information on manual handling. pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Lifting Equipment C om The guidelines below should be followed for heavy surf lifesaving equipment when a ‘straight lift and short carry’ is required. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 51 of 479 -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en https://www.youtube.com/embed/a4EzZMsV78g?rel=0 us e Please be aware that there may be various state/territory regulations that specify lifting and carrying limits. C om pe tit io n Refer to the SLSA Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs for more information on lifting equipment safely. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 52 of 479 C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 53 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Personal Injury io n us e All surf lifesavers and lifeguards are entitled to make a claim under workers compensation or equivalent insurance in the event of sustaining a personal injury while performing their duties. om pe tit Members injured in the course of their duties need to follow their surf lifesaving club or service’s injury management and reporting processes. Your club safety officer (or elected WHS representative) oversees these processes. Although each state/territory in Australia has a slightly different reporting system in place, the end result is the same. C Personal Injury Reporting (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 54 of 479 C om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en If your injury is a significant one, you may be eligible to complete a worker’s compensation form. Significant injuries are those which: require hospital admission or ongoing medical management interrupt your paid working life or school/university studies. Your club safety officer will provide you with the necessary information to complete this form and assist you with your application. Any member recovering from a significant injury or illness may not be able to return to (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 55 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en duties or participate in surf sports activities until the club safety officer receives a final ‘fit to return to duties’ declaration form (aka ‘certificate of capacity’) from their treating medical practitioner. Refer to the SLSA Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs for more information about personal injury management and return to surf duties. Physical Health on ly Being physically active and limiting your sedentary behaviour every day is essential to develop and maintain your overall physical and mental wellbeing. /2 creating opportunities for meeting new people and socialising 4 The benefits of regular physical activity include: 20 23 enhancing overall quality of life helping build and maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints to reduce the risk of injury n helping prevent or manage mental health problems -s ea so reducing the risk of many preventable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. us e The Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines produced by the Australian Department of Health recommends the following advice for adults. Be active most days every week—every day is preferable. io n Accumulate 150 to 300 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both moderate and vigorous activities, each week. pe tit Do muscle strengthening activities on at least 2 days each week. C om The full guidelines also recommend minimising and breaking up long periods of sedentary behaviour, such as sitting. Fortunately, the surf lifesaving environment provides the perfect background for those wanting to adopt a healthy lifestyle. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 56 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Fitness levels for lifesaving/lifeguarding io n us e It is important to maintain an appropriate level of physical health and fitness to ensure the safety of yourself as well as those for whom you hold a duty of care. SLSA follows the minimum standards of fitness testing set out by the International Life Saving Federation (ILS). Each patrolling member must take part in an annual skills maintenance session to pe tit demonstrate they meet the minimum fitness levels for duty. C om SLSA has special provisions that allow those with permanent and limiting disabilities to take part in varying levels of activity. SLS members who wish to continue to undertake lifesaving activities while pregnant should refer to SLSA Member Support Guideline available in the SLSA Members Area Document Library. Speak with your patrol captain before commencing patrol, or your trainer before commencing training activities, if you have any concerns relating to your level of fitness to perform lifesaving activities. Alcohol and Drugs Alcohol, drugs and aquatic activities do not mix. Although the effects vary from person to person, there are some common effects that place both lifesavers and victims at risk. Depressants such as alcohol and cannabis can affect concentration and coordination. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 57 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en They can lower inhibitions and slow down one’s ability to respond to emergency situations. They are also known to cause drowsiness, vomiting, unconsciousness and even death. Stimulants such as amphetamines, nicotine and ecstasy are known to cause anxiety and panic attacks, seizures, stomach cramps, aggression and paranoia. ly As part of your duty of care, you should minimise alcohol intake the night before duty, as blood alcohol concentration remains high for 12 to 20 hours after the last drink. You should also ensure that you are not under the influence of any drugs that may affect your performance while on duty. on For more information about preventing and minimising the harm caused by alcohol and other drugs, refer to the Alcohol and Drug Foundation. om pe tit io n us e -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 Cigarette Smoking C Smoking tobacco is a major risk factor linked to several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, lung disease and many known cancers. The associated respiratory distress caused by the irritants in cigarette smoke and secondhand smoke will drastically affect your health and ability to perform a rescue. Smoking is banned in many public spaces including parks and beaches in some states. SLSA does not allow members to smoke while undertaking their lifesaving duties, participating in special events and other official activities such as coaching, officiating and attending meetings. All SLS work and storage areas, vehicles and craft are smoke-free zones. (c) 2023 Surf Life Saving Australia - this version of the PSAR35 manual is for competition use only. Page 58 of 479 Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue training manual - 35th Edition_en -s ea so n 20 23 /2 4 on ly Diet and Hydration Eating a healthy and well-balanced diet can help give you the physical and mental energy to perform in the role of a lifesaver. io n us e There are many sources of dietary advice and many surf lifesaving clubs have qualified sports coaches who can provide basic dietary guidance. Current Australian dietary guidelines from the National Health and Medical Research Council can be found at eatforhealth.gov.au. Those with special needs should seek advice from a qualified nutritionist. pe tit Dehydration of as little as two per cent loss of body weight results in impaired physiological C om responses and performance. Lifesavers often patrol in hot conditions, so maintaining hydration is important for them in keeping well, and in preventing fatigue. If you are thirsty, you are already dehydrated and need to replace fluids and electrolytes quickly. Other signs and symptoms of dehydration that affect your ability to rescue include cramps in any muscle, headaches and nausea. Water is the primary replacement fluid; however, rehydration fluids and sports drinks are suitable in moderation. Current recommendations of water intake by life stage and gender can be found at nrv.gov.au/nutrients/water. Medication Medications can sometimes cause unwanted or unexpected side effects, which may influence your ability to participate in a rescue. You can try to avoid side effects by taking (c) 2023 S

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