Great Expectations (PDF) - Victorian Novel

1 Victorian Age: The Victorian era was between (1832-1900). It was the age of extremes ; the working classes were poor , and lived and worked in terrible circumstances ; the middle classes grew rich and comfortable. There were double standards in this society. Many writers used their works to sho...

1 Victorian Age: The Victorian era was between (1832-1900). It was the age of extremes ; the working classes were poor , and lived and worked in terrible circumstances ; the middle classes grew rich and comfortable. There were double standards in this society. Many writers used their works to show that although on the surface this was a successful society, below the surface there were many problems. In the Victorian period, the novel became the most popular and important literary form all over the world. Novelists created a fashion for the series novel , published in monthly parts. This fashion went on for most of the rest of the century. ,When the novels were later published in novel form, readers borrowed them from libraries. In the early years of the century, the novels didn't cause offence. They were often historical. Then, with the novels of Charles Dickens, a social concern with the problems of the society of the time enters the novel. Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the late 1830s and soon became probably the most famous novelist in the history of English literature. Dickens fiercely satirized various aspects of society, including the failure of the legal system and the dehumanizing effect of money. The suffering of children were a main theme of dickens' writing. He wanted education for all children , and shows his readers the kind of problems children had in the cities, where poor people had no chance to share in the success of the nation. He made his readers aware of many of the problems of Victorian Society. Dickens went on to write novels which criticized society in a more general way. But, when he came to write another partly auto-biographical story, Great Expectations , there is a scene that the ending will not be so happy; there is a feeling of disappointment , that hopes will not be met , and that the earlier ideals have been false. Even the title is ironic _ the expectations or hopes of Philip are certainly not great. 2 Great Expectations : The Story Behind the Story: Seeing the autobiographical nature of Great Expectations is easy with the knowledge that Dickens , like Pip, once lived in the marsh country , was employed in a job he despised, and experienced success in London at an early age. Some critics argue that Estella, in name and spirit , is an amalgam of Ellen Lawless Ternan, a 20- year- old actress with whom Dickens had an affair following his divorce. Although like Pip and Estella, Dickens and Ternan were united in the end , Great Expectations' original ending was considerably more melancholy. After finishing the last installment of the book in June 1861 , the exhausted Dickens brought the proofs to his friend, the novelist Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton. Lytton argued that the Dickens' first and considerably shorter ending in which Pip encounters Estella remarried and unambiguously leaves her forever would be too disappointing for readers. In a letter to John Forster , Dickens wrote, "I have put in as pretty a little piece of writing as I could, and I have no doubt that the story will be more acceptable through the alteration." When the novel was published as a whole that July , critics had different opinions on the revised ending, but the novel was a tremendous commercial success. A century and a half later, few remember that the novel once closed with a remarried Estella's encounter with Pip on a Piccadilly Street and their final, unambiguous parting soon after. Today the novel is popular well read and widely taught. "This was the author's last great work, " wrote Swinburne. " the defects in it are as nearly imperceptible as spots on the sun or shadows on a sunlit sea." 3 List of Characters: Pip , the protagonist of the novel, is an orphan living with Mr. and Mrs. Joe Gargery, his sister and brother in- law. Estella, the adopted charge of Miss Havisham , has been raised with the intention of enacting her guardian's revenge on men. An heiress and the owner of Satis House, Miss Havisham employs young Pip and delights watching him play with Estella. Soon she decides that Pip will suffer the wrongs she herself endured when her marriage was called off only minutes before the ceremony. Joe Gargery, is an honest , earnest blacksmith and Pip's brother -in law, who endures marriage to a shrill woman without complaint. Mrs. Joe is Pip's sister, more than twenty years his elder, who never loses a chance to remind her charge that she "brought him up by hand." Dissatisfied with her situation in life, and often shrill, and jealous. Magwitch, a convict who worked with and was later betrayed by Compeyson. An educated , gentlemanly criminal and former associate of Magwitch , Compeyson uses his looks and his manners to shift blame to Magwitch during a trial, he also uses his wiles to attract Miss Havisham and eventually to jilt her. Pumblechook, Joe's uncle, is a merchant obsessed with money and possessions. he first delivers Pip to Miss Havisham's house. Pip's dark shadow throughout the book, Orlick first works as a day laborer in Joe's forge and later works as a porter at Satis House. Jaggers is an intimidating and prominent criminal lawyer in London who assumes the role of Pip's legal guardian. Cold and cruel with his clients and frugal with his emotions and lifestyle. Wemmick, is Jagger's middle- aged clerk, who divides his life into two compartments; the professional life and his personal life. Pip must seek him out at home in order to get the advice for which he is looking. Wemmick is in love with the middle- aged Miss Skiffins. 4 Pip first encounters Herbert Pocket_ the son of Miss Havisham's cousin, Matthew Pocket_ as a "pale young gentleman" lurking in the courtyard at Satis House. Pip lives with Herbert ; the two become close companions. Matthew Pocket is one of Pip's tutors and a chief civilizing force from his life. He has become estranged from his family because of his pragmatism at a time when Miss Havisham was giving large amounts of money to the man who eventually jilted her. One of Pip's first confidantes, Biddy helps Pip with his lessons and he is put at ease by her simple, earnest, humility. Drummle is one of Pip's classmates and an old-looking young man of a heavy order of architecture. Drummle courts Estella and eventually marries her. Startop is Pip's other classmate , who has younger, more delicate features and mannerisms and is extremely devoted to his mother. Magwitch's former lover, Molly bore his daughter, who is later revealed to be Estella. She is acquitted of murder, at which point Estella is placed in the care of Miss Havisham and Molly becomes Jaggers' housekeeper. Arthur: Miss Havisham's half- brother and a partner to Compeyson. He and Compeyson had once schemed to get Miss Havisham's fortune, but at the last moment, Compeyson jilted her. Mr. Wopsle is a church clerk and frustrated preacher. Miss Skiffins is Wemmick's beloved, and eventual wife... We will start reading the novel. My father's family name being Pirrip , and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So , I called myself Pip , and came to be called Pip. As we see, Great Expectations begins with Pip , the protagonist, introducing himself to the readers. He is the hero of the novel who is unable to say his proper name and called himself (Pip), so he was called by the same name. The 5 novel also begins with (my) the possessive adjective narrating by Pip which means that it is first- person retrospective. Pip is looking back over things in the past as now an adult. He looks back on his life, so readers are able to get glimpses of where he came and what he has learned. Since Pip is an adult , he is able to look more lightheartedly at events from the past. He acknowledges his mistakes, relates events and then interprets them through hindsight. We are left here to determine whether we can trust his interpretations however the audience is forced to like the narrator, to trust him, and to sympathize with him. It is important to notice that the narrative point of view is first- person retrospective , which helps to recreate the past with a vivid sense of immediacy and to comment on it, often ironically from the stand point of a man who is older, wiser, and sadder. So , we have our protagonist, Pip, whose proper name is Philip Pirrip, but he calls himself (Pip). I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and my sister_ Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of them ( for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like , were unreasonably He is an orphan child who doesn't see his family and doesn't know how they look like. Because he is now an adult , he realizes that he unreasonably has visualized what they were like. So, Pip relates his past , and he comments on it from the standpoint of a natural man. He has no family except for his sister who is married to a blacksmith with whom he lives. Here we have nothing to do but to sympathize with this young orphan child. square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the Above," I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little stone lozenges , each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers 6 of mine _ who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle_ I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers pockets, and had never taken them out in this state of existence. As a child , he has visualized what his family were like from the shape of the letters written on their grave tombstones. He imagines that his father was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair, while his mother was freckled and sickly. And because they died at a young age, he imagines that his little brothers were born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets. The opening of the novel is a perfect example of the tragic and comic moods. Description of Pip's childhood shows the comic and tragic nature of the novel. We have tragic moods when we see young Pip lonely in a cemetery surrounded by his dead family. At the same time, there is lighthearted comedy; we can't miss his sense of humor in Pip's description of himself and his family. In fact, Dickens conceived his novel as a tragicomedy. Let's see how he describes the setting of the novel: Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening. At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip , late of the parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above , were dead and buried ; and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it , was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. Pip describes who he began to recognize the world around him. He begins to identify things around him such as the churchyard, his father , mother, brothers , and finally himself. He describes himself as ( small bundle of shivers). he is like a newborn baby. Moreover, it is worth noting that the last three clauses of 7 the paragraph contain metaphors. The first of the three is a visual metaphor, reflecting Pip's physical viewpoint and perhaps suggesting a horizontal line drown by a lead pencil; the second is an animal metaphor , rendering the wind as some kind of a wild animal, and the sea as its liar; the third makes him into a bundle of shivers). Then out of a sudden, Pip will experience a shock. " hold your nose!" cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves at the side of the church porch. " keep still, you little devil, or I'll cut your throat!" Not only Pip ,but also we as readers also are experiencing a shock. We are with Pip's descriptions and out of a sudden we recognize that there is another person shouting there. A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lambed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered ,and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Dickens scares the readers by introducing a new character after a long poetic passage. This is the first vivid description of our new character who is Magwitch. We are able to visualize him through Pip's eyes and description. Dickens has been described as a very cinematic writer, ready for movies long before movies were ready for him. This explains the level of popularity that Dickens' novels have achieved in the areas of film and television. So, how does pip react? "O! Don't cut my throat, Sir," I pleaded in terror. " Pray don't do it, Sir." "Tell us your name!" said the man. "Quick!" "Pip , Sir." "Once more," said the man , staring at me. "Give it mouth!" "Pip, Pip, Sir." 8 "Show us where you live," said the man. " Pint out the place!" I pointed to where our village lay, on the flat in-shore among the alder-trees and pollards, a mile or more from the church. The man, after looking at me of a moment , turned me upside down , and emptied my pockets, there was nothing in them but a piece of bread. When the church came to itself _ for he was so sudden and strong that he made it go head over heels before me , and I saw the steeple under my feet_ when the church came to itself , I say, I was seated on a high tombstone, trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously. Pip begins to plead , he asks Magwitch not to kill him. Magwitch tries to terrify pip and he can. Magwitch here forces the readers to turn upside down along with Pip since Pip describes all he has seen and experienced. " now look here," he said, " the question being whether you're to be let to live. You know what a file is?" "Yes , Sir." "And you know what wittles is?" "Yes ,Sir." After each question he titled me over a little more , so as to give me a greater sense of helplessness and danger." You get me a file," he tilted me again. "And you get me wittles." He tilted me again. " You bring 'em both to me." He tilted me again." or I'll have your heart and liver out." He tilted me again. Here Magwitch begins terrorizing Pip into bringing him food and a file. He lets Pip go home after terrifying him and telling him that there is another man with him who can kill Pip without any mercy. He tries to force Pip to go back with some food and a file. Now I ain't alone, as you may think I am. There is a young man hid with me, in comparison with which young man I am an Angel. That young man hears the words I speak. That young man has a secret way pecooliar to himself, of getting at a boy, and at his heart and at his liver. 9 Here the convict, Magwitch, tells Pip that he isn't alone, and there is another man who hears Magwitch's orders. A boy may lock his door, may be warn in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open. Magwitch tells Pip that whatever he does and however he tries to hide himself that young man will find a way to find and harm him. In fact, till now there is no other escaped man, but Magwitch tries to terrify Pip and force Pip to go back to him with food and a file. I looked all around for the horrible young man, and I could see no sign of him. But now I was frightened again and ran home without stopping. So, the first chapter ends with Pip very frightened. Notice how Dickens keeps suspense at the end of the chapter. Dickens' ability to build suspense is very interesting. Thus, the novel consists of 59 chapters and this structure allows Dickens to keep readers in suspense, anticipating, and desiring to know what will happen next. Dickens first published the novel serially keeping readers buying magazines for more than two years. Suspense keeps the Victorian reader's interest and anticipation for the next installment of the novel. This technique builds suspense with foreshadowing of future events, and leaves mysterious questions unanswered. 10  Chapter 2 At the beginning of chapter 2 , we are introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Joe Gargery with whom Pip lives. My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and the neighbors because she had brought me up "by hand". Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. Pip is brought up by his sister's hand, and he thinks that his brother-in-law, Joe, is also brought up by the same hand. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister; and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. Joe was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of such a very undecided blue that they seemed to have somehow got mixed with their own whites. He was a mild, good-matured, sweet-tempered, easy- going, foolish, dear fellow__ a sort of Hercules in strength and also in weakness. Pip thinks that her sister has made Joe marry her by hand that she isn't a good looking woman while he is fair. Joe is the symbol of the natural man in the novel. He is a blacksmith, so he isn't educated. Joe is described as a weak character with weak intelligence. He is a fair man with flaxen curly hair; his hair is light yellow in color. The color of his face as well as his hair aren't strong. He has undecided blue eyes mixed with white, so the color of his eyes, blue, becomes weaker. He is weak in his personality and in his coloring. So, the description of Joe's personality is consistent with his outer description. My sister with black hair and eyes, had such a prevailing redness of skin, that I sometimes used to wonder whether it was possible she washed herself with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap. She was tall and bony, and almost always wore a coarse apron, fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square impregnable bib in front, that was stuck full of pins in 11 needles. She made it a powerful merit in herself, and a strong reproach against Joe, that she wore this apron so much. Though I really see no reason why she should have worn it at all: or why, if she did wear it at all, she should not have taken it off every day of her life. In comparison with Mr. Joe's, Mrs. Joe's features are strong. She has a prevailing redness of her skin. The word (prevail) suggest strength. She also has a black hair contrasted with M. Joe's flaxen hair. The color black indicates dominance and strength. Just like Mr. Joe, the outer appearance is also consistent with her personality. Here Pip represents her a strong woman who can't be defeated; she is a soldier-like woman. As we see, Pip's sister and brother-in-law have different descriptions. They stand opposite to each other. Mr. Joe is a weak person with weak personality and weak coloring; while his wife is a strong soldier-like woman with strong personality. She is shrill while he is a sweet-tempered man. Dickens is skilled in and loves caricature: the peculiarities of his characters are often amplified for comic purposes; if we don't understand this, some critics say, we will miss much of his humor. Pip's representation of his sister centers on his humorous portrait of her personality. Describing her as a tall and bony woman almost wearing the same apron; Pip marks her as a unapproachable individual. Joe's forge adjoined our house, which was a wooden house, as many of the dwellings in our country were_ most of them, at that time. When I ran home from the churchyard, the forge was shut up, and Joe was sitting alone in the kitchen. Joe and I being fellow-sufferers, and having confidences as such, Joe imparted a confidence to me, the moment I raised the latch of the door and peeped in at him opposite to it, sitting in the chimney corner. The house where he lives is a wooden house as many houses in their country. Pip describes his relationship with Joe which is that of fellow-sufferers. That they both suffer from Mrs. Joe's temper and personality. Pip and M. Joe also trust each other. Then, Joe will talk for the first time: " Mrs. Joe has been out a dozen times, looking for you, Pip. And she is out now, making it a baker's dozen." 12 "is she?" "yes, Pip," said Joe; "and what's worse, she's got Tickler with her." Tickler is Mrs. Joe's cane, and it is an ironical name since to tickle means to touch lightly to make you laugh. But Mrs. Joe's Tickler is used for punishment. It is used to punish Pip when he makes mistakes. The Tickler symbolizes Mrs. Joe's cruel and domineering personality. At this dismal intelligence, I twisted the only button on my waist-coat round and round, and looked in great depression at the fire. Tickler was a wax- ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame. This is adult Pip's comment on the event and his reaction. He describes his sister's Tickler by mingling of comic and tragic feelings. We will sympathize with young Pip and his suffering, but we can't help laughing. It is something like what we call black-comedy. "She sot down," said Joe, "and she got up, and she made a grab at Tickler, and she Ram-paged out. That's what she did," said Joe, slowly clearing the fire between the lower bars with the poker, and looking at it: " she Ram- paged out, Pip." Joe here is describing his wife situation when she is looking for Pip. His pronunciation of the word Ram- paged shows her terrifying behavior and how she has a bad temper. "Has she been gone along, Joe?" I always treated him as a larger species of child, and as no more than my equal. "Well," said Joe, glancing up at the Dutch clock, "she's been on the Ram-page, this last spell, about five minutes, Pip. She's a_ coming! Get behind the door, old chap, and have the jack_ towel betwixt you." Pip humorously caricatures Joe as childlike and simple. They both treat each other with a sense of equality. Pip treats Joe as a large child while Joe refers to Pip as (old chap). Here, Joe tells Pip to hide behind the door because his sister comes back. 13 I took the advice. My sister, Mrs. Joe, throwing the door wide open, and finding an obstruction behind it, immediately divined the cause, and applied Tickler to its further investigation. She concluded by throwing me _ I often served as a connubial missile_ at Joe, who, glad to get hold of me on any terms, passed me on into the chimney and quietly fenced me up there with his great leg. Pip describes Mrs. Joe's reaction when she enters and founds him, and how she throws him. He also describes himself as a connubial missile. As we see, he can't stop making us laugh by using comic elements. Here, we are going to hear Mrs. Joe's voice for the first time: "where have you been, you young monkey?" said Mrs. Joe, stamping her foot. "tell me directly what you've been doing to wear me away with fret and fright and worrit, or I'd have you out of that corner if you was fifty Pips, and he was five hundred Gargerys." She asks Pip where he has been. She is angry. She is a very terrifying woman. On the present occasion, though I was hungry, I dared not eat my slice. I felt that I must have something in reserve for my dreadful acquaintance, and his ally the still more dreadful young man. I knew Mrs. Joe's housekeeping to be of the strictest kind, and that my larcenous researches might find nothing available in the safe. Therefore I resolved to put my hunk of bread-and-butter down the leg of my trousers. Mrs. Joe calms down and prepares the supper. During the supper, although Pip is hungry he dares not to eat his hunk since he wants to give Magwitch and the other dreadful man some food. So, he puts bread and butter in one leg of his trousers. Conscience is a dreadful thing when it accuses man or boy; but when, in the case of a boy, that secret burden cooperates with another secret burden down the leg of his trousers, it is (as I can testify) a great punishment. The guilty knowledge that I was going to rob Mrs. Joe_ I never thought I was going to rob Joe, for I never thought of any of the housekeeping property as his_ 14 united to the necessity of always keeping one hand on my bread-and-butter as I sat, or when I was ordered about the kitchen on any small errand, almost drove me out of my mind. Pip considers giving Magwitch some bread and butter a theft, so he begins to feel guilty about his act. The theme of guilty runs throughout the novel as we will see later on. "hark!" said I, when I had done my stirring, and was taking a final warm in the chimney corner before being sent up to bed; "was that great guns, Joe?" "Ah!" said Joe. "There is another conwict off." After supper, the Christmas dinner, they heard a sound of gunfire referring to another escape from the Hulk prison ships. I was afraid to sleep, even if I inclined, for I knew that at the first faint of dawn of morning I must rob the pantry Pip is afraid to sleep for fear of waking the next morning to rob Mrs. Joe. As soon as the great black velvet pall outside my little window was shot with grey, I got up and went down-stairs; every board upon the way, and every crack in every board, calling after me, "Stop thief!" and "Get up, Mrs. Joe!" In the pantry, which was far more abundantly supplied than usual, owing to the season, I was very much alarmed, by a hare hanging up by the heels, whom I rather thought I caught, when my back was half turned, winking." The sunlight makes the curtain grey which indicates the beginning of a new day. Pip can't help feeling guilty; he keeps referring to himself as a thief. The hanged hare functions as means to increase his terror and guilt. I stole some bread, some rind of cheese, about a half a jar of mincemeat (which I tied up in my pocket-handkerchief with my last night's slice), some brandy from a stone bottle(which I decanted into a glass bottle I had secretly used for making that intoxicating fluid, Spanish-Liquorice-water, up in my room; diluting the stone bottle from a jug in the kitchen cupboard), a meat bone with very little on it' and a beautiful round compact pork pie. 15 He takes what he wants from the kitchen and tries to hide his theft by putting tar-water instead of brandy he steals to prevent his sister from discovering what he has stolen. There was a door in the kitchen communicating with the forge; I unlocked and unbolted that door, and got a file from among Joe's tools. Then I put the fastenings as I had found them, opened the door at which I had entered when I ran home last night, shut it, and ran for the misty marches. Then he goes to the forge to steal the file. He takes it and goes out fast. Here the second chapter ends with suspense. The readers are let to speculate on what will happen next. 16  Chapter 3 It was a rimy day, and very damp. I had seen the damp lying on the outside of my little window, as if some goblin had been crying there all night, and using the window for a pocket-handkerchief. Chapter 3 begins with a rimy and damp morning. Dickens' description is very imaginative. Pip visualizes that a goblin has been crying all night and this is the cause of the damp on Pip's little window. His childish mind imagines that this little creature has used Pip's little window as a pocket-handkerchief. As we see, Pip is young and small in size, and the goblin is a small creature lying on Pip's little window. So, we have a common dominator of Pip, the goblin, and the window which is their small size. Now I saw the damp lying on the bare hedges and spare grass, like a coarser sort of spiders' webs; hanging itself from twig to twig and blade to blade. On every rail and gate, wet lay clammy; and the marsh-mist was so thick, that the wooden finger on the post directing people to our village- a direction which they never accepted, for they never came there_was invisible to me until I was quite close under it. Then, as I looked up at it, while it seemed to my oppressed conscience like a phantom devoting me to the Hulks. Because of Pip's oppressed conscience, and because of his guilt, Pip begins to imagine that everything around him is accusing him. The wooden finger of the post seems to direct the guilt-ridden Pip to the Hulks. The Hulks are old ships used as prisons. The mist was heavier yet when I got out upon the marshes, so that instead of my running at everything, everything seemed to run at me. This was very disagreeable to a guilty mind. The gates and dykes and banks came bursting at me through the mist, if they cried as plainly as could be, "A boy with somebody-else's pie! Stop him!. As a child, Pip feels guilty because of his intention of helping the convict by stealing his sister's food and Mr. Joe's file. As a result of his feelings and because of his childish mind he thinks that the elements of nature are 17 punishing and acting against him. So, he imagines that all things around him are pursuers running after him to ride him to the Hulks. Here, we think whether the offense he has committed deserves how guilty he feels. The cattle came upon me with the suddenness, staring out of their eyes, and steaming out of their nostrils, "Holloa, young thief!" one black ox, with a white cravat on _ who even had to my awakened conscience something of a clerical air_fixed me so obstinately with his eyes, and moved his blunt head round in such an accusatory manner as I moved round, that I blubbered out to him, "I couldn't help it, sir! It wasn't for myself I took it!" Upon which he put down his head, blew a cloud of smoke out of his nose, and vanished with a kick-up of his hind-legs and a flourish of his tail. Out of his feeling of guilt, Pip imagines that even the cattle knows about his theft and calls him (young thief). The black ox is described by Pip by having a white cravat. Thus, he gives the ox human looking and appearance ; the ox is personified. Some critics say that Dickens has used Pip's vision to show different nonliving things animated. Dickens has showed a caricature form of animals under the shadow of human appearance, as having white cravat. Here, he uses personification. Making my way along here with all dispatch, I had just crossed a ditch which I knew to be very near the Battery, and had just scrambled up the mound beyond the ditch, when I saw the man sitting before me. His back was towards me, and he had his arms folded, and was nodding forward, heavy with sleep. I thought he would be more glad if I came upon him with hid breakfast, in that unexpected manner, so I went forward softly and touched him on the shoulder. He instantly jumped up, and it was not the same man, but another man! And yet this man was dressed in coarse grey, too, and had a great iron on his leg, and was lame, and hoarse, and cold, and was everything that the other man was; except he had not the same face, and had a flat, broad- brimmed, low-crowned felt hat on. All this I saw in a moment, for I had only a 18 moment to see it in: he swore an oath at me, made a hit at me_it was a round, weak blow that missed me and almost knocked himself down, for it made him stumble_and then he ran into the mist, stumbling twice as he went, and I lost him. "it's the young man!" I thought, feeling my heart shoot as I identified him. I dare say I should have felt a pain in my liver, too, if I had known where it was. On his way to the planned meeting place, Pip sees a man sitting before him. His back was towards Pip, so he can't see his face. He thinks that he will be happy giving him his breakfast and the file. Pip touches him softly but the man jumps up. Pip realizes that this is another man. He is another escaped convict who looks like Magwitch in everything except that he has another face. He is dressed in a grey uniform, and an iron chain encircling his leg. The strange convict tries to strike Pip and runs into the mist. Pip thinks that he is the other man Magwitch told him about the last day. I was soon at the Battery, after that, and there was the right man-hugging himself and limping to and fro, as if he had never all night left off hugging and limping_waiting for me. Then, Pip finds Magwitch and gives him the food and the file. He eats the food ravenously. I am afraid you won't leave any of it for him," said I, timidly; after a silence during which I had hesitated as to the politeness of making the remark. "There's no more to be got where that came from." It was the certainty of this fact that impelled me to offer the hint. "leave any for him? Who's him?" said my friend, stopping in his crunching of pie-crust. "The young man. That you spoke of. That was hid with you." "Oh, ah!" he returned, with something like a gruff laugh. "Him? Yes, yes! He don't want no wittles." "I thought he looked as if he did," said I. 19 The man stopped eating, and regarded me with the keenest scrutiny and the greatest surprise. "looked? When?" "Just now." "Where?" "Yonder," said I, pointing; "over there, where I found him nodding asleep, and thought it was you." He held me by the collar and stared at me so, that I began to think his first idea about cutting my throat had revived. "Dressed like, you, you know, only with a hat," I explained, trembling; "and_and"_ I was very anxious to put this delicately_" and with_ the same reason for wanting to borrow a file. Didn't you hear the cannon last night?" "Then, there was firing!" he said to himself. Pip talks to Magwitch, and tells him about the other escaped man while he is eating his breakfast. Notice how Pip tries to treat Magwitch kindly. Although Pip is frightened by the convict, he treats him with compassion. I indicated in what direction the mist had shrouded the other man, and he looked up at it for an instant. Next, Pip indicates which way the other convict traveled and leaves. The last I saw of him, his head was bent over his knee and he was working hard at his fetter, muttering impatient imprecations at it and at his leg. The last I heard of him, I stopped in the mist to listen, and the file was still going. Pip leaves his friend in the mist, filing away his iron. At this point, Dickens decides to end the third chapter. Readers are left to speculate on what will happen next. 20  Chapter 4 I fully expected to find a Constable in the kitchen, waiting to take me up. But not only was there no Constable there, but no discovery had yet been made of the robbery. Pip expects to find a Constable waiting him in the house , but he finds his sister busy with her preparations for the Christmas day, and she hasn't known about the theft yet. His guilty conscience is a major theme in the novel. "and where the deuce ha' you been?" was Mrs. Joe's Christmas salutation, when I and conscience showed ourselves. I said I had been down to hear the Carols. "Ah! Well" observed Mrs. Joe. "You might ha' done worse." Not a doubt of that, I thought. His sister asks him where he has been, and he tells her lies replying that he has been down to hear the Carols. Young Pip deems his conscience to be a separate entity. Dickens is successful in mingling the comic and the tragic. Mr. Wopsle, the clerk at church, was to dine with us; and Mr. Hubble the wheelwright and Mrs. Hubble; and Uncle Pumblechook (Joe's uncle, but Mrs. Joe appropriated him), who was a well-to-do corn-chandler in the nearest town, and drove his own chaise-cart. Mr. Joe, Mrs. Joe, and Pip are going to have dinner with the church clerk; Mr. Wopsle, the wheelwright; Mr. Hubble, and his wife, and the merchant; Pumblechook. Pumblechook is Joe's uncle whom Mrs. Joe appropriates. To appropriate someone or something means to take something that belongs to somebody else for you. The time came, without bringing with it any relief to my feelings, and the company came. Mr. Wopsle, united to a Roman nose and a large shining bald forehead , had a deep voice which he was uncommonly proud of; indeed it was understood among his acquaintance that if you could only give him his head, he would read the clergyman into fits. He himself confessed that if the Church was "thrown open," meaning to competition, he would not despair of 21 making his mark in it. The Church not being "thrown open," he was, as I have said, our clerk. But he punished the Amens tremendously; and when he gave out the psalm_ always giving the whole verse_ he looked all round the congregation first, as much as to say, "You have heard my friend overhead; oblige me with your opinion of this style!" Here we have the characterization of the church clerk, Mr. Wopsle. Mr. Wopsle is the first to come. He has a Roman nose, a large shinning bald forehead, and so proud of having a deep voice. Notice , Dickens is skilled in characterization. He associates every character with certain characteristic and behavior. For example, Mr. Wopsle is punishing the Amen which means that he doesn't pronounce the Amen simply. "Mrs. Joe," said Uncle Pumblechook: a large hard-breathing middle-aged slow man, with a mouth like a fish, dull staring eyes, and sandy hair standing upright on his head, so that he looked as if he had just been all but choked, and had the moment come to; "I have brought you, as the compliments of the season _ I have brought you, Mum, a bottle of sherry wine_ and I have brought you, Mum, a bottle of port wine." Here, we are introduced to Mr. Pumblechook for the first time. He is Mr. Joe's uncle. He is a large hard-breathing middle-aged slow man who has a mouth like the fish with dull staring eyes and sandy hair. So, pumblechook's description gives him an unpleasant character. We dined on these occasions in the kitchen, and adjourned, for the nuts and oranges and apples, to the parlour; which was a change very like Joe's change from his working clothes to his Sunday dress. My sister was uncommonly lively on the present occasion, and indeed was generally more gracious in the society of Mrs. Hubble than in other company. I remember Mrs. Hubble as a little curly sharp-edged person in sky-blue, who held a conventionally juvenile position, because she had married Mr. Hubble_ I don't know at what remote period _ when she was much younger than he. I remember Mr. Hubble as a tough high- shouldered stooping old man, of a sawdust fragrance, with his legs extraordinarily wide apart: so that in my short days I always saw some miles of open country between them when I met him coming up the lane. 22 We have the characterization of Mrs. Hubble. she is a little curly sharp-edged person with sky-blue hair color. She is much younger than her husband, who is a tough high shouldered old man with extraordinary wide apart legs and of a sawdust fragrance. As we see, we have a strange and interesting combination of sawdust and fragrance since the word fragrance is usually used for describing nice qualities like the fragrance of the roses. We have a combination between dirty and nice qualities. I couldn't keep my eyes off him. Always holding tight by the leg of the table with my hands and feet, I saw the miserable creature finger his glass playfully, take it up, smile, throw his head back, and drink the brandy off. Instantly afterwards, the company were seized with unspeakable consternation, owing to his springing to his feet, turning round several times in an appalling spasmodic whooping-cough dance, and rushing out at the door; he then became visible through the window, violently plunging and expectorating, making the most hideous faces, and apparently out of his mind. Pumblechook drinks brandy which Pip had diluted with tar-water when he stole it for Magwitch, and it makes him out of his mind. My sister went out to get it. I heard her steps proceed to the pantry. I saw Mr. Pumblechook balance his knife. I saw re-awakening appetite in the Roman nostrils of Mr. Wopsle. I heard Mr. Hubble remark that "a bit of savoury pork pie would lay atop of anything you could mention, you and do no harm," and I heard Joe say, "You shall have some, Pip." I have never been absolutely certain whether I uttered a shrill yell of terror, merely in spirit, or in the bodily hearing of the company. I felt that I could bear no more, and that I must run away. I released the leg of the table, and ran for my life. But I ran no further than the house door, for there I ran head foremost into a party of soldiers with their muskets: one of whom held out a pair of handcuffs to me, saying, "Here you are, look sharp, come on!" Mrs. Joe tells them about the pie, and she goes out to bring it for them. Pip can bear no more and he runs away to save his life since he thinks that his sister 23 will kill him after realizing that the pie isn't there. But, he can't go far because he finds a party of soldiers out. Imagine how Pip feels now, he sees handcuffs with these soldiers when he feels guilty of stealing his sister's pie. The handcuffs remind him of his theft, of the punishment, and of prisons. Suspense is maintained , so readers can't help waiting for the next chapter of the novel.. 24  Chapter 5 The fourth chapter ends with Pip frightened after running out to meet a party of soldiers. Now, the sergeant enters and begins to speak: "Excuse me, ladies and gentlemen," said the sergeant, "but as I have mentioned at the door to this smart young shaver" (which he hadn't), "I am on a chase in the name of the king, and I want the blacksmith." So, the soldiers want Mr. Joe's help them in repairing the escaped convicts' handcuffs. Joe tells him that this task will take two hours and he begins his work. As Joe got on his coat, he mustered courage to propose that some of us should go down with the soldiers and see what came of the hunt. Mr. Pumblechook and Mr. Hubble declined, on the plea of a pipe and ladies' society : but Mr. Wopsle said he would go, if Joe would. Joe said he was agreeable, and would take me, if Mrs. Joe approved. When Joe finishes his task , he proposes helping the soldiers. Then Mr. Joe , Mr. Wopsle and Pip go out with the soldiers to help them find the two escaped convicts. was I who had brought the soldiers there? Pip thinks that if the soldiers find the convicts, Magwitch will suppose that Pip has betrayed him. After a mad chase, they found the two escaped convicts fighting with each other. Magwitch and Compeyson , the other escaped convict, have a conversation. Magwitch tells the soldiers that he gives Compeyson up to them while Compeyson accuses Magwitch of trying to murder him. The soldiers stop their conversation and light the torch. So, Magwitch can see Pip who is hiding behind Joe. I had been waiting for him to see me, that I might try to assure him of my innocence, for he gave me a look that I did not understand, and it all passed 25 in a moment. But if he had looked at me for an hour or for a day, I could not have remembered his face ever afterwards, as having been more attentive. After an hour of travel, they arrive to the hut to make a report. There, Magwitch tells the sergeant that he wants to say something related to his escape. " A man can't starve; at least I can't. I took some wittles, up the village over yonder_ where the church stands a'most out on the marshes." " You mean stole," said the sergeant. " And I'll tell you where from. From the blacksmith's." " Halloa!" said the sergeant, staring at Joe. " Halloa, Pip!" said Joe, staring at me. " It was some broken wittles_ that's what it was_ and a dram of liquor, and a pie." " Have you happened to miss such an article as a pie, blacksmith?" asked the sergeant confidentially. " My wife did, at the very moment when you came in. don't you know Pip?" " So," said my convict, turning his eye on Joe in a moody manner, and without the least glance at me; "so you're the blacksmith, are you? Then I'm sorry to Say, I've eat your pie." Magwitch tells the sergeant that he stole some food from the blacksmith's house. Then, he apologizes to Joe for eating their food. So, Magwitch wants to exonerate Pip from his theft. " God knows you're welcome to it_ so far as it was ever mine," returned Joe, with a saving remembrance of Mrs. Joe. " We don't know what you have done, but we wouldn't have you starved to death for it, poor miserable fellow-creatur._ Would us, Pip?" so, Joe forgives Magwitch and calls him "poor miserable fellow-creatur". He is a symbol of the emotional person; he sympathizes with Magwitch however he tells him that he stole from his house. 26 The something that I had noticed before. Clicked in the man's throat again, and he turned his back." In chapter 3, Pip mentions that he hears a strange sound comes out from Magwitch's throat. It was on page 16: Something clicked in his throat as if he had works in him like a clock, and was going to strike. This sound seems as if it is a suppressed sob, hinting at the convict's human emotions. Chapter 5 ends when they see the convicts leaving after being put into a boat. Chapter 6 My state of mind regarding the pilfering from which I had been so unexpectedly exonerated, did not impel me to frank disclosure; but I hope it had some dregs of good at the bottom of it. I do not recall that I felt any tenderness of conscience in reference to Mrs. Joe, when the fear of being found out was lifted off me. But I loved Joe_ perhaps for no better reason in those early days than because the dear fellow let me love him_ and, as to him, my inner self was not so easily composed. It was much upon my mind (particularly when I first saw him looking about for his file) that I ought to tell Joe the whole truth. Yet I did not, and for the reason that I mistrusted that if I did, he would think me worse than I was. The fear of losing Joe's confidence, and of thenceforth sitting in the chimney- corner at night staring drearily at my for ever lost companion and friend, tied up my tongue. Pip doesn't tell Joe that he is the one who stole food and the file. He doesn't confess his theft. As you notice, he doesn't feel guilty about stealing from Mrs. Joe, yet he feels guilty when he thinks that he stole Mr. Joe. Since he loves Joe and he doesn't want to lose his confidence, he dares not to tell him the truth 27 lest Joe will look at him badly. As you notice, Joe is the center of Pip's moral universe. In a word, I was too cowardly to do what I knew to be right, as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. I had had no intercourse with the world at that time, and I imitated none of its many inhabitants who act in this manner. Quite an untaught genius, I made the discovery of the line of action for myself. Pip knows that not telling the truth is wrong as he knows the right thing to be done. He confesses to readers that he as a child is so cowered to confess his theft to Joe. The adult Pip describes the child of him as being naïve with no experience in this world so he has to discover everything through his personal experience. I found Joe telling them about the convict's confession, and all the visitors suggesting different ways by which he had got into the pantry. Mr. Pumblechook made out, after carefully surveying the premises, that he had first got upon the roof of the forge, and had then got upon the roof of the house, and had then let himself down the kitchen chimney by a rope made of his bedding cut into strips. Joe tells everyone in the house about the confession Magwitch made and his apologizing. They suggest ways by which the convict was able to steal the pantry while Mr. Pumblechook makes deductions visualizing Magwitch as a professional thief. 28  Chapter 7 At the time when I stood in the churchyard, reading the family tombstones, I had just enough learning to be able to spell them out. My construction even of their simple meaning was not very correct, for I read "wife of the above" as a complimentary reference to my father's exaltation to a better world; and if any one of my deceased relations had been referred to as "Bellow", I have no doubt I should have formed the worst opinions of that member of the family. Pip as an innocent child thinks that the word (above) written on his mother tombstone is a complimentary reference to his father since he associates the word (above) with higher values while if the word was (below), he will think that his family members were bad that he associates the word (below) with lower values. Mr. Wopsle great- aunt kept an evening school in the village; that is to say, she was a ridiculous old woman of limited means and unlimited infirmity, who used to go to sleep from six to seven every evening, in the society of youth who paid twopence per week each, for the improving opportunity of seeing her do it. Pip makes fun of Mr. Wopsle great-aunt who uses to sleep from six to seven every evening, and pupils pay her money just to see her sleeping. Biddy was Mr. Wopsle great-aunt's grand-daughter; I confess myself quite unequal to the working out of the problem, what relation she was to Mr. Wopsle. She was an orphan like myself; like me, too, had been brought up by hand. She was must noticeable, I thought in respect of her extremities; for her hair always wanted brushing, her hands always wanted washing, and her shoes always wanted mending and pulling up at heel. This description must be received with a week-day limitation. On Sundays she went to church elaborated. Biddy is an orphan just like Pip. She is a dirty girl who belongs to the lower class. This is Biddy's description. 29 Much of my unassisted self, and more by the help of Biddy than of Mr. Wopsle's great-aunt , I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramble-bush, getting considerably worried and scratched by every letter. So, Biddy helps Pip learn the alphabet. One night, I was sitting in the chimney-corner with my slate, expending great efforts on the production of a letter to Joe. Pip writes a letter to Joe. We will read about Joe's reaction: " I say, Pip, old chap!" cried Joe, opening his blue eyes wide, "what a scholar you are! Ain't you?" "I should like to be ," said I, glancing at the state as he held it: with a misgiving that the writing was rather hilly. " why, here's a J," said Joe, "and a O equal to anythink! Here's a J and a O , Pip, and a J-O, Joe." Joe refers to Pip as a scholar, he is astonished that Pip can read and write since he isn't able to read anything except the letters of his name. then, Joe tells Pip why he couldn't go to school before, and why he is illiterate. "'consequence, my father didn't make objections to my going to work; so I went to work at my present calling, which were his too, if he would followed it, and I worked tolerable hard, I assure you, Pip. In time I were able to keep him, and I kep him till he went off in a purple leptic fit." Joe went to work at a young age, and he took care of his father till he died. Not to mention bearers, all the money that could be spared were wanted for my mother. She were in poor elth, and quite broke. She waren't long of following, poor soul, and her share of peace come round at last. Joe's mother was in a bad health, and she died after his father's death. Joe's blue eyes turned a little watery; he rubbed, first one of them, and then the other, in a most uncongenial and uncomfortable manner, with the round knob on the top of the poker. Joe is so sensitive. When he talks about his family, he cries. 30 Joe looked firmly at me, as if he knew I was not going to agree with him; "your sister is a fine figure of a woman." Joe describes Mrs. Joe as a fine woman. " When I offered to your sister to keep company, and to be asked in church, at such times as she was willing and ready to come to the forge, I said to her, 'And bring the poor little child. God bless the poor little child,' I said to your sister, ' there's a room for him at the forge!' " Here, Joe tells Pip that he married her sister and told her to bring Pip with her saying that there is a room for him. I broke out crying and begging pardon, and hugged Joe round the neck: who dropped the poker to hug me, and to say, " Ever the best of friends; ain't us, Pip? Don't cry, old chap!" Pip is sympathetic with Joe. He understands his feelings and thanks him for taking care of him and not letting him alone. After that, Mrs. Joe and Mr. Pumblechook arrive with news that Miss Havisham wants Pip to visit her house to play there. So Pip is delivered to Mr. Pumblechook to take him to Miss Havisham's house. I had never parted from him before, and what with my feelings and what with soap-suds, I could at first see no stars from the chaise-cart. But the twinkled out one by one, without throwing any light on the questions why on earth I was going to play at Miss Havisham's, and what on earth I was expected to play at. Chapter 7 ends with Pip sad for being parted from Joe, and want answers for his questions about going there. 31  Chapter 8 At the beginning of chapter 8, Pip and Mr. Pumblechook go together to Miss Havisham's house and meet Estella at the gate. A window was raised, and a clear voice demanded "What name?" to which my conductor replied, "Pumblechook." The voice returned, " Quite right," and the window was shut again and a young lady came across the court-yard, with keys in her hand. "This," said Mr. Pumblechook, "is Pip." "This is Pip, is it?" returned the young lady, who was very pretty and seemed very proud; "come in, Pip." Mr. Pumblechook was coming in also, when she stopped him with the gate. "Oh!" she said. "Did you wish to see Miss Havisham?" "If Miss Havisham wished to see me," returned Mr. Pumblechook, discomfited. "Ah!" said the girl; but you see she don't." Here Pip meets Estella for the first time in Miss Havisham's house. He describes her as a young lady who is very pretty and seems very proud. Mr. Pumblechook knows that he is unwanted, so he lets Pip there and leaves. "Not that anybody means to try," she added, "for that's all done with, and the place will stand as idle as it is, till it falls. As to strong beer, there's enough of it in the cellars already, to drown the Manor House." "Is that the name of this house, miss?" "One of its names, boy." "It has more than one, then, miss?" "One more. Its other name was Satis; which is Greek, or Latin, or Hebrew, or all three_ or all one to me_ for enough." 32 Estella says that Miss Havisham's house has two names, Manor is one, and Satis is the other name; which means enough. We went into the house by a side door _ the great front entrance had two chains across it outside_ and the first thing I noticed was, that the passages were all dark, and that she had left a candle burning there. She took it up, and we went through more passages and up staircase, and still it was all dark and only the candle lighted us. the house was dark, and daylight doesn't enter it. The house was lighted with candles. She was dressed in rich materials _satins and lace, and silks_ all of white. Her shoes were white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white. Some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and on her hands, and some other jewels lay sparkling on the table. Dresses, less splendid than the dress she wore, and half-packed trunks, were scattered about. She had not quite finished dressing, for she had but one shoe on_ the other was on the table near her hand_ her veil was but half arranged, her watch and chain were not put on, and some lace for her bosom lay with those trinkets, and with her handkerchief, and gloves, and some flowers, and a Prayer- book, all confusedly heaped about the looking-glass. It was not in the first few moments that I saw all these things, though I saw more of them in the first moments than might be supposed. But I saw that everything within my view which ought to be white, had been white long ago, and had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow. This is the description of Miss Havisham. She wears wedding dress but with one shoe on, and the other is on the table near her hand. Everything is in white that because of the passage of time turns into yellow. The color white refers to purity, but in our novel and for Miss Havisham; it is a symbol of death. One critic calls Havisham a "Sleeping Ugly" waiting for a prince who will never come, or a "blighted Cinderella" who wears only one shoe. "Betrayed by her faithless prince," one critic writes, "she has turned witch-like and infernal." The word "looking-glass" represents her witch-like nature. 33 Once I had been taken to see some ghastly waxwork at the Fair representing I know not what impossible personage lying in state. Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress, that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could. Here, we have Pip's description of Miss Havisham. He describes her as a waxwork or a skeleton with dark eyes. "Who is it!" said the lady at the table. "Pip, ma'am." "Pip?" "Mr. pumblechook's boy, ma'am. Come_ to play." "Come nearer; let me look at you. Come close." It was when I stood before her, avoiding her eyes, that I took note of the surrounding objects in detail, and saw that her watch had stopped at twenty minutes to nine, She asks Pip to come close. So, he can see that her watch as well as the clock at the wall have stopped at twenty to nine. "Look at me," said Miss Havisham. "you are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the sun since you were born?" I regret to state that I was not afraid of telling the enormous lie comprehended in the answer "No." "Do you know what I touch here?" she said, laying her hands, one upon the other, on her left side. "Yes, ma'am." (it made me think of the young man.) "What do I touch?" "Your heart." "Broken!" 34 She uttered the word with an eager look, and with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast in it. Afterwards, she kept her hands there for a little while, and slowly took them away as if they were heavy. "I'm tired," said Miss Havisham. " I want diversion, and I have done with men and women. Play." She tells him that her heart is broken. Then, out of a sudden she asks him to play. Pip replies that he can't play because everything seems new and strange for him and Miss Havisham tells him to call Estella. "So new to him," she muttered, "so old to me; so strange to him, so familiar to me; so melancholy to both of us! Call Estella." Miss Havisham tells Estella to play with Pip, but she replies unkindly. With this boy! Why, he is a common laboring- boy! " I thought I overheard Miss Havisham answer_ only it seemed so unlikely_ "Well? You can break his heart." "What do you play, boy?" asked Estella of myself, with the greatest disdain. Miss Havisham wants to revenge herself on Pip. She raised Estella with the intention of taking revenge on men. So, both Pip and Estella are victims to Miss Havisham's "sick-fancy" of watching a man-child's humiliation at the hands of her woman-child. He calls the knaves, jacks, this boy!" said Estella with disdain, before our first game was out. "And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots!" Estella treats Pip with disdain which makes him ashamed of himself. He realizes that he is common. "When shall I have you here again?" said Miss Havisham. "Let me think." I was beginning to remind her that to-day was Wednesday, when she checked me with her former impatient movement of the fingers of her right hand. "There! There! I know nothing of days of the week; I know nothing of weeks of the year. Come again after six days. You hear?" 35 After finishing their playing, Miss Havisham asks Pip to come again after six days. Then, she orders Estella to give him some food. He eats his food and thinks a lot about his feelings. A figure all in yellow white, with but one shoe to the feet; and it hung so, that I could see that the faded trimmings of the dress were like earthy paper, and that the face was Miss Havisham's, with a movement going over the whole countenance as if she were trying to call me. In the terror of seeing the figure, and in the terror of being certain that it had not been there a moment before, I at first ran from it, and then ran towards it. And my terror was greatest of all when I found no figure there. Since it is the first time of Pip with such an experience, he feels so terrified. Out of his fear and the terrifying atmosphere, he imagines that there is a figure hanged with Miss Havisham's face. This can be considered as a foreshadowing of her death. Then, Estella comes to open the door. "Why don't you cry?" "Because I don't want to." "You do," she said. "You have been crying till you are half blind, and you are near crying again now." She laughed contemptuously, pushed me out, and locked the gate upon me. I went straight to Mr. pumblechook's, and was immensely relieved to find him not at home. So, leaving word with the shopman on what day I was wanted at Miss Havisham 's again, I set off on the four-mile walk to our forge; pondering, as I went along, on all I had seen, and deeply revolving that I was a common laboring- boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; that I had fallen into a despicable habit of calling knaves Jacks; that I was much more ignorant than I had considered myself last night, and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way. Because of this visit, Pip feels ashamed of himself and recognizes his commonness which causes a deep scar in his personality. 36  Chapter 9 Pip returns home and he finds his sister waiting for him. She asks him a lot of questions and then Mr. Pumblechook arrives and starts to make his investigation. "Boy! What like is Miss Havisham?" Mr. Pumblechook began again when he had recovered; folding his arms tight on his chest and applying the screw. "Very tall and dark." "Is she, Uncle?" asked my sister. Mr. Pumblechook winked assent; from which I at once inferred that he had never seen Miss Havisham, for she was nothing of the kind. Pip realizes that Mr. Pumblechook has never seen Miss Havisham. Out of their insistence, Pip finds himself making up a story telling Mrs. Joe, Joe, and Mr. Pumblechook about Miss Havisham who always sits in a black velvet coach having cake and wine. He also tells them that there are three dogs eating veal from a silver basket. Mrs. Joe asks Mr. Pumblechook if he has seen these things Pip is talking about, and he replies: "How could I," he returned, forced to the admission, "when I never see her in my life? Never clapped eyes upon her!" "Goodness, uncle! And yet you have spoken to her?" "Why, don't you know," said Mr. Pumblechook, testily, " that when I have been there, I have been took up to the outside of her door, and the door has stood ajar, and she has spoken to me that way. Don't say you don't know that, Mum. However, the boy went there to play. What did you play at, boy?" "We played with flags," I said. (I beg to observe that I think of myself with amazement, when I recall the lies I told on this occasion.) "Flags!" echoed my sister. 37 "Yes," said I. "Estella waved a blue flag, and I waved a red one, and Miss Havisham waved one sprinkled all over with little gold stars, out at the coach- window. And then we all waved swords and hurrahed." Mr. Pumblechook confesses that he has never seen Miss Havisham. Then, he asks Pip what he played there, and Pip replies that they played with flags and swords. Now when I saw Joe open his blue eyes and roll them all round the kitchen in helpless amazement, I was overtaken by penitence; but only as regarded him_ not in the least as regarded the other two. Towards Joe, and Joe only, I considered myself a young monster, while they sat debating what results would come to me from Miss Havisham's acquaintance and favour. Then, Pip starts feeling remorse just towards Joe for telling him lies. So, he goes to the forge and confesses quickly telling him that all what he has said and talked about isn't true. "There is one thing you may be sure of, Pip," said Joe, after some rumination, "namely, that lies is lies. Howsever they come, they didn't ought to come, and they come from the father of lies, and work round to the same. Don't you tell no more of 'em, Pip. That ain't the way to get out of being common, old chap. And as to being common, I don't make it out at all clear. You are uncommon in some things. You're oncommon small. Likewise you're a oncommon scholar." Mr. Joe is so astonished, and he forgives Pip for telling lies. He tells Pip that lies are lies, and he should tell no more lies. If you can't get to be oncommon through going straight, you'll never get to do it through going crooked. So don't tell no more on 'em, Pip, and live well and die happy." Joe tells Pip that the best way to be uncommon is by being honest and through truthfulness. Joe seems to be Pip's conscience; his superego. Thus, he can't help feeling guilty towards him, he can lie to his sister not to Joe. 38  Chapter 10 The felicitous idea occurred to me a morning or two later when I woke, that the best step I could take towards making myself uncommon was to get out of Biddy everything she knew. Pip thinks that the first step to be uncommon is to learn more. So, he asks Biddy to teach him all she knows. She accepts and gives him some books. Pip describes her as the most obliging of girls. Of course there was a public-house in the village, and of course Joe liked sometimes to smoke his pipe there. I had received strict orders from my sister to call for him at the Three Jolly Bargemen, that evening, on my way from school, and bring him home at my peril. To the Three Jolly Bargemen, therefore, I directed my steps. In their village, there is a public-house where Joe smokes his pipe. Mrs. Joe sends Pip to call on Joe. Joe was smoking his pipe in company with Mr. Wopsle and a stranger. Joe greeted me as usual with "Halloa, Pip, old chap!" and the moment he said that, the stranger turned his head and looked at me. Pip goes to the public-house. He finds Joe sitting with Mr. Wopsle and a stranger. The stranger offers them drinks, and while waiting he asks Joe about Pip's name and if he is Joe's son. Then, the drinks are brought to the table and Pip notices something. It was not a verbal remark, but a proceeding in dumb show, and was pointedly addressed to me. He stirred his rum-and-water pointedly at me, and he tasted his rum-and-water pointedly at me. And he stirred it and he tasted it: not with a spoon that was brought to him, but with a file. He did this so that nobody but I saw the file; and when he had done it, he wiped the file and put it in a breast pocket. I knew it to be Joe's file, and I knew that he knew my convict, the moment I saw the instrument. The stranger stirs his drink with a file. No one but Pip sees the file and knows it. He realizes that this file is Joe's file, and that this man knows Magwitch. After 39 having their drinks, Mr. Joe and Pip want to leave, but the stranger stops them and gives Pip some money then they leave. I had sadly broken sleep when I got to bed, through thinking of the strange man taking aim at me with his invisible gun, and of the guiltily coarse and common thing it was, to be on secret terms of conspiracy with convicts_ a feature in my low career that I had previously forgotten. When Pip goes to sleep, he can't stop thinking about the stranger and the file. He feels guilty for being associated with the convicts since they are common things. Chapter 11 After six days, Pip returns to Satis House. Estella leads him into another room where he meets other persons, and she tells him to wait until calling upon him.He understands that those are Miss Havisham 's relatives. Pip describes them as toadies and humbugs. Then Estella summons Pip with a bell. As we were going with our candle along the dark passage, Estella stopped all of a sudden, and, facing round, said in her taunting manner, with her face quite close to mine: "Well?" "Well, Miss?" I answered, almost falling over her and checking myself. She stood looking at me, and of course I stood looking at her. "Am I pretty?" "Yes; I think you are very pretty." "Am I insulting?" "Not so much so as you were last time," said I. "Not so much so?" 40 "No." She fired when she asked the last question, and she slapped my face with such force as she had, when I answered it. "Now?" said she. "You little coarse monster, what do you think of me, now?" "I shall not tell you." "Because you are going to tell up-stairs. Is that it?" "No," said I, "that's not it." "Why don't you cry again, you little wretch?" "Because I'll never cry for you again," said i." Estella asks Pip if she is insulting and when he answers her, she slaps him. Then, she asks him why he doesn't cry as he did last time, and he replies that he will never cry for her again. They go on and upstairs they meet a gentleman who is Jaggers. He was a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion, with an exceedingly large head and a corresponding large hand. He took my chin in his large hand and turned up my face to have a look at me by the light of the candle. He was prematurely bald on the top of his head, and had bushy black eyebrows that wouldn't lie down, but stood up bristling. His eyes were set very deep in his head, and were disagreeably sharp and suspicious. He had a large watch- chain, and strong black dots where his beard and whiskers would have been if he had let them. He was nothing to me, and I could have had no foresight then, that he ever would be anything to me, but it happened that I had this opportunity of observing him well. This is Jaggers' characterization. He is a strong big man who is bald on the top of his head which means that he has no hair. He has a large watch-chain. Pip declares that his hand smelt of scented soap. He is associated with the smell of scented soap. Jaggers leaves and Pip goes to Miss Havisham. She asks him if he is ready to play, but he tells her that he isn't. then, she tells him if he wants to work and sends him to another room where he finds a long table covered with dust, 41 mould, and insects. When Miss Havisham comes, she tells Pip that the thing under cob webs is her wedding cake; it's a bride-cake. This cake symbolizes Miss Havisham 's bitterness. Then, she orders him to walk her around the room. Then, she orders him to call for Estella and when she comes, the three ladies and the gentleman who are Miss Havisham's relatives come with her. When they leave, Miss Havisham tells Pip that it's her birthday and those come but dare not to refer to it. She also says that they will come and stand around the table that she will be lay upon after her death. And, she refers to someone called Matthew Pocket that he will stand near her head. Estella comes and she orders them to play cards again. Having finished their game, Pip is sent out and they give him some food. He goes around and sees a pale young gentleman with red eyelids and light hair. This boy is Herbert Pocket who we will be informed later to be Matthew Pocket's son. Herbert asks Pip to fight with him. Pip wins and returns to find Estella waiting with the keys. When I got into a court-yard, I found Estella waiting with the keys. But she neither asked me where I had been, nor why I had kept her waiting; and there was a bright flush upon her face, as though something had happened to delight her. Instead of going straight to the gate, too, she stepped back into the passage, and beckoned me. "Come here! You may kiss me if you like." I kissed her cheek as she turned it to me. I think I would have gone through a great deal to kiss her cheek. But I felt that the kiss was given to the coarse common boy as a piece of money might have been, and that it was worth nothing. Pip kisses her, but he regards the kiss as nothing since he recognizes his commonness. 42  Chapter 12 Pip keeps thinking about Herbert and their fight, and he feels terrified of going to Satis House; the scene of the deed of violence as he describes, yet nothing related to their fight happens. He finds her seated on a garden chair which he has to bush during their walk, Miss Havisham asks Pip about his education and future, and he tells her that he is going to be apprenticed to Joe. Miss Havisham asks Pip if Estella grows prettier, and he agrees which makes her delighted. Estella sees Pip and plays with him, but she doesn't ask him for another kiss. One day, Miss Havisham asks Pip about Joe's name and tells him to bring Joe with him the next time. When Pip comes home, his sister is offended for not being invited by Miss Havisham. Chapter 13 Chapter 13 begins with Pip and Joe who go to Miss Havisham 's. Miss Havisham asks Joe if he is the husband of Pip's sister and continues with a series of other questions. Joe doesn't respond to Miss Havisham directly, but he addresses Pip while speaking. Pip describes Joe: I could hardly have imagined dear old Joe looking so unlike himself, or so like some extraordinary bird; standing, as he did, speechless, with his tuft of feathers ruffled, and his mouth open, as if he wanted a worm. "You are the husband," repeated Miss Havisham, "of the sister of this boy?" It was very aggravating; but, throughout the interview, Joe persisted in addressing Me instead of Miss Havisham. "Which I meantersay, Pip," Joe now observed, in a manner that was at once expressive of forcible argumentation, strict confidence, and great politeness, "as I hup and married your sister, and I were at the time what you might call (if you was any ways inclined) a single man." 43 As you notice, Joe's language is so weak which is associated with his weak personality. In Great Expectations, language is unique to characters. When Joe or Magwitch speak, we have fragmented language. Miss Havisham gives Pip 25 guineas to be apprenticed to Joe. She tells Joe that he should expect no more money from her. They say goodbye and leave to Pumblechook's house. Joe tells Mrs. Joe that Miss Havisham gives Mrs. Joe her compliments. Then he gives her the 25 guineas. Mr. Pumblechook insists that they should take Pip to Town Hall to have him officially "bound" to Joe. Pip feels ashamed of himself and declares that he doesn't like Joe's trade. Finally, I remember that when I got into my little bedroom, I was truly wretched, and had a strong conviction on me that I should never like Joe's trade. I had liked it once, but once was not now. Chapter 14 In chapter 14, Pip shows his shame of his home. It is a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home. There may be black ingratitude in the thing, and the punishment me be retributive and well deserved; but, that it is a miserable thing, I can testify. His shame becomes clear and more complex which makes Pip miserable of being ashamed of home. Home had never been a very pleasant place to me, because of my sister's temper. But, Joe had sanctified it, and I believed in it. I had believed in the best parlour as a most elegant saloon; I had believed in the front door, as a mysterious portal of the Temple of State whose solemn opening was attended with a sacrifice of roast fowls; I had believed in the kitchen as a chaste though not magnificent apartment; I had believed in the forge as the growing road to manhood and independence. Within a single year all this was 44 changed. Now, it was all coarse and common, and I would not have had Miss Havisham and Estella see it on my account. His experience at Satis House shows Pip his low background, he looks himself down describing himself as coarse and common. Once , he saw his home as a desirable place, yet now it becomes the source of his shame and humiliation. He begins to compare and contrast between his life and the life of the upper class. So, his feelings are changed. 45  Chapter 15 Pip continues his education, and decides to impart whatever he acquires to Joe. Both of them use the Battery as a place of their study. Whatever I acquired, I tried to impart to Joe. This statement sounds so well, that I cannot in my conscience let it pass unexplained. I wanted to make Joe less ignorant and common, that he might be worthier of my society and less open to Estella 's reproach. So, he teaches Joe to make him less ignorant and common. He doesn't teach him for Joe but for himself. He thinks that to be uncommon, he has to change Joe and make him better, so, Joe will be less open to Estella's criticism. Then, Pip asks Joe if he will pay Miss Havisham another visit saying that he wants to thank her, but Joe tells him that Miss Havisham told Joe not to expect anything else. After that, Joe agrees and gives Pip a half- holiday for his visit. When the other journeyman, Orlick, hears about this, he protests until Joe grants a half-holiday to everyone. For Pip, Orlick is "like-Cain" ; the first son of Adam and Eve who killed his younger brother "Abel". It is interesting to contrast between Orlick and Magwitch since the first name of Magwitch is Abel. So, Orlick is an evil person while Magwitch is the victimized who suffered in his life. When Mrs. Joe hears about the half-holiday, she becomes upset, so she argues with Orlick which makes Joe angry and begins to struggle with Orlick. After finishing their struggle, Pip goes to Satis House. The person who opens the gate isn't Estella; Pip is greeted by Miss Sarah Pocket; one of Miss Havisham 's relatives. Pip sees Miss Havisham, and she tells him that Estella is sent abroad educating for a lady. She also tells him that he will get nothing, so it is good not to expect anything; then she asks him to come on his birthday. He leaves and runs into Mr. Wopsle, and they walk home together. When it is dark, they run into Orlick who tells them that the cannons are firing again, which they heard after a while. When they arrive, they know that something has happened in Pip's house. They go there to see Mrs. Joe lying senseless on the boards because of a blow on the back of the head. 46  Chapter 16 In chapter 16, they begin to investigate about what happened the last day. Joe had been at the Three Jolly Bargemen, smoking his pipe. At quarter to ten, he went home and found his wife stricken, and on the ground beside her leg there was a convict's leg-iron. The leg-iron is a symbol of the relationship between Pip and the convict. It was horrible to think that I had provided the weapon, however undesignedly, but I could hardly think otherwise. So, Mrs. Joe becomes ill; her sight is disturbed, her hearing is greatly impaired, and her memory and her speech are unintelligible. To help and take care of Mrs. Joe, Biddy, after a month, comes to live with them and to work in the kitchen. Pip's sister writes a character which looks like the curious "T", and after a lot of investigations, Biddy realizes that Mrs. Joe refers to Orlick, and the shape is a symbol of Orlick 's hammer since she forgets his name. they think that Mrs. Joe will denounce him, yet she treats him graciously. Chapter 17 It is Pip's birthday, and he wants to pay a visit to Miss Havisham. At the gate, he meets Miss Sarah Pocket, and Miss Havisham tells him that Estella remains abroad. Miss Havisham gives Pip a guinea and tells him to come again on his next birthday. At home, it's a year after the first day Biddy came there, and Pip notices a change in her. Both of them go out to have a quiet walk on the marshes. Pip tells her about Miss Havisham and Estella and about his desire to be a gentleman insisting that he will never be happy with this life. "Instead of that," said I, plucking up more grass and chewing a blade or two, " see how I am going on. dissatisfied, and uncomfortable, and _ what would it signify to me, being coarse and common, if nobody had told me so?" Biddy turned her face suddenly towards mine, and looked far more attentively at me than she had looked at the sailing ships. 47 "It was neither a very true nor a very polite thing to say," she remarked, directing her eyes to the ships again. "Who said it?" I was disconcerted , for I had broken away without quite seeing where I was going to. It was not to be shuffled off, now, however, and I answered, "The beautiful young lady at Miss Havisham 's, and she's more beautiful than anybody ever was, and admire her dreadfully, and I want to be a gentleman on her account." Pip confesses that he wants to be a gentleman because of Estella, she called him a coarse and common boy. Here, Biddy asks Pip if he wants to be a gentleman to spite Estella or to win her. He tells her that he doesn't know, but he admires Estella dreadfully. Biddy seems realistic and logical since he tells Pip that if he wants to spite Estella, he has to stop thinking about her words. While they are walking home, Pip laments himself for being unable to fall in love with Biddy, and Biddy tells him that this will never happen. "If I could only get myself to fall in love with you_ you don't mind my speaking so openly to such an old acquaintance?" "Oh dear, not at all!" said Biddy. "Don't mind me." "If I could only get myself to do it, that would be the thing for me." "But you never will, you see," said Biddy. When they come near the churchyard, they see Orlick. Biddy tells Pip not to let Orlick walk with them, and she admits that he looks at her in a bad way. Then, Pip admits that sometimes he finds that Biddy is better than Estella, and Joe's work and life have nothing to be ashamed of, but they offer him sufficient means of self-respect and happiness, yet on other times, he can't stop thinking about Miss Havisham and Estella. 48  Chapter 18 After four years of Pip's apprenticeship to Joe, Mr. Jaggers comes to the village. Pip sees Mr. Jaggers at the Three Jolly Bargemen, and he asks about Joe and Pip. Then he goes to their house to tell Pip that he has "great expectations". "Now, Joseph Gargery, I am the bearer of an offer to relieve you of this young fellow, your apprentice. You would not object to cancel his indentures at his request and for his good? You would want nothing for so doing?" "Lord forbid that I should want anything for not standing in Pip's way," said Joe, staring. "Lord forbidding is pious, but not to the purpose," returned Mr. Jaggers. "The question is, Would you want anything? Do you want anything?" " The answer is," returned Joe, sternly, "No" Mr. Jaggers asks Joe if he wants anything as a compensation for releasing Pip, and Joe refuses. Pip thinks that Miss Havisham is his benefactress. "Now, Mr. Pip," pursued the lawyer, "I address the rest of what I have to say, to you. You are to understand, first, that it is the request of the person from whom I take my instructions, that you always bear the name of Pip. You will have no objection, I dare say, to your great expectations being encumbered with that easy condition. But if you have any objection, this is the time to mention it." My heart was beating so fast, and there was such a singing in my ears, that I could scarcely stammer I had no objection. "I should think not! Now you are to understand, secondly, Mr. Pip, that the name of the person who is your liberal benefactor remains a profound secret, until the person chooses to reveal it. Mr. Jaggers tells Pip that there are two stipulations. The first is that Pip should always bear the name of Pip, and the other is that the name of his benefactor 49 remains a secret until he chooses to reveal it. Mr. Jaggers tells Pip that he needs a tutor. " Good. Now, your inclinations are to be consulted. I don't think that wise, mind, but it's my trust. Have you ever heard of any tutor whom you would prefer to another?" I had never heard of any tutor but Biddy, and Mr. Wopsle's great-aunt ; so, I replied in the negative. "there is a certain tutor, of whom I have some knowledge, who I think might suit the purpose," said Mr. Jaggers. " I don't recommend him, observe; because I never recommend anybody. The gentleman I speak of is one Mr. Matthew Pocket." Pip remembers this man. It's one of Miss Havisham's relatives that she said he must stand at her head when she dies. chapter 19 In chapter 19, Pip tells us that he will leave after six days. joe brings Pip's indentures and burns them. Pip asks Biddy to educate Joe because, as he says, he is backward in his learning and his manners. Biddy feels upset. " Not all of one kind," resumed Biddy. "He may be too proud to let anyone take him out of a place that he is competent to fill, and fills well and with respect. to tell you the truth, I think he is: though it sounds bold in me to say so, for you must know him far better than I do." "Now, Biddy," said I, "I am very sorry to see this in you. I did not expect to see this in you. You are envious, Biddy, and grudging. You are dissatisfied on account of my rise in fortune, and you can't help showing it." She tells Pip that Joe is so proud of himself that, and he will not leave the place where he feels comfortable and respectful. So, Pip accuses Biddy of being envious of his good fortune. Here, as you notice, Pip is going to change; he will love the upper class, and look down to the lower class. He will feel ashamed of 50 Joe and Biddy since they belong to the lower class. Next day, Pip goes into town to buy his clothes. Here, we are introduced to Mr. Trabb for the first time. Mr. Trabb is the tailor. When he sees Pip, he treats him in a casual manner. But, when Pip tells him that he has great expectations and he is rich now, he treats him in a different way. We notice the power of money, and how it is the dominating power in Dickens' society where money is more important than human values. "Well!" said Mr, Trabb ,in a hail-fellow-well-met kind of way. "how are you, and what can I do for you?" So, at first, Mr. Trabb treats Pip in a casual way. "Mr. Trabb," said I , " it's an unpleasant thing to have to mention, because it looks like boasting; but I have come into a handsome property." Pip tells him that he is now rich, and he is going up to his guardian. "my dear sir," said Mr. Trabb, as he respectfully bent his body, opened his arms, and took the liberty of touching me on the outside of each elbow, "don't hurt me by mentioning that. May I venture to congratulate you? Would you do me the favour of stopping into the shop?" Mr. Trabb begins to fawn over Pip and orders his boy to serve him. Then, Pip goes to Mr. Pumblechook 's house who also fawns over Pip and invites him to dine with each other. Pip turns back to the village. On Friday, Pip goes to Pumblechook , wears his clothes, and goes to pay a visit to Miss Havisham. Miss Sarah Pocket opens the gate. When Pip sees Miss Havisham, she tells him that she has heard the news from Mr. Jaggers who is Pip's guardian, that he has been adopted by an unnamed rich man, and she bids him goodbye. Pip goes home and he starts feeling more and more appreciative of the society of Joe and Biddy. The next day, Pip prepares himself to leave, he has his breakfast, says goodbye, and leaves. At the end of chapter 19 Dickens tells us that (THIS IS THE END OF THE FIRST STAGE OF PIP'S GREAT EXPECTATIONS.) 51  Chapter 20 Pip arrives to London, and he finds it a dirty city with narrow streets. He goes to Jaggers' office, but Mr. Jaggers isn't there. He is in court. A clerk tells Pip that Mr. Jaggers told him that Pip would wait in his room. In Mr Jaggers' room, there is a gentleman with one eye, a client called Mike. The clerk asks him to leave and Pip waits in Jaggers' room. Pip tells the clerk that he wants to take a turn in the air since he can't bear the heat. After a while, Pip comes back and meets Mr. Jaggers. Mr. Jaggers addresses all of the people and returns with Pip to the office. One critic writes "Jaggers' purpose in life is to extort the worst in everybody." He also seems an amalgam of mystery and violence just like the objects of his office. Jaggers tells Pip that he will stay with Herbert Pocket; the son of Mr. Matthew Pocket. After telling him that, Pip leaves with Wemmick, Jaggers' clerk, to Herbert's house. 52  Chapter 21 Chapter 21 begins with Pip goes with Wemmick to Herbert Pocket's house. We are introduced to Wemmick. Casting my eyes on Mr. Wemmick as we went along, to see what he was like in the light of day, I found him to be a dry man, rather short in stature, with a square wooden face, whose expression seemed to have been imperfectly chipped out with a dull-edged chisel. There were some marks in it that might have been dimples, if the material had been softer and the instrument finer, but which, as it was, were only dints. The chisel had made three of four of these attempts at embellishment over his nose, but had given them up without an effort to smooth them off. I judge him to be a bachelor from the frayed condition of his linen, and he appeared to have sustained a good many bereavements; for the wore at least four morning rings, beside a brooch representing a lady and a weeping willow at a tomb with an urn on it. I noticed, too, that several rings and seals hung at his watch- chain, as if he were quite laden with remembrances of departed friends. He had glittering eyes_ small, keen, and black_ and thin wide mottled lips. He had had them, to the best of my belief, from forty to fifty years. This is the description of Mr. Wemmick. Then, they arrive to the house where Pip will live, and Mr. Wemmick leaves. After a while, Herbert arrives home and introduces himself to Pip. They know each other, and Pip realizes that Herbert is none other than the pale young gentleman whom he fought with at Miss Havisham's house. "Lord bless me, you're the prowling boy!" "And you," said I, "are the pale young gentleman!" 53  Chapter 22 Pip and Herbert talk to each other, and Herbert asks Pip if he was a rich man when he met him the first time at Satis House. After replying him, Herbert tells him that he has been once engaged to Estella. He was arranging his fruit in plates while we talked, which divided his attention and was the cause of his having made this lapse of a word. "affianced," he explained, still busy with the fruit. "Betrothed. Engaged. What's_ his_ named. Any word of that sort." "How did you bear your disappointment?" I asked. "Pooh!" said he, "I didn't care much for it. She's a Tartar." "Miss Havisham?" "I don't say no to that, but I meant Estella. That girl's hard and haughty and capricious to the last degree, and has been brought up by Miss Havisham to wreak revenge on all the male sex." Herbert describes Estella as a Tartar which means being rough and difficult. Herbert knows the truth of raising Estella for having revenge on men. He is more relational than Pip. He expresses no remorse for not marrying Estella. Then, he explains that Pip's guardian, Mr. Jaggers, is Miss Havisham's business man and lawyer, and he proposes Mr. Matthew Pocket since he is Miss Havisham's cousin. Pip becomes affected by Herbert's frank and easy way. Herbert nicknames Pip "Handel", after the composer's piece called the Harmonious Blacksmith. "Would you mind Handel for a familiar name? There's a charming piece of music, by Handel, called the Harmonious Blacksmith." "I should like it very much." After having dinner, they talk about Miss Havisham's past. Herbert tells him that she comes from a rich family, and after her father's death she was the heiress since she has no brothers or sisters except a half-brother (Arthur) from her father's second marriage to a cook. But, a man appeared and pretended to 54 make love to Miss Havisham. She gave him a lot of money, so Mr. Pocket warned her that she was doing too much for this man which made her angry and ordered Mr. Matthew out of her house, and he has never seen her. The day she was to marry the man she loved, he sent her a letter which canceled the entire thing. She was in her wedding dress, everything was there but not the bridegroom. It was at twenty to nine, so she stopped all the clocks. Herbert says that Miss Havisham's fiancé and her half-brother shared the profits. Then, they talk about Estella, that there always has been an Estella since he has heard of Miss Havisham. Pip asks Herbert about his work and he replies that he is a capitalist working in the city in a counting house and dreams of making a great fortune through trading. On Monday morning, they both go to Mr. Matthew Pocket's house, in Hammersmith. Pip meets Mrs. Pocket for the first time, she is surrounded by her children reading while two nursemaids, Flopson and Millers, take care of them. Then, Mr. Pocket comes, and Pip meets him for the first time, he describes him by narrating: Under these circumstances, when Flopson and Millers had got the children into the house, like a little flock of sheep, and Mr. Pocket came out of it make my acquaintance, I was not much surprised to find that Mr. Pocket was a gentleman with a rather perplexed expression of face, and with his very grey hair disordered on his head, as if he didn't quite see his way to putting anything straight. Chapter 23 Mr. Matthew Pocket tells Pip that he is glad to see him. He seems quite natural. Pip finds that Mrs. Pocket was the only daughter of a knight which gives her a sense that she was born to be a duchess. Mr. Pocket introduces Pip to Drummle and Startop. He describes them as : Drummle, an old- looking young man of a heavy order of architecture, was whistling. Startop, younger in years and appearance, was reading and holding his head, as if he thought himself in danger of exploding it with too strong a charge of knowledge. 55 Drummle is a snob who is proud of himself and his origins. He speaks as "one of the elect" and recognizes Mrs. Pocket as one of his own kind. Pip and Drummle don't like each other. On the other hand, Startop is a mild character. Then, they have dinner all together with their neighbor Mrs. Coiler who is a widow lady of highly sympathetic nature that she agrees with everybody. She is hypocritical. She flatters Mrs. Pocket saying: "But dear Mrs. Pocket," said Mrs. Coiler, " after her early disappointment (not that Mr. Pocket was to blame in that), requires so much luxury and elegance__" Dickens stresses the theme of hypocrisy through Pumblechook, Mr. Trabb , Miss Havisham's relatives, and Mrs. Coiler, he criticizes the hypocrisy in Victorian Society where money is more important than human values. Chapter 24 object but tells him to ask Mr. Jaggers. He goes to Mr. Jaggers to have money since he wants to buy two other things. Mr. Jaggers calls Wemmick and orders him to give Pip 20 pounds. Pip tells Wemmick that he doesn't know Mr. Jaggers' manner, Wemmick replies that Mr. Jaggers considers this thing as a compliment saying that "it's not personal, it's professional; only professional." Then, Wemmick describes Mr. Jaggers by saying: "deep as Australia, if there was anything deeper, he'd be it." While he describes himself saying: "my guiding-star always is, Get hold of portable property." Wemmick invites Pip to visit him at home in Walworth, and asks if he has dined with Mr. Jaggers. Pip says that he doesn't, so Wemmick tells him if he goes, he should look at his housekeeper. Wemmick describes her as a "wild beast tamed". 56  Chapter 25 Pip encounters Miss Havisham's relatives; Mr. and Mrs. Camilla and Georgiana who appear jealous of the attention Pip received from Miss Havisham. Then , Pip visits Wemmick at home in Wa