Cell Structure and Function Study Guide PDF

Cell Structure and Function Study Guide (5 points EC on Test) UNDERSTANDING CELLS: 1. What are the contributions of Robert Hooke, Anton van Leuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow to our understanding of cells? Robert hooke: Studied cork...

Cell Structure and Function Study Guide (5 points EC on Test) UNDERSTANDING CELLS: 1. What are the contributions of Robert Hooke, Anton van Leuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow to our understanding of cells? Robert hooke: Studied cork and saw many empty chambers and as a result named the “cell” Matthias Schleiden:Studied plants and said they were composed of cells. Theodore Schwann:made soe observations about animals Ruldof Virchow:new cells come from existing cells. 2. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 1 all living things are made of cells, 2 cells are the basic unit of life, and 3 all cells come from the reproduction of existing cells. 1  3. How are molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms related? Be able to put them in to order from least to most complex. cells,oragenelle,molecule, tissues,organ, and organ system. They all make up plants, and animal CELL PARTS: For each, give a function, and be able to identify in a picture the following parts: 1. Cell (plasma) membrane Controls movement of substances. 2. Nucleus Controls activities of the cell 3. nuclear (membrane) envelope Seperates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm 4. nucleolus Makes ribosomes that make proteins. 5. centrioles organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system 6. mitochondria generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. 7. rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. 2  8. smooth endoplasmic reticulum mobilization of glucose from glycogen 9. Golgi (body) apparatus transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid, 10. Ribosomes the site of protein synthesis in the cell 11. Chloroplast produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield 12. cell wall provide structural strength and support, and also provide a semi-permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell. 13. vacuole ( plant and animal) help maintain water balance. 14. cytoplasm holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. 15. lysosomes to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself. 16. cytoskeleton helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, Functions and Comparisons 3 1. A phospholipid? a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults 2. A microtubule? help support the shape of a cell 3. Microfilament? structure and support in the cell. They also are involved in separating cells during cell division, allowing for motility and changes in cell shape. 4. Which organelles are made of microtubules? The centrioles 5. Which organelles have a double membrane and their own DNA? nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts 6. What are cell membranes made out of?lipids and proteins. 7. What is a Phospholipid bilayer? a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane 8. How do the non-polar hydrophobic tails/polar hydrophilic heads in a phopholipid play a role in cell membrane formation? the tails hide away from the water between the layers of heads, because they are hydrophobic. 4 9. What is a prokaryote? organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. 10. A eukaryote? an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane. 11. How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms 12. How do plant, animal, and bacterial cells compare in size? Animal cells are generally small in size when compared to the plant cell, 13. How are plant, animal, and bacterial cells alike and different? Bacteria are single-celled, prokaryotic organisms in comparison to animals and plants which are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. 14. What organelles are found only in plants?Like plant and animal cells, bacterial cells are enclosed by a cell membrane that controls the entry and exit of materials. Also, bacterial cells contain ribosomes responsible for creating proteins just like plant and animal cells do. 15. What organelles are found Only in animals? centrosomes (or a pair of centrioles), and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells 5  have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. 16. How are bacterial and plant cell walls different?The fungal cell wall consists of chitin and bacterial cell wall made-up of peptidoglycan and plant cell wall is made up of cellulose. 17. How are cilia and flagella different?Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella. 18. What is a Scanning Electron Microscope? Uses beams of electrons that are focused by magnetic fields, can magnify objects up to 500,000x,structures within cell walls can e viewed. Beam is scanned over surface of 3d image. 19. What is a Transmission Electron Microscope?Uses beams of electrons that are focused by magnetic fields, can magnify objects up to 500,000x,structures within cell walls can be viewed. Used to 6  explore cell structures,cells must be cut into ultra thin slices,give flat 2 d image. 20. What is a compound microscope? it is a microscope with a series of lenses and structures within the cells are difficult to see 21. Who used the first Microscope and what type of microscope was it?Antony van Leeuwenhoek single-lens microscopes 7