Principles of Blood Vasculature (2).pdf

Principles of Blood Vasculature By: Dr .Kamal Motawei & Dr .Yousuf Begum Department of Anatomy Baqir Jafar Albin Ahmed - MED222 Monday, November 7, 2022 Blood vessels that take blood from Heart to Body tissues. E • Do not run superficially “to conserve heat”. MAIL.es • Axial Arteries run alon...

Principles of Blood Vasculature By: Dr .Kamal Motawei & Dr .Yousuf Begum Department of Anatomy Baqir Jafar Albin Ahmed - MED222 Monday, November 7, 2022 Blood vessels that take blood from Heart to Body tissues. E • Do not run superficially “to conserve heat”. MAIL.es • Axial Arteries run along the center of body. Arteries have Thick Walls and composed of 3 layers: • Tunica intima: An Endothelial layer. inside • Tunica media: A Smooth muscle layer with Elastic tomiddle fibers. • Tunica adventitia: A Collagen and elastic fibers Souter “ contains vasa vasorum and vasomotor nerves”. BEThieves in outermost layer Types of Arteries depending on Structure: I Elastic Arteries: • ⬆ Elastic tissue in Tunica media. • Largest. • Called Conducting Arteries. we • Like Aorta. 0 2 Muscular Arteries: • ⬆ Smooth Muscles in Tunica media. III • Branches, and called “Distributing Arteries”. • Like Carotid, Branchial, Femoral. 3 Arterioles: • Smaller. • All 3 layers are diminished. • Called “Resistance Arteries”. • Regulate blood flow and pressure. Adventetia Types of Arteries depending on Distribution: Limbs: • Cutaneous - For Skin. • Muscular - For Muscles. • Nutrient - For Long Bones. • Articular - For Joints. • Arteria Nervorum - For Nerves. Trunk: is 6 • Visceral - Inside. I• Parietal - Outside. Arteries take blood From Heart To Body tissues and lungs. • All arteries transfer Oxygenated blood “except” Pulmonary and Umbilical arteries. Signify norms now É Artery Arterial Anastomoses: linkage of the artery’s lumens without the help of a capillary. • It is crucial for alternative supply ”collateral circulation”. ً ‫وعية‬%‫ تستخدم هذي ا‬1‫مث‬ ‫ت‬1‫وقت يتسكر مكان بسبب انقباض عض‬ 2 .✅ ‫للتغذية‬ a 4 True anastomoses • Direct linkage between branches of muscular arteries, like: • Labial branch of facial artery. • Arterial circle of Willis. • Palmar arches in the hand. • Plantar arch in the foot. • In skeletal muscles, around joints. Potential anastomoses Direct linkage between Arterioles of small caliber, and they can enlarge their caliber gradually. • Coronary Arteries. • Cortical branch of cerebral arteries. End Arteries Anatomical anastomoses: A complete isolated artery that has no branches with other arteries. • It is the only supply for an organ, like: • Central artery of retinal. • Segmental branches of renal and. Hepatic artery. • Branches of cerebral artery. Potential anastomoses: It is named by that when there is an existing branch but the branch is not enough, like: a • Coronary arteries. • The Cortical branches of cerebral arteries. s Arteriovenous anastomoses: a direct connection between Small arteries and Veins. • Found in Exposed parts, like: -Skin. -Nose. -Lips. -Ears. Important for thermal regulation. Vasa Vasorum: • The Endothelial: receive nutrition by diffusion from blood. • The media and adventitia have these vessels to nourish them. • Arteriae vasorum. • Venae vasorum. Systemic arterial emboli: it happens wination when an embolus blocks a blood vessel, and it affects mostly the brain and heart. ‫ يمدينا نغذي‬anastomoses ‫ولو صار عندنا‬ .‫نسداد‬L‫كان بعد ا‬N‫ا‬ Vasomotor nerves: motor nerve fibers supplying blood vessels. • A part of the Sympathetic NS. • Also could be receiving from the Parasympathetic NS. Veins: blood vessels that carry blood to the heart, and they carry an Unoxygenated Blood “Except” the pulmonary and Umbilical veins. Contains the same 3 layers, but with thinner walls and poor elastic fibers. • it has larger lumen, lower pressure and greater volume. • It contains valves” folds of the tunica intima, in long veins and it maintains a shared hydrostatic pressure”. Upper part valves: at the junction between neck and thorax “ subclavin and internal jugular veins”. Lower part valves: at the junction of the abdomen with the lower limbs” femoral veins”. Valveless Veins: - Vena caval system. - Azygous system. - Vertebral and Portal system. Portal Venous systems: 1- Hepatic Portal system: GI organs deliver there blood with absorbed nutrients to the liver and then to vena cava by hepatic veins. 2- Hypophyseal portal system: a capillary plexus between the hypothalamus and the secondary plexus of the pituitary gland. • Also important in communication between veins. 3 Azygous venous system: a point in the thorax that links the IVC and SVC, and it is valveless. • Also important in communication between veins. Types of veins: 1- Deep Veins: deep in the fascia, usually accompany arteries, have exceptional varieties: veinthrombosis Deep • Venous Sinuses: normal dilations of veins. • Dural venous sinuses: endothelial-lined spaces within the “cranial cavity”. • Venous plexuses. • Portal Veins. • Venous Comitantes: a pair of companion veins around an artery. 2- Superficial Veins: subcutaneous, variable in position, “great clinical importance”. 3- Perforating veins: Connect superficial with deep veins. 4- Emissary veins: communication between intracranial and extracranial veins”Valveless”. Venous Flow: 1- Vascular venous pump: when an artery expand it puts a pressure on veins around it and cause the blood to move. 2- Muscular venous pump: when skeletal muscles contract, it cause pressure on veins that are between them and cause blood to move” valves help too”. 3-Thoracic venous pump: during inspiration the diaphragm puts pressure on the abdominal veins and cause blood to move upward. • Varicose Veins: failure of venous valves that cause an accumulation in veins of foot when you don’t move. • Haemorroids: abnormal dilated veins in the portal systemic anastomoses under the mucous membrane of the anal canal linked to chronic straining. • Deep vein thrombosis: Venous sinuses in soleus muscle of Calf. .‫تجمع للدم في ا<وردة الي تكون في بطة القدم بسبب عدم تحريكها‬ • Pulmonary Emboli: Emboli that came from veins and it will be stocked in the lungs. Capillaries: the smallest vessels, thinnest, permeability varies, composed of: Endothelial + Basement membrane. Types: 1- Continuous: complete basement membrane and only clefts on the endothelial. 2- Fenstrated: complete basement membrane and fenestrations between cells. 3- Sinusoidal: incomplete basement membrane and intercellular gaps with Phagocytes. Increased permeability, found in Haemopoietic organs: • Liver, Spleen and Bone Marrow. Capillaries are found everywhere “except”: -Surface epithelia. -Articular Cartilage. -Not found totally in the Cornea and eye lenses. Bleeding Types: Arterial. Venous. Capillaries. A patient came in with a cut to his upper lip, blood coming out of the vessel it cut was in sprouts and pulsative flow. What is the likely vessel that was cut? A.thinnest permeable vessel, with small circular lumen and no valves. B.thick walled vessel with small circular lumen and no valves C.thin walled vessel with wide lumen and one way valve. Which of the anatomical basis in coronary artery is the cause of myocardial infarction in young male? A-true anastomoses. B- Portal system anastomoses C-arteriovenous anastomoses D- potential anastomoses A woman presented to the emergency department after an accidental cut in her right femur. She received first-aid on the accident site. Upon removal of compression bandages from around the wound site, the attending doctor noticed the bleeding was continuous and pulsating. Which damage to the following structure causes hemorrhage? A. Arterioles B. Arteries C. Venules D. Veins Mention 2 Examples of end arteries: Sigmntal N Arty of Renal 1 Hepatic