preventive final22.pdf

edited 1.Which of the following statement is false? A. Immunity to infection is influenced by a person's genetic background, overall health, access to good sanitation and nutrition and social status B. Climate can directly impact disease transmission through replication and survival of pathogens an...

edited 1.Which of the following statement is false? A. Immunity to infection is influenced by a person's genetic background, overall health, access to good sanitation and nutrition and social status B. Climate can directly impact disease transmission through replication and survival of pathogens and vectors, as well as through its effects on ecology C. International travel and commerce lead to rapid decrease of infectious diseases prevalence in low and middle - income countries D. Control of an infectious disease requires understanding how it is transmitted ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.Which of the following statement is true? A. All infections are transmitted from human to human B. Some infections have several routes of transmission C. Burden of infectious diseases is especially high in high - income countries. D. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.HIV can be transmitted by: A. Shaking hands or hugging B. Kissing C. Sharing needles D. Insect biting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.What kind of sexual contact can transmit HIV? A. Only homosexual B. Only heterosexual *C. Either heterosexual or homosexual ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.Parenteral transmission of HIV involves: A. Transfusion of infected blood or blood products B. Use of contaminated medical equipment at healthcare facilities C. Sharing needles, syringes and paraphernalia among injection drug users D. Needle - stick injuries and cutting with sharps among healthcare workers E. None of the above F. All of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.Which of the following statement is false about HIV infection? A. Globally, sexual transmission is the leading route of HIV transmission B. Without preventive measures the risk of HIV transmission from treatment naïve HIV infected mother to child is 25-30 % C. Antiretroviral treatment increases the risk of HIV transmission …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. HIV is not transmitted by: A. Sexual contact B. Blood transfusion C. Coughing or sneezing D. Sharing needles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.HIV can be transmitted through the contact with: A. Urine B. Tear C. sperm D. Saliva ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9.HIV cannot be transmitted through the contact with: A. Blood B. Amniotic fluid C. Sperm D. Sweat …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. which of the following are the ways of HIV transmission? a. Blood, direct contact, air b. Blood, sexual, mother to child c. Air, mother to child, sexual d. Droplets, sexual, mother to child e. Vector, sexual, blood 10.What is " eclipse period " in HIV infection? A. Time between infection and the onset of clinical symptoms B. Time between infection and detectable anti - HIV antibodies C. Time between infection and detectable HIV RNA D. Time between infection and initiation of antiretroviral treatment …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11.What is " window period " in HIV infection? A. Time between infection and the onset of clinical symptoms B. Time between infection and initiation of antiretroviral treatment C. Time between infection and detectable HIV RNA *D. Time between infection and detectable anti - HIV antibodies …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12.Which of the following is false about post - exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV infection? A. PEP is a short course of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) aiming to reduce the risk of HIV infection after exposure B.PEP should be started not later than 72 hours after exposure C. PEP is indicated after skin injury with sharp instruments contaminated with HIV infected blood D.PEP is not indicated after splashing of HIV infected blood on mucous membranes E. All of the above F. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13.Mother to child HIV infection can occur during: A. Pregnancy B. Delivery C. Breastfeeding D. All of the above E. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14.The risk of HIV transmission from infected mother to child without any preventive measure is : A.< 10 % B. 25-30 % C. > 90 % D. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15.With all preventive measures the risk of mother to child HIV transmission can be decreased by : A.1 % B. 75 % C. 100 % D. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Which organs can be affected by TB? 1 Lungs 2 Bones 3 Kidneys 4 Brain 5 Any organ 6 None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………. 17.TB can be transmitted through A. Food and water B. Droplets C. Air D. Blood E. Sexual contact F. All of the above G. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18. TB disease infection develops: A. In 1 % of TB infected individuals B. In 5-15 % of TB infected individuals C. In > 90 % of TB infected individuals D. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 Which of the following id false about latent TB infection (LTBI)? A. In 5-15 % of cases LTBI can develop in active disease B. Individual with LTBI is a source of infection C.PPD test is positive in individuals with LTBI D. X - ray signs of TB are absent in individuals with LTBI E. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20.Latent TB infection (LTBI) is treated: A. In countries with high TB prevalence B.in countries with high TB incidence C. In countries where TB is in elimination phase D. In countries with MDR - TB high incidence E. All of the above F. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21.What does positive PPD skin test result mean? A. Active TB B. Relapse of TB C. Latent TB infection D. Chronic TB E. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22.BCG vaccine: A. Protects from primary TB infection B. Protects from reactivation of latent TB infection C. Protects children from TB meningitis and military TB D. Protects adults from TB meningitis and military TB E. Decrease the risk of TB transmission ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23.In which clinical samples M. tuberculosis can be found? A. Sputum B. Urine C. Cerebrospinal fluid D. All of the above E. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 What is primary resistance to anti - TB drugs? A. When patient is infected with resistant M. tuberculosis B. When resistance to anti - TB drugs develop due to wrong treatment regimen or poor treatment adherence C. When a patient with active Tb refuses to start anti - TB treatment D. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25.What is secondary resistance to anti - TB drugs? A. When patient is infected with resistant M. tuberculosis B. When resistance to anti - TB drugs develop due to wrong treatment regimen or poor treatment adherence C. When a patient with active Tb refuses to start anti - TB treatment D. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26.Which of the following are not preventive measures of Mycobacterial exposure? A. Respirator N95 B. Surgical mask C. Regular opening of window and / or door D. Mechanical ventilation E. Negative pressure rooms F. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27.Which of the following is false about Malaria? A. Malaria can be transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes B. African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden C. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites D. Plasmodia multiply inside the white blood cells, destroy them and cause immune deficiency ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28. Population groups at higher risk of contracting Malaria are: A. Children under 5 years B. Pregnant women C. Patients with HIV / AIDS D. Travelers E. All of the above F. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29.Measures of Malaria prevention are: A. Vector control B. Chemoprophylaxis C. None of the above D. Both of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30.Primary prevention of Malaria involves: A. Providing insecticide - treated mosquito bed nets to all persons at risk for malaria B. Indoor residential spraying with pesticides C. None of the above D. Both of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31 Which of the following is false? A. Chronic diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries B. Low resting energy expenditure / basal metabolic rate is non - modifiable risk factor for obesity C. Bariatric surgery is the primary level of obesity prevention D. Around 80 % of chronic disease is potentially preventable by means of lifestyle interventions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32.Which level of obesity prevention is the improvements in diet and physical activity patterns? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33.Obesity (particularly abdominal adiposity) is non - modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This statement is: A. True B. False ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34.Fasting glucose testing and glucose tolerance testing are measures of secondary prevention for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This statement is: A. True B. False …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35.The main modifiable risk factor for stroke is hypertension. This statement is: A. True B. False ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36.non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease are all except: A. Age B. Gender C. Dyslipidemia D. Family history ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37.Tobacco avoidance, healthy diet and physical activity are measures of *A. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease B. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease C. Tertiary prevention of cardiovascular disease ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38.Revascularization (angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery) is a measure of: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39.Exposure to airborne toxins caused by pollution, occupation, or tobacco smoke are: A. Non - modifiable risk factors for chronic lung disease B. Modifiable risk factors for chronic lung disease C. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40.Home oxygen for patients functionally limited by hypoxemia, along with medications to manage symptoms are measures of : A. Primary prevention of chronic lung disease B. Secondary prevention of chronic lung disease C. Tertiary prevention of chronic lung disease D. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41.Primary prevention for chronic lung disease involves: A. Home oxygen for patients functionally limited by hypoxemia B. Management of early - stage disease to prevent progression C. medications to manage symptoms and prevent progression D. Smoking cessation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 Screening of specific populations for cervical, breast and colon cancers are measures of : a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43. Hormonal therapy to prevent recurrence of breast cancer is a measure of A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44.Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is a measure of: A. Primary prevention of cervical cancer B. Secondary prevention of cervical cancer C. Tertiary prevention of cervical cancer …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45.Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a measure of: *A. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma B. Secondary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma C. Tertiary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46. Joint replacement surgery is a measure of: A. Primary prevention of osteoarthritis B. Secondary prevention of osteoarthritis C. Tertiary prevention of prevention of osteoarthritis …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47.Which of the following statement is wrong? A. Most prevalent of mental health disorders are depression and anxiety B. Substance dependence is characterized by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and functional impairment C. Substance misuse is a risk factor for pathological substance use D. Substance and behavioral addictions are frequently …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48. Thoughts about killing or harming oneself is: A. Suicide B. Suicide attempt C Suicide ideation D. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49.Targeted prevention of mental and behavioral disorders is: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50.Medical / pharmacologic intervention for mental and behavioral disorders is: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51. Targeted prevention of mental and behavioral disorders is directed towards A. General public B. Those at greater risk for mental health and behavioral disorders C. None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52. Universal prevention efforts include policy changes that are targeted toward an entire population and serve to reduce the incidence of mental health or behavioral disorders. Is this statement correct? A. Yes B. No …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53.Strategies shown to improve mental health outcomes are: A. Improving nutrition and housing B. Improving access to education and health care C. Improving access to work and reducing poverty D. All of the above E. None of the above Focus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54 Which of the following is correct about primary prevention? A It is aimed to reduce the prevalence of chronic disability consequent to the disease b. It is directed towards those in whom the disease has already developed c It is intended to prevent disease among healthy people d. It is aimed to find disease at early stage and prevent disease progression ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 Which of the following is a method of secondary prevention? a. Healthy lifestyle counselling b Screening pregnant women for abuse at prenatal visits c Treating HIV infected individuals with antiretroviral drugs d Rehabilitation after stroke …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56 Which of the following is correct about tertiary prevention? a. Interrupts the disease process before it becomes symptomatic b. Limits physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease c Keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating causes of resistance to disease d. Detects latent disease in individuals considered to be at high risk ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57 Healthy life expectancy is: a Average number of years of life remaining at a given age b. Average number of years of life remaining that are expected to be None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………. 58 Immunization against infectious diseases A Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention D None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59 Mammograms to detect breast cancer is: a Primary prevention b Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention d. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60 Health education, environmental modifications, nutritional interventions, lifestyle and behavioral changes are components of a Specific protection b Health promotion c All of the above d None of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 61 Specific protection involves (check all that apply) : a Prevention of specific diseases by using vaccines and antimicrobial drugs b Education about healthy lifestyle c Prevention of specific deficiency states by food and water fortification d Modifying behavior, such as cigarette smoking lack of exercise e All of the above ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 Which of the following are examples of passive immunity (check all that apply) A Measles immunization B Maternal antibodies transferred through placenta and breast milk C immune globulin against HBV infection D vaccination against HBV infection E all of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 Antimicrobial prophylaxis is a Primary prevention b Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention …………………………………………………………………………………… 64 Prevention of vitamin and mineral deficiencies by food and water fortification a Primary prevention b Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention …………………………………………………………………………………. 65 Screening and case finding are methods of a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention ……………………………………………………………………………………. 66 What is multiphasic screening? a. Repetition of screening program b Confirmation of screening test result c Screening for several diseases in the same individual at one point of time d None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Screening programs reduce morbidity and mortality of a disease. Is this statement correct? a Correct b Wrong ………………………………………………………………………………………. 68 The most successful are screening programs for rare diseases and conditions. A Correct b. Wrong …………………………………………………………………………………… 69 Case finding is process of searching for asymptomatic diseases and risk factors among people in a setting Is this statement correct? a Correct b. Wrong …………………………………………………………………………………… 70 Screening test should have high degree of a. Specificity b Sensitivity c None of the above …………………………………………………………………………………. 71 Finding of a positive test result in a patient in whom the disease is absent is a True positive test result b True negative test result c False positive test result d False negative test result …………………………………………………………………………………………… 72 Finding a negative test result in a patient in whom the disease is absent is: A True positive test result b True negative test result c False positive test result d False negative test result ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73 Ability of a test to detect a disease when present is: a Positive predictive value b Negative predictive value c Sensitivity d. Specificity ……………………………………………………………………………………. 74 Ability of a test to indicate non - disease when no disease is present a Positive predictive value b Negative predictive value c Sensitivity d Specificity ……………………………………………………………………………………… 75 What proportion of the subjects with positive test results had the disease is indicate A Positive predictive value B Negative predictive value c Sensitivity d. Specificity ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76 What proportion of the subjects with negative test results did not have the disease a. Positive predictive value b Negative predictive value C Sensitivity D Specificity 77. Which of the following statement correct? Select one: a Patient’s perceptions strongly predict recovery, loss of work days, adherence, and health care utilization b Disability is the adverse impact of the disease on how the patient feels. C Rehabilitation should start at late stages of treatment D Cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to be ineffective Intervention in preventing progression of heart disease …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78. Which of the following statement is wrong? Select one a Screening has no value for too rare or too common diseases or conditions b the screening test must be safe and acceptable to the persons being screened c Screening tests should have a high degree of specificity and low degree of sensitivity d Screening has no value if the detection of a disease in pre-symptomatic stage will not be followed by effective therapy …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79. Methods of disability limitation include: Select one: a. Aid of occupational therapist b. Rehabilitation c financial compensation paid by government to patient or families d Therapy and symptomatic stage prevention …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80. Specific protection involves: Select one a Education about healthy lifestyle b. Prevention of specific diseases by using vaccines and antimicrobial drugs c Modifying behavior, such as cigarette smoking lack of exercise d None of the above e All of the above …………………………………………………………………………………………… 81. Which of the following is correct definition of healthy life expectancy? Select one: a. Number of years of life remaining that are expected to be free of serious disease b. Number of years of life that passed free of serious disease c Number of years that passed at given age d. Number of years of life remaining at given age …………………………………………………………………………………………. 82. Which of the following statements is correct about tertiary prevention? Select one: a Tertiary prevention involves health promotion b The sooner tertiary prevention is begun, the greater the chance of preventing significant impairment c Tertiary prevention is intended to prevent disease among healthy people d All of the above e None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………………. 83. False-positive test result is: Select one: a. Finding of a negative result in a patient in whom the disease is absent b. Finding a negative result in a patient in whom the disease is present. c Finding of a positive result in a patient in whom the disease is present d. Finding of a positive result in a patient in whom the disease is absent …………………………………………………………………………………………… 84. Which of the following is primary level of prevention? Select one: a. Treating babies with neonatal abstinence syndrome b. Occupational therapy c Screening of pregnant women on HCV infection d Immunization against infectious diseases ……………………………………………………………………………….. 85. What is(are) immunization goal(s)? Select one: a. Eradication of a disease b. regional elimination of a disease. C Control of a disease to reduce morbidity and mortality D All of the above e. None of the above ………………………………………………………………. 86. Travelers to malaria-endemic countries should receive antimicrobial protection against Plasmodium. This is a method of Select one: a Primary prevention b Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention d None of the above …………………………………………………………………. 87. Negative predictive value indicates: Select one: a What proportion of the subjects with positive test result had a disease b What proportion of the subjects with negative test result didn't have a disease c What proportion of the subjects with negative test had a disease d. What proportion of the subjects with positive test result didn't have a disease ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 88 Which of the following is correct about primary prevention? Select one: A It is directed towards those in whom the disease has already developed b It is intended to prevent disease among healthy people c It is aimed to find disease at early stage and prevent disease progression. D It is aimed to reduce the prevalence of chronic disability consequent to the disease …………………………………………………………………………………… 89. What is multiphasic screening? Select one: a. Repetition of screening program b. Confirmation of screening test result c Screening for several diseases in the same individual at one point of time d. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………….. 90. Which level of prevention is coronary angioplasty in a patient with cardiovascular disease? Select one: a Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c Tertiary prevention d None of the above …………………………………………………………………………….. 91. Which of the following is secondary level of prevention? Select one: a. Chronic disease management programs b. Malaria chemoprophylaxis c Mammography for early diagnosis of breast cancer d. Safe sex education ……………………………………………………………………………. 92. Which type of immunity is the protection of recently exposed individuals by human Immune globulin against HBV infection? Select one a Active immunity b Passive immunity C Both of the above D None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………. 93. Which of the following are examples of passive immunity? Select one: a. Measles Immunization b Maternal antibodies transferred through placenta and breast milk c Vaccination against HBV infection d All of the above ……………………………………………………………………………… 94. Disease prevention possible by: Select one: a Using antimicrobial drugs b Vaccination Food and water fortification with vitamins and minerals d All of the above e None of the above ………………………………………………………………………………. 95. Which of the following statement is correct about active immunity? Select one: a Is of long duration O b. Conferred by vaccines c Rapidly stimulated to high levels by re-exposure of the same or closely related antigens d. All of the above e. None of the above …………………………………………………………………………….. 96. Which of the following is tertiary level of prevention? Select one A Detection of asymptomatic HIV patients and their subsequent treatment with antiviral drugs B Medical therapy after cerebrovascular accident C Papanicolaou smears for early diagnosis of cervical cancer D Immunization against infectious diseases 97. Which of the following is correct about tertiary prevention? Select one: a. Detects latent disease in individuals considered to be at high risk b. Interrupts the disease process before it becomes symptomatic c. Keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating causes of disease or by increasing resistance to disease d. Limits physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease 98. False-negative test result is: Select one: a. Finding of a positive result in a patient in whom the disease is present b. Finding a negative result in a patient in whom the disease is present c. Finding of a negative result in a patient in whom the disease is absent d. Finding of a positive result in a patient in whom the disease is absent 99. What is the goal of preventive medicine? Select one: a. Curing diseases in individual patients b. Disease prevention and health promotion c. Social therapy of diseases individuals d. None of the above e. All of the above 100. What is the goal of tertiary prevention? Select one: a. Limiting physical and social consequences of an injury or disease after it has occurred or become symptomatic b. Avoiding a disease by health promotion c. Limiting physical and social consequences of an injury or disease before it has occurred or become symptomatic d. Detection of disease or risk factors in the pre-symptomatic stage, when medical, environmental, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions can be most effective 101. Which level of prevention is prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections in patients with AIDs? *NOT SURE* Select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. None of the above 102. Positive predictive value indicates: Select one: a. What proportion of the subjects with negative test result didn't have a disease b. What proportion of the subjects with positive test result didn't have a disease c. What proportion of the subjects with negative test result had a disease d. What proportion of the subjects with positive test result had a disease 103. Primary prevention: Select one: a. Reduces the prevalence of complications of established disease b. Avoids development of disease c. Prevents of disease progression d. Detects disease at early stages 104. Which of level of prevention is improving blood lipid levels in patient with cardiovascular disease? Select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. None of the above 105. Which of the following are examples of passive immunity? Select one: a. Measles immunization b. Maternal antibodies transferred through placenta and breast milk c. Vaccination against HBV infection d. All of the above 106. Health education, environmental modifications, nutritional interventions, lifestyle and behavioral changes are components of: Select one: a. Specific protection b. Health promotion c. All of the above d. None of the above 107. Specificity of a test is: Select one: a. Ability of a test to indicate non- disease when no disease is present b. Ability of a test to indicate non- disease when a disease is present c. Ability of a test to detect a disease when no disease is present d. Ability of a test to detect a disease when a disease is present 108. Which type of immunity is the protection of newborns by maternal antibodies transferred through placenta before birth and through breast milk after birth? Select one: a. Active immunity b. Passive immunity c. Both of the above d. None of the above 109. Screening and case finding are methods of: Select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. None of the above 110. Disability limitation and rehabilitation are two major components of: Select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Quaternary prevention e. None of the above 111. Promoting general health and preventing specific diseases are the goals of: Select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. All of the above e. None of the above 112. Which of the following statement is correct about passive immunity? a. Provides compete protection against infectious diseases b. Is of long duration c. Protection against infectious diseases are provided by antibodies produced in another organism d. All of the above e. None of the above 113. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is: Select one: a. Secondary prevention b. Tertiary prevention c. Primary prevention 114. Disease eradication by immunization is feasible: Select one: a. For vector-borne diseases b. For diseases in which humans are the only reservoir of etiologic agent c. For non-communicable diseases d. For nutritional deficiencies e. All of the above f. None of the above 115. Prevention of vitamin and mineral deficiencies by food and water fortification is: select one: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. None of the above 116. Which of the following is correct definition of life expectancy? Select one: a. Number of years that passed at given age b. Number of years of life that passed free of serious disease c. Number of years of life remaining that are expected to be free of serious disease d. Number of years of life remaining at given age 117. which of the following dimension is not include in WHO definition of health? Occupational weal being 118. The human development index HD is a composite of all the following components except? Life expectancy at 1 year 119. - A good indicator of the availability utilization and effectiveness of health care service in the country is? *Infant mortality rate 120. An ideal health indicator should be? All of the above 121. In the natural history of disease the pathogenesis phase is deemed to start upon? Entry of the disease agent in the human host. 122. The term disease control employs all of the following except? Reducing the prevalence of the disease 123. Morbidity in a community can best be estimated by? Active surveillance 124. Sentinel surveillance is employed to? Detect the total number of cases of a disease in a community 125. Which level of prevention is applicable for implementation in a population without any risk? Primordial prevention 126. Which of the following is not primary prevention? Breast self-examination for tumor 127. Choose the correct sequence in order of occurrence? *Disease impairment disability handicap 128. Epidemiology is? All of the above 129. In a community an increase in new cases of a particular disease is due to? Increase in incidence rate 130. the most effective tool for measuring incidence of a disease in a community is? Cohort study 131. In a given population prevalence of a disease can be rapidly determined? Cross sectional study 132. prevalence of a disease depends upon the following? Both of above 133. in a stable situation? Prevalence = incidence x duration 134. if a drug prevents mortality but does not affect cure then which of the following will be true? Prevalence will increase 135. if the incidence of a disease I females is 2 times as in males but the prevalence is equal in males and females what is the inference? Any of above 136. prevalence of a disease? Describe the balance between incidence mortality and recovery 137. at the end of year 2000 the population of a tribal district was 200,000 and number of the cases of a tuberculosis were 800, at the end of the year 2001 the population was 210,000and 200 new cases were detected and 12 cases had died.base on this data all of the following rates can be calculated except? Proportional mortality 138. prevalence is? Ratio 139. Study of time place and person distribution of health related events is known as? Descriptive epidemiology 140. which of the following show seasonal variation? *All of above 141. which not the true reason for cyclic trend of a disease? Environmental conditions 142. Seasonal variation of a disease can be assessed by? Comparing the incidence of disease. 143. A disease is called endemic when it? Is constantly present at low rates in a specific geographical area 144. which of the following is the most useful study designed in a hospital setting? Case control 145. in relation case control study which the following is not correct? Several possible outcomes can be studied 146. All of the following are advantages of case control studies except? **************************************Relative risk can be calculated 147. Men is obligatory host for? Measles 148. natural habitat in which organism metabolize and replicates is known as? Reservoir 149. the first person becoming sick in an epidemic is called? *Primary case 150. Which of the following is the essential criterion for defining a carrier state? *All of the above 151. vertical transmission refers to a mode o Placenta 152. Vertical transmission is seen in all of following except? Measles 153. infants are protected against infections disease in first 3 months of life on account of?\ *All of the above 154. Which is the most economical and best screening? High risk screening 155. the methods of detecting missing contacts in a disease is? Active surveillance 156. descriptive Epidemiology is study in relation to? All (tame, place, person) 157. which is the most economical and best screening? High risk screening