Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Presentation PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Tchr. Cristialen Maniaga LESSON 5.1 LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION DESCRIBE HOW YOUR COMMUNITY HAS CHANGED OVER THE YEARS. WRITE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUR COMMUNITY TEN YEARS AGO IN THE “PAST” COLUMN AND DO THE SAME TO...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Tchr. Cristialen Maniaga LESSON 5.1 LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION DESCRIBE HOW YOUR COMMUNITY HAS CHANGED OVER THE YEARS. WRITE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUR COMMUNITY TEN YEARS AGO IN THE “PAST” COLUMN AND DO THE SAME TO DESCRIBE YOUR PRESENT COMMUNITY IN THE “PRESENT” COLUMN. SOCIETY PAST PRESENT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL- IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS INTERACT TO SHAPE HUMAN NATURE THROUGHOUT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY. EXAMPLE IS THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND TECHNOLOGY. SOCIAL EVOLUTION- THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY AND SOCIAL FORMS, INSTITUTIONS, USUALLY THROUGH PEACEFUL STAGES. SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, PARTICULARLY POLITICAL SCIENTISTS AND SOCIOLOGIST, INQUIRE ABOUT SOCIETY AND ITS VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND HOW THESE AFFECT HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERACTIONS.  SOCIETIES ARE SAID TO HAVE EVOLVED, AS HUMAN BEINGS LEARNED TO ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT. SOCIAL EVOLUTION WENT HAND-IN -HAND WITH THESE PROCESSED OF SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION.  [Antrhopologists] Three(3)types of societal evolution: Biological, Cultural, and Technological. These types of evolution are seen to be interrelated. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION “biological evolution is a process of descent with modification. Lineages of organisms change through generations; diversity arises because the lineages that descend from common ancestors diverge through time” continues to TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS THEY LEARNED TO CREATE VARIOUS TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THEIR DAILY TASKS SUCH AS PLANTING CROPS, DOMESTICATING ANIMALS, AND TRADE. BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION Anthropologists introduced this concept sometime in 1970s. Refer to as “the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture” focuses on the idea that “biology makes culture. LESSON 5.2 THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ASSERT THAT HUMAN BEINGS ARE SOCIAL BEINGS NATURALLY INCLINED TO LIVE TOGETHER AND LEARN FROM CONTINUOUS INTERACTION WITH ONE ANOTHER LEWIS HENRY MORGAN Anthropologist in 19th century. Came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three (3) stages of development: savagery, barbarism, and civilization THREE (3) STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Savage stage is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic and hunter-gather lifestyle. Barbaric stage the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication animals. Civilized stage is the highest stage of development where people learned writing and communicate. FRIEDRICH ENGELS He developeda theory on the origin of private property and the state. Postulated that the accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishmentof a class- based society. KARL MARX came up with the perspective that social institutions evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes over the means of production such as wealth and private property. HERBERT SPENCER In the early 20th century, he applied Charles Darwin’s principles of biological evolution to social evolution. Engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type. CULTURAL REFERS RELATIVISM- THE NOTION THAT INDIVIDUAL’S AN ATTITUDES, IDEAS BELIEFS, AND ARE BASED CULTURAL ON THE CONTEXT OF HIS OR HER SOCIETY. FRANZ BOAS Argue that human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed, Boas used empirical data to prove that much of social Darwinists attributed to race was actually the product of environment and culture. THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS HAS GIVEN RISE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS FROM HUNTING-GATHERING GROUPS TO AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES BAND-LEVEL SOCIETIES Earliest societys were comprised of the hunters-gatherers, and were referred to as band-level societies or simply “bands” they were basically small unit and nomadic family believed to be egalitarian nonhierarchical since distinctions were based on age Leadership was based on qualities such as strength,intelligence,and trustworthiness. The leader exercised a certain degree of authority not exercise power to enforce rules not given special status on society. Decisions made were usually concerned with moving to another territory, food distribution, and settlement. THE TRIBE  THESE CHANGES BROUGHT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRIBE. IT IS A MORE FORMAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MADE UP OF SEVERAL BANDS AND GROUPS THAT WERE CONNECTED THROUGH CLAN STRUCTURE OR KINSHIP.  TO THE SETTLEMENT OF BANDS AND THESE LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY, LINEAGES, AND KINSHIP TIES, MARKING THE INTRODUCTION OF MORE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEMBERS OF Leader of the tribe was or headman was a more formal and established leader. significantly influences the members of the tribe and was recognized as a person of importance. took advantage of the kinship ties among tribe members to assert his authority or power performed responsibilities such as: resolving conflicts overseeing activities (harvesting, planting, movement of herd) organizing feast and celebrations The growth of tribes allowed them to increasingly interact with one another leading to the establishment of a new political organization, the chiefdom consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrial Revolution Societies evolved, social and political institutions developed idea along with the of law, political leadership, governance and citizenship, begin in the mid-1700s 1800s. until the  It is widely believed that the factors that influence the industrial revolution were mainly technological in nature, the inventions and technological breakthroughs were achieved.  Laisser-Faire-is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any economic interventionism. LESSON 5.3 THEORIES ON SOCIETY AND STATE THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR IDEAS ABOUT THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF SOCIETY, THE FORMATION OF THE STATE, AND THE VIEW ABOUT LAW, GOVERNANCE, AND CITIZENSHIP 1. SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION Human interaction fulfills certain basic needs an individual basic biological needs are met by his or her family. Aristotle considered the state as the highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION “polis” which means “city" polis is the reflection of natural order. composed of people who govern and those who are governed. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 2. SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF A SOCIAL CONTRACT Society as a Product of a Social Contract An agreement made by those members of society that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority. SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF A SOCIAL CONTRACT Different ideas regarding the nature of social contract: 1. Thomas Hobbes The agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of the people main role of political ruler was to maintain order and security within society. 2. John Locke social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law, human beings live in a state of nature governed by rationality and natural law. 3. MODERNIZATION THEORIES  MODERNIZATION THEORIES Historical-Materialist Perspective by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and ownership. People are involved in a class struggle to control the means of production such as land and capital. MODERNIZATION THEORIES Max Weber’s rationalization and bureaucratization the state bureaucracy became larger in size and its agencies became specialized requiring qualified personnel.  MODERNIZATION THEORIES Max Weber’s rationalization and bureaucratization the state bureaucracy became larger in size and its agencies became specialized requiring qualified personnel. the types of authority that dominated were traditional and charismatic forms while in modern, industrial societies, leadership was based on a rational-legal framework  MODERNIZATION THEORIES Emile Durkheim’s Mechanical Solidarity and Organic Solidarity Mechanical solidarity is a sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs, values, and activities as well as kinship ties between its members (traditional society) Organic Solidarity is where division of labor is more specialized (developed society)  THANK YOU PREPARED BY: CRISTIALEN MANIAGA