Preschool Developmental Milestone PDF

Nursing Care of a Family with a Preschool Child Developmental Milestone Preschool  Developmental Milestone CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 2 Preschool  Language Development  The extent of a 3-year-old child’s vocabulary varies depending on...

Nursing Care of a Family with a Preschool Child Developmental Milestone Preschool  Developmental Milestone CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 2 Preschool  Language Development  The extent of a 3-year-old child’s vocabulary varies depending on how much the child has been encouraged to ask questions or participate in conversations.  A child typically, however, has a vocabulary of about 900 words and uses it to ask questions constantly, up to 400 a day, such as “Why is snow cold?” “How do worms hear?” and “What does your tongue do?”  A child needs simple answers to such questions to encourage curiosity, vocabulary building, and questioning. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 3 LANGUAGE  VOCABULARY increases markedly.  900-word vocabulary by 3 years.  2100 word vocabulary by 5 years  Three to four sentences by 3 years  From ages 4 to 5 years, preschoolers use longer sentences of four or five words and use more words to convey a message, such as prepositions, adjectives, and a variety of verbs.  Language continues to develop. Speech remains primarily a vehicle of egocentric communication.  Most enlightening and effective method is play  Uses language without comprehending the meaning of words, particularly concepts of right and left, causality and time.  Thinking is often described as magical thinking CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 4 TELE­GRAPHIC Children between the ages of 3 and 4 years form sentences of approximately three or four words and include only the words most essential to convey meaning. Three-year-old children ask many questions and use plurals, correct pronouns, and the past tense of verbs. They name familiar objects (such as animals and parts of the body), relatives, and friends. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 5 Preschool  Language Development  Egocentrism, or perceiving that one’s thoughts and needs are better or more important than those of others, is also strong during the preschool period. Preschoolers cannot believe that not everyone knows facts they know; if asked, “What is your name?” they may reply, “Don’t you know it?”  Define objects mainly in relation to themselves, so a spoon is “what I eat with,” not a curved metal object; a crayon is “what I write with,” not an orange wax object.  Preschoolers tend to imitate language exactly, so if they hear less- than-perfect language, this is the language pattern they adopt.  Egocentricity changes to awareness of others; rules become important; understands sharing. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 6 Preschool  Language Development  Play Preschoolers do not need many toys because, with an imagination keener than it will be at any other time in life, they enjoy games that use imitation such as pretending they are a teacher, cowboy or cowgirl, firefighter, or store clerk. Many preschoolers have imaginary friends at this stage (Nielsen, 2012), which often exist until children formally begin school.  Four- and 5-year-olds divide their time between roughhousing and imitative play. Five-year-olds become interested in group games or reciting songs they have learned in kindergarten or preschool. Often exist until children formally begin school. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 7 SOCIALIZATION AND PLAY  Play for the Preschooler  Importance:  1. The child learns to express feelings.  2. The child develops concern for his playmates:  3. By play, the adult gains a view into the child's world.  They usually enjoy associative play which is a group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules.  Manipulative constructive, creative, and educational toys provide for quiet activities, fine motor development and self expression.  Most characteristic and pervasive activity is imitative, imaginative and dramatic play.  Mutual play fosters development from birth through the school years and provides enriched opportunities for learning. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 8 Play 1.Predominantly associative play 2.Enjoys imitative and dramatic play. a. Imitates same-sex role functions in play. b. Enjoys dressing up, dollhouses, trucks, cars, telephones, doctor and nurse kits. 3. Provide toys to help develop gross motor skills: tricycles, wagons, outdoor gym; sandbox, wading pool. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 9 Play 4. Provide toys to encourage fine motor skills, self-expression, and cognitive development: construction sets, blocks, carpentry tools; flash cards, illustrated books, puzzles; paints, crayons, clay, simple sewing sets. 5. Television, when supervised, can provide a quiet activity; some programs have educational content. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 10 Kinds of Play: (ASSOCIATIVE PLAY)  From solitary and parallel play, it shifts to simple forms of: 1. Cooperative play - when the child begins to exchange ideas with other children and gradually interact with them. 2. Loosely organized play - activity which is continuous but membership changes. 3. Social play - child plays with other children. 4. Organized play - emerges at latter part of the preschool period. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 11 Preschool  Emotional Development  Initiative The developmental task for the preschool-age child is to achieve a sense of initiative versus guilt (Erikson, 1993). Children with a well- developed sense of initiative like to explore because they have discovered that learning new things is fun.  Becomes independent a. Feeds self completely. b. Dresses self. c. Takes increased responsibility for actions.  They enjoy going with their family on vacation. These types of experiences lead to increased vocabulary (e.g., at the zoo, words such as giraffe, elephant, and bear come alive because they are transferred from abstract concepts to the actual animals). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 12 Preschool  Emotional Development  Imitation Imitating the actions of the people around them peaks during preschool age.  Role modeling this way should be fun and does not have to be accurate. Children generally imitate those activities best that they see their parents performing at home.  Fantasy Toddlers cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality; they believe cartoon characters they see on television are real. Preschoolers, however, begin to make this differentiation. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 13 Preschool  Emotional Development  Gender Roles Preschoolers begin to be aware of the difference between sexes and so need to be introduced to both gender roles. Gender-specific behavior is evident by 5 years.  Socialization capable of sharing, they play with other children their age much more agreeably than do toddlers, which makes the preschool period a sensitive and critical time for socialization. Preschoolers who are exposed to other playmates have an easier time learning to relate to people than those raised in an environment where they rarely see other children of the same age.  Aggressiveness and impatience peak at 4 years then abate CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 14 Preschool  Emotional Development  Oedipus and Electra Complexes : Oedipus complex refers to the strong emotional attachment a preschool boy demonstrates toward his mother; an Electra complex is the attachment of a preschool girl to her father. Parents can be assured this phenomenon of competition and romance in 1preschoolers is a normal part of maturing. Some parents may need help in handling feelings of jealousy and anger, however, particularly if a child is vocal in expressing feelings toward a parent. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 15 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT  Oedipal Stage or Phallic Stage (Sigmund Freud)  Strong attachment to the opposite sex parent while identifying with the same sex parent.  Sex-typing, or the process by which the individual develops the behavior, personality, attitudes, and beliefs appropriate for her culture and sex occur.  Most powerful mechanisms are childrearing practices and imitations. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 16  The little girl becomes possessive of her father and competes with mother for father’s love ( Electra Complex)  The little boy may compete with the father for mother’s love ( Oedipal complex)  The parents of same sex provides a model for the child to imitate as he develops and matures  By the end of the preschool, the boy no longer want to take his father’s place but simply wants to be his father; the little girl wants to grow up like his mother  The child becomes friends with both parents and the family becomes a meaningful love-object CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 17 Preschool  Cognitive Development  According to Piaget (1969), cognitive development is still preoperational by 3 years of age, although children during this period also enter a second phase called intuitional thought. During this second phase of development, children learn by asking questions such as “How come?” and “Why?”  Intuitive children show a style of thinking he called “centration.” Centration also means that preschoolers cannot make mental substitutions and often feel they are always right. It’s important to remember this when explaining procedures to preschoolers.  Preschoolers are not yet aware of the property of conservation. This means that if they have two balls of clay of equal size, but one is squashed flatter and wider than the other, they will insist the flatter one is bigger (because it is wider) or the intact one is bigger (because it is taller). They cannot see that only the form, not the amount, has changed. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 18 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  One of the task of preschool period is readiness for school and scholastic learning. Preoperational Phase ( Piaget)  Comprises the age span from 2 to 7 years and is divided into 2 stages:  Preconceptual phase, ages 2 to 4, and  the phase of intuitive thought, ages 4 to 7.  Shift from totally egocentric thought to social awareness and the ability to consider other viewpoints. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 19 Preschool  Moral and Spiritual Development  Children of preschool age determine right from wrong based on their parents’ rules  Preschoolers begin to have an elemental concept of spirituality if they have been provided some form of religious training. Belief in an outside force aids in the development of conscience; however, preschoolers tend to do good out of self-interest rather than because of strong spiritual motivation (Kohlberg, 1984).  Children at this age enjoy the security of religious holidays and religious rituals such as prayer before meals because these rituals offer them the same reassurance and security as a familiar nursery rhyme read over and over. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 20 MORAL DEVELOPMENT Preconventional or Premoral level (Kohlberg)  Punishment and obedience orientation ( 2 to 4 y/o)  If children are punished for it, the action is bad. If they are not punished the action is good, regardless of the meaning of the act.  Naive instrumental orientation (4 to 7 y/o). Actions are directed toward satisfying their needs and less frequently the needs of others.  Involves the philosophy of “ You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours”. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 21 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT INTUITIVE- PROJECTIVE Children’s knowledge of faith and religion is learned from significant others in their environment , usually from parents’ religious practices. Concrete concept of God with physical characteristics, who is often like an imaginary friend. Understand simple bible stories and memorize short prayers, but their understanding of the meaning of these rituals is limited. Learns right from wrong and behaving correctly to avoid punishment. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 22  SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Fowler’s Stages of Spiritual Development Stage Age Description 1. Intuitive- 4 to 6 A combination of images and projective years beliefs given by trusted others, mixed with the child's own experience and imagination CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 23 Preschool  Gross motor development a. Walks up stairs using alternate feet by 3 years. b. Walks down stairs using alternate feet by 4 years. c. Rides tricycle by 3 years. d. Stands on 1 foot by 3 years. e. Hops on 1 foot by 4 years. f. Skips and hops on alternate feet by 5 years. g. Balances on 1 foot with eyes closed by 5 years. h. Throws and catches ball by 5 years. i. Jumps off 1 step by 3 years. j. Jumps rope by 5 years. k. Walking, running, climbing and jumping are well established at age 36 months. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 24 Preschool Fine motor development a. Hand dominance is established by 5 years. b. Builds a tower of blocks by 3 years. c. Ties shoes by 5 years. d. Ability to draw changes over this time 1) copies circles, may add facial features by 3 years. 2) copies a square, traces a diamond by 4 years. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 25   DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE  3 years old MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL SOCIAL-ADAPTIVE Repeats six syllables, for Understands taking turns. Stands on one foot for at instance: "I have a little dog". least one second. Copies a circle (from model, Names three to more objects without demonstration). Jumps from bottom stair. in a picture. Builds three-block pyramid. Alternates feet going Gives sex. ("Are you a boy or Dresses with supervision. upstairs. a girl?"). Puts 10 pellets into bottle in Pours from a pitcher. Gives full name. 30 seconds. Can undo two buttons. Pedals a tricycle. Repeats three digits (one of three trials). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 26 MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL SOCIAL-ADAPTIVE Knows a few rhymes: Separates easily from mother. Feeds self Gives appropriate answer well. to: "What: swims-flies- shoots ­boils-bites-melts?" Plays interactive Knows at least one color. games, sock as "tag". Can reply to questions in at least twee word Sentences. May have vocabulary of 750 to 1,000 words (3-31/2 years). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 27   DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE  4 years old MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL-SOCIAL ADAPTIVE Stands on one foot for at Repeats ten-word Copies cross.(+) without least five seconds (two of sentences without errors. demonstration. three trials). Imitates oblique cross (x). Counts three objects, Draws a man with four Hops at least twice on one pointing correctly. parts. Cooperates with foot. other children Repeats three to four digits in play. Can walk heel-to-toe for (4-5 years). Dresses and undresses self four or more steps (with (mostly without heel one inch or less in Comprehends: "What do supervision). Brushes front of toe). you do if: you are hungry, teeth, washes face. sleepy, cold?" Compares lines: "Which is Can button coat or dress; longer?" may lace shoe. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 28 MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL-SOCIAL ADAPTIVE Spontaneous sentences, four Compares lines: "Which is to five words long. longer?" Folds paper two to three times. Likes to ask questions. Can select heavier from lighter object. Understands prepositions, Cares for self at toilet. such as: on-under-behind, etc. ("Put the block on the table."). Can point to three out of four colors (red, blue, green, yellow). Speech is now an effective communicative tool. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 29   DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE  5 Years old MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL SOCIAL ADAPTIVE Balances on one foot for Knows age (“How old are Copies a square. Copies eight to ten seconds. you?”). oblique cross (x) without Skips, using feet Performs three tasks (with one demonstration. alternately. command), ° for instance: "Put May print a few letters (5- May be able to tie a knot. pen 51/2 years). on table-close door -bring me Draws a man with at least the ball." six identifiable parts. Catches bounced ball Knows four colors. with hands (not arm) ; in Define use for: Fork-­horse- Builds a six-block pyramid two of three trials. key-pencil, etc. from demonstration. Identifies by name: nickel- dime-penny. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 30 MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL SOCIAL ADAPTIVE Asks many "why" questions. Transports things in a wagon. Relatively few speech errors remain-90% of consonant Plays with coloring set, sounds are made correctly. construction toys, puzzles. Counts number of fingers Participates well in group correctly. play. Counts by rote to 10. Comments on pictures (description and interpretations). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 31 TOY 1. IMAGINATIVE 3. DRAMATIC / IMITATIVE  imaginary friends are normal at this stage  play house  provide "real" playmates  provide costumes (Superheroes)  dolls; puppets  "dress-up" games  housekeeping toys, 2. CREATIVE   "doctor or nurse" sets sand bags  cutting and pasting tools  playground equipment  water colors/coloring books  play clay  skates  simple jigsaw puzzles CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 32 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY: FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2020 11/06/2024 33