Glossary of Terms Related to Ethics and Integrity in Education PDF

GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN EDUCATION ETINED Volume 8 Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity in Education  GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN EDUCATION...

GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN EDUCATION ETINED Volume 8 Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity in Education  GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN EDUCATION ETINED Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity in Education Volume 8 Authors Loreta Tauginienė Tomáš Foltýnek Council of Europe  The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. The reproduction of extracts (up to 500 words) is authorised, except for commercial purposes, as long as the integrity of the text is preserved, the excerpt is not used out of context, does not provide incomplete information or does not otherwise mislead the reader as to the nature, scope or content of the text. The source text must always be acknowledged as follows: “© Council of Europe, year of the publication”. All other requests concerning the reproduction/translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to the Directorate of Communications, Council of Europe (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). All other correspondence concerning this document should be addressed to the Council of Europe DGII Democracy and Human Dignity Education Department F67075 Strasbourg Cedex E-mail: [email protected] Cover design and layout: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Cover photo: Shutterstock Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-9476-3 (PDF) © Council of Europe, April 2024 Printed at the Council of Europe  Introduction T his glossary relates to the project Combating Education Fraud in the frame- work of the Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity in Education (ETINED). It serves as a basis to consolidate the definitions of terms related to ethics and integrity in education and to clarify the potential implications of their content. It consists of 135 definitions of 76 terms. The glossary may be of value to different stakeholders involved in the promotion of ethics, transparency and integrity at all education levels. Methodology The glossary first comprises all terms and their definitions (defined terms) provided in Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud. The focus here is on definitions that explain the term in the way the sense is intended. Second, the glossary is enriched with defined terms provided in other recommendations adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, namely those directly referred to in CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud and hereinafter the re-referred ones (N=18). The recommendations date from 1998 to 2022. Our initial set consisted of 48 defined terms, of which six contained at least two definitions (code of ethics, education stakeholders, public authority, public responsibility, pupils/students, quality education). Third, taking into consideration each recommendation described in CM/Rec(2022)18, 36 unique terms defined in 12 recommendations were listed in the final set. Also, the terms that were frequently used, but not defined (ethics, transparency, integrity, conflict of interest, corruption, fabrication, falsification), were added. Fourth, the glossary was complemented with definitions provided by other reputable glossaries. As some glossaries did not contain the exact terms but contained a very similar term (e.g. whistle-blowing instead of whistle-blower), these similar terms were added too. This resulted in an additional 33 new terms (marked by *), of which seven terms have at least two definitions. In addition, other relevant glossaries are suggested for exploration by ETINED mem- bers and interested others. These glossaries are of a general nature, field-specific (e.g. research involving children) or national (e.g. Ireland). ► Page 3  How to use the glossary Different situations or assumptions might imply that a term and its definition(s) need a more comprehensive explanation to ease reading of the glossary. In this section, we aim to address potential concerns about the scope of terms; however, this explanation does not substitute for explanatory notes where available. First, some terms are defined in more than one way in the different Council of Europe recommendations. In some instances, definitions were extended to increase the adaptability of a term over time (e.g. education stakeholders, public responsibility, pupils/students). For others, the definitions were extended by incorporating relevant issues (e.g. quality education). Second, a term provides a definition that is focused on the key area of the official document and/or at the time. Therefore, the definition of such terms should be under- stood as an opportunity to apply it in a broader sense. For example, the definition of a code of ethics provided by Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession emphasises the behaviour of teachers; however, a code of ethics is applied to all involved in a specific education institution. Likewise, the definition of qualifications provided by Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud underlines both the output (certification) and the completed process (completion of an education programme). In this definition, an education programme should be understood to be delivered as formal, informal and non-formal education and in different forms (e.g. course, lecture). Third, the glossary provides terms and their definitions from other reputable glos- saries. In such instances, a term suggests an area-centred definition, for example areas of child ethics and bioethics. In other instances, the definitions are assumedly customised to an (inter)national framework (e.g. (inter)national legislation). Taking these nuances into consideration, terms and their definitions provided in other reputable glossaries should be systematically and thoroughly appraised before they are transposed into practice and adapted to the needs. Fourth, an explanation of the potential implications of the differences is provided for all terms with more than one definition. These differences should be considered when crafting the definitions for a particular use. The explanation for different defini- tions is provided for the following terms. ► Accreditation mill ► Fraudulent education service ► Code of ethics providers ► Conflict of interest ► Heritage of universities/culture ► Corruption ► Institutional autonomy/autonomy ► Diploma mill/degree mill ► Integrity ► Education fraud ► Plagiarism ► Education stakeholders ► Public authority ► Equal opportunities/Equity ► Public responsibility ► Essay mill ► Pupils/students ► Ethics ► Quality education ► Fabrication ► Transparency ► Falsification ► Whistle-blower Page 4 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Some definitions also include an explanation or examples. It is important to distin- guish the pure definition from further comments that are not part of the definition but which provide more details. It is recommended that definitions are as short as possible. The additional comments and explanations may be longer but they should be distinguished from the definition as such. Furthermore, some glossaries refer to the original source(s) of a definition. In such cases, readers are advised to consult the indicated glossary. Although all web-based links were valid at the time of completion in 2023, over time some links may have expired, and others only be available once cookies are accepted. Ultimately, member states of the Council of Europe are encouraged to translate the glossary into their own language and send the translations to [email protected] so that they can be published on the Council of Europe’s website. Loreta Tauginienė Tomáš Foltýnek Hanken School of Economics, Finland Masaryk University, Czech Republic Introduction ► Page 5  Glossary Accreditation mill An “accreditation mill” is an institution or Both definitions describe an organisation (in any legal form) which is institution providing unreliable neither recognised by national competent accreditation certificates. The authorities nor authorised by the law of use of the definition depends any member State to provide accredita- on the purpose. The definition tion for education programmes or awards, provided in the Recommendation and which intends to mislead employers, on countering education fraud students or the public. stems from the legal point of view Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 and relies on the existence of a on countering education fraud national competent authority. The Dubious providers of accreditation and ETICO definition stems from the quality assurance or operations that offer ethical point of view, is more value- a certification of quality of institutions that oriented, general and less strict. Its is considered bogus. meaning relies on the meaning of the words “dubious” and “bogus”. ETICO *Accreditation A process in which an accrediting body determines whether an institution or orga- nization meets certain standards developed by the body. Bioethics Glossary Admission The term admission is used in the same sense as in the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region: “The act of, or system for, allowing qualified applicants to pursue studies in higher education at a given institution and/or a given programme”. Recommendation No. R (98) 3 on access to higher education ► Page 6 Codes of ethics “Codes of ethics” are expressions of moral There are various views on the and ethical values and principles that serve content and legal status of a code to develop and maintain the ethics of the of ethics or code of conduct. A education process at all levels and in all code of ethics can be either purely aspects. Based on the core values of the declaratory, or a binding document. Council of Europe, they aim at furthering There are multiple ways in which democracy, human rights and the rule of a code of ethics may be designed, law and reflect a strong and effective com- which are reflected in multiple mitment to equity, justice and inclusion in definitions. A code of ethics usually education. states the fundamental ethical Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 values and basic rules of conduct. on countering education fraud A “code of ethics” is a statement of ethical norms for the teaching profession that spells out the standards of ethical conduct expected of teachers and informs educa- tion stakeholders about what to expect when dealing with the teaching profession in terms of conduct and attitude. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession The document defining core values of an institution promoting the recognition and respect for individual rights as well as acceptance of the duties and responsibili- ties derived from belonging to the institution, and the rules of conduct within the community. ENAI Glossary *Code of conduct Set of written guidelines, produced by public authorities or professional organiza- tions, which details the set of recognized ethical norms (or values) and professional standards of conduct to which all members of a profession must adhere. Codes aim to enhance the commitment, dedication, and efficiency of members of the teach- ing profession, and to provide self-disciplinary guidelines by establishing norms of professional conduct. ETICO Statement of principles and values that establishes a set of expectations and standards for behaviour applying to individuals and within institutions, including minimum required levels of compliance and disciplinary actions. ENAI Glossary A policy statement of principles and standards that all company personnel and board members must follow. The code of conduct can be applied to or adapted to cover third parties. Anti-bribery guidance glossary Glossary ► Page 7 Conflict of interest Potential to compromise judgement or The conflict of interest is described objectivity caused by financial or personal as financial and non-financial, obligations or other considerations. sometimes encompassing conflict ENAI Glossary of commitment, and requires A situation where an individual or the prioritising the public interest entity for which they work, whether a gov- beyond the private interest. The ernment, business, media outlet or civil definitions suggest addressing society organization, is confronted with the conflict of interest in all having to choose between the duties and activities in which education demands of their position and their own stakeholders are involved. private interests. ETICO A situation in which a person has a financial, personal, political or other interest which is likely to bias his or her judgment or decision-making concerning the performance of his or her ethical or legal obligations or duties. Bioethics Glossary In the research context, scientists have a conflict of interest if they stand to achieve personal gain (money or the equivalent) by failing to discharge professional obliga- tions either to protect the welfare of participants or to uphold the integrity of the scientific process. Research Ethics Glossary Conflicts of interest occur when personal, financial, political and academic concerns co-exist and the potential exists for one interest to be illegitimately favoured over another that has equal or even greater legitimacy, in a way that might make other reasonable people feel misled or deceived. Conflicts of interest reside in a situation not in behaviour and may arise even when there has not been research misconduct. Researchers caught in a conflict of interest risk appearing negligent, incompetent or deceptive. There is little clear guidance of when to declare and how to manage competing interests. Conflicts of interest also exist at an institutional level, where research organizations accept funding from sources that may appear to compromise the independence and integrity of their research. PRO-RES A conflict between the public duty and private interests of a public official, in which the public official has private-capacity interests that could improperly influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities. UNODC Situation where an individual or the entity for which they work, whether a govern- ment, business, media outlet or civil society organisation, is confronted with choosing between the duties and demands of their position and their own private interests. Corruptionary Page 8 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Corruption The abuse of entrusted power for pri- As described in the definitions, vate gain. Corruption can be classified as corruption comes in many forms, grand, petty or political, depending on regardless of its extent. Usually, the amounts of money lost and the sector it is associated with undue where it occurs. advantages and failure to pursue ENAI Glossary; ETICO justice and transparency. There is no universally recognized definition of corruption. However, what is agreed upon is that corruption involves certain actions such as bribery, obstruction of justice, abuse of functions, use of position to obtain undue advantages and obstruction of justice. UNODC A situation where an individual or the entity for which they work, whether a gov- ernment, business, media outlet or civil society organisation, is confronted with choosing between the duties and demands of their position and their own private interests (Transparency International). Anti-bribery guidance glossary *Academic corruption Any prescribed action taken in connection with an examination or test that attempts to gain an unfair advantage. Beyond examination or test issues, it covers malprac- tices related to credentials, diplomas, research, academic journals and publications, admission to universities and accreditation fraud. ETICO Democratic school “democratic school” means: a school where governance is based on human rights, empow- erment and involvement of students, staff and stakeholders in all important decisions. Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)13 on gender mainstreaming in education Diploma mill/degree mill A “diploma mill” (also known as a “degree Proper accreditation is a necessary mill”) is an institution or organisation which requirement for any institution is not recognised by national competent issuing awards or qualifications. authorities or organisations as an institu- As soon as an institution provides tion accredited or authorised by the law certification of qualifications of any member State to confer awards without accreditation, it is or qualifications, and which purports, by considered a diploma or degree means of misrepresentation, to issue such mill. This notion of diploma mill is awards or qualifications. captured in the concise UNESCO Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 definition used in the ENAI Glossary. on countering education fraud Glossary ► Page 9 An organisation without due accreditation The definition in the that purports to be a bona-fide educational Recommendation on countering institution. education fraud takes the legal point ENAI Glossary of view and relies on the existence Dubious providers of educational offerings of “national competent authorities” or operations that offer certificates and providing accreditation. The ETICO degrees that are considered bogus. definition is more ethics-oriented and uses more vague wording (“dubious”, ETICO and “are considered bogus”). However, this wording in most cases means “without due accreditation”. Disclosure “disclosure” means making information public. Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)7 on the protection of whistleblowers and Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 2162 (2019) “Improving the protection of whistle-blowers all over Europe”, as well as the reply to this recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers Education for democratic citizenship “Education for democratic citizenship” means education, training, awareness-raising, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowl- edge, skills and understanding and developing their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to exercise and defend their democratic rights and responsibilities in society, to value diversity and to play an active part in democratic life, with a view to the promotion and protection of democracy and the rule of law. Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education *Democracy A belief in freedom and equality between people or a system of government based on this belief in which power is either held by elected representatives or directly by the people themselves. Democracy can be an important contextual factor for the conduct of research. PRO-RES Education fraud “Education fraud” is behaviour or action All definitions of fraud agree occurring in the field of education intended on intentional deception of to deceive and obtain an unfair advantage. someone, leading to an unfair advantage. The definitions vary in the level of detail (enumeration of the types of advantages). Page 10 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education It includes: (i) the activities of diploma mills, accreditation mills, visa mills, essay mills and essay banks, as defined below; (ii) impersonation by undertaking in whole or in part any work or assessment required as part of a programme in the place of an enrolled learner; (iii) illegal or irregular use of authentic documents; (iv) plagiarism; (v) production or use of forged, plagiarised or counterfeit documents; and (vi) the offer of unrecognised or unaccredited qualifications with the intention of deceiving another. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud *Academic fraud Actions that are intended to deceive for unfair advantage by violating academic regulations. QQI *Fraud Fraud is an intentional deception perpetrated to secure an unfair gain. ENAI Glossary Offence of intentionally deceiving someone in order to gain an unfair or illegal advantage (financial, political or otherwise). Countries consider such offences to be criminal or a violation of civil law. ETICO Knowingly misrepresenting the truth or concealing a material (or relevant) fact to induce someone to make a decision to his or her detriment. Some forms of research misconduct may also qualify as fraud. A person who commits fraud may face civil or criminal legal liability. Bioethics Glossary Fraud is “a deliberate act of deception intended for personal gain or to cause a loss to another party” (European Anti-Fraud Office 2018). Researchers may commit fraud – sometimes in the form of fabrication or falsification – in order to gain grants or jobs. A significant proportion of retractions of journal articles are the result of fraud, or suspected fraud, by the author or corporate interests. In biomedicine and other disciplines, fraud can distort the evidence base and lead to harm to patients. In engineering, construction and materials, fraud may lead to serious technological failures that harm both individuals and communities. PRO-RES *Examination fraud Cheating or swindling in the following levels of the examination process; design of exams, admission to exam, marking of results and admission of successful candidates to the next education level. It also includes the selling of exam questions. ETICO Glossary ► Page 11 Education professionals Education professionals refer to those who deliver education as well as managers and employers, relevant public officials and the political leaders and representatives of broader civil society in national settings. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud Education stakeholders “Education stakeholders” refers to school- The definitions of education teachers, academic staff in higher or other stakeholders point to the different forms of post-school education, pupils and parties involved in different students at all levels of education, parents, education sectors and those guardians or carers of pupils and students, affected by education sectors and employers, governors and managers within affecting others. Also, education the education system and in all sectors of stakeholders are identified in education and training in the context of different activities, e.g. formal formal and/or informal learning processes, education, informal training, representatives of conferences of heads of research work, supportive work. institutions and similar bodies, relevant public officials, representatives of trades unions, political leaders and representa- tives of broader civil society. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud The term “education stakeholders” designates: school teachers, academic staff in higher education, school pupils, higher education students, parents/guardians/carers of school pupils, parents/guardians/carers of higher education students, employers and managers within the education system, relevant public officials and the political leaders and representatives of broader civil society. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession *Stakeholder A person or organisation involved or with an interest in a research activity and who is affected by the research outcomes. Child Ethics Glossary Page 12 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Equal opportunities A policy of equal opportunities is one that The definitions of equal is designed to meet all requirements of the opportunities suggest two key principle of equality, not only formal or de features: first, there is a clear link to jure equality and the absence of discrimi- the principle of non-discrimination nation, but also full and effective equality on whatever grounds, as well as in the sense of enabling all individuals to fairness and equality; second, develop and fulfil their potential. The pro- the distribution of benefits motion of effective equality may require and burdens should be fair. the adoption of special measures where this is necessary and consistent with the principle of non-discrimination to take account of the specific conditions of indi- viduals or groups in society. Recommendation No. R (98) 3 on access to higher education *Equity The fair distribution of benefits and burdens. Equity is the absence of avoidable or remediable differences among populations or groups defined socially, economi- cally, demographically, or geographically; thus, health inequities involve more than inequality – whether in health determinants or outcomes, or in access to the resources needed to improve and maintain health – but also a failure to avoid or overcome such inequality that infringes human rights norms or is otherwise unfair. In some circumstances, therefore, an equal distribution of benefits and burdens will be con- sidered fair, while in others it may be equitable to give preference to those who are in most need or are the most vulnerable. A characteristic common to groups that experience health inequities (e.g., poor or marginalized persons, racial and ethnic minorities, and women) is lack of power in political, social, and/or economic terms. Thus, to be effective and sustainable, interventions that aim to redress inequities must typically go beyond remedying a particular health inequality and also help empower the group in question through systemic changes, such as law reform, changes in economic or social relationships, or the like. Research Ethics Glossary The quality of being fair and impartial. Child Ethics Glossary The word has a number of meanings. In the research context, it usually refers to arrangements or distributions that are proportional to contribution or desert and, in these senses, fair. An equitable arrangement may also treat individuals equally, where their contributions or deserts are equal, but equity is more often equated with fairness than equality. In research, ordering the list of authors in proportion to the extent or significance of their contribution would be an example of equitable treatment of members of a research team. PRO-RES Glossary ► Page 13 Essay bank An “essay bank” is an organisation or an individual from which or whom students can purchase pre-written essays on topics relevant to their studies. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud Essay mill An “essay mill” (otherwise referred to as a The concept of unauthorised provider of contract cheating services) is content generation (also referred an organisation or an individual, usually to as contract cheating, assignment with a web presence, which enters into outsourcing, assessment contracts with students or their represen- impersonation, etc.) is a very tatives to complete, in full or in part, one complex issue. The substance of the or more assignments (including student problem is that students (pupils) do work such as essays, projects, theses and not complete their assessment tasks dissertations) for financial gain, whether themselves, but instead outsource or not the content is plagiarised, leading it. The aspects that may or may not to a form of academic misconduct. For the be present in the definitions are: avoidance of doubt, an essay mill does not include providers of private tutoring ►the subject completing the task services lawfully operating within national on behalf of the student (company/ legislation or regulations. legal entity, another person Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 including classmates or relatives); on countering education fraud ►fraudulent action – student An organisation, or individual, usually request/production of academic with a web presence, that contracts with work/student submission; students to complete an assignment or ►type of work – written essays or assignments for the student, for a fee. other types of assessment tasks; QQI ►involvement of payment or other reward such as use of technology like generative AI. *Paper mill A commercial service organisation, normally web-based, supplying written materials (e.g. essays, reports, homework answers, personal statements, reflective journals) according to a client’s requirements. ENAI Glossary *Contract cheating Form of academic misconduct when a person uses an undeclared and/or unauthorised third party, online or directly, to assist them to produce work for academic credit or progression, whether or not payment or other favour is involved. ENAI Glossary Page 14 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education  *Contract cheating services Type of consultancy service when a company or an individual provides bespoke work to a person to present as their own work. ENAI Glossary *Ghost-writing/Ghost authorship Ghost Authorship is the practice of using a non-named (merited, but not listed) author to write or prepare a text for publication. ► To write for or in the name of someone else; ► To assist in the production of work resulting in unfair advantage to someone else. ENAI Glossary *Unauthorised content generation Production of academic work, in whole or part, for academic credit, progression or award, whether or not a payment or other favour is involved, using unapproved or undeclared human or technological assistance. ENAI Glossary Ethics Based on core values and norms, a set of Some definitions capture multiple standards for conduct in government, com- meanings of the word “ethics”. panies and society that guide decisions, The term may refer either to the choices and actions. philosophical discipline (moral ETICO; Corruptionary philosophy) studying right and wrong 1. Choice making around “right” and behaviour, or to the standards, values “wrong” values and behaviour. and norms guiding the conduct of particular stakeholders. The variances 2. Also called moral philosophy, the disci- in the definitions of (academic) ethics pline concerned with what is morally good correspond to various branches and bad, right and wrong. The term is also of ethics as a scientific discipline. applied to any system or theory of moral The definitions of ethics may be values or principles. descriptive (describing what is ENAI Glossary considered ethical), prescriptive (describing what should be considered 1. Standards of conduct (or behavior) that ethical), or applied to a specific distinguish between right/wrong, good/ field or context, which in the case of bad, etc. academia encompasses education and 2. The study of standards of conduct. research. Unlike other definitions in Bioethics Glossary this document, the usual purpose of the definition term “(academic) ethics” is to provide the fundamental base and context for other definitions. Glossary ► Page 15 Ethics is the area of philosophy that seeks to investigate, systematize and propose standards of right and wrong behaviour. This inquiry may be carried out in relation to any sphere of human action at any scale from the consideration of global justice, and the contributions of international organizations or national governments, to the assessment of the ways in which individuals act in relation to each other, to other species or to their environment. It provides the basic tools for the definition of Ethical Research. PRO-RES Ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics also involves the study and development of our own ethical standards via continual examination of our moral beliefs and conduct. Child Ethics Glossary The attempt to understand the nature of human values, of how we ought to live and of what constitutes the right conduct. UNODC *Academic ethics Moral values that are recognized and abided by the academic community. ENAI Glossary Values that are recognised and abided by, in the academic community. QQI ETINED principles “ETINED principles” are those principles and values developed by the Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity (ETINED) in accordance with its mandate, based on the concept that quality education will only be achieved, and education fraud effectively addressed, if all relevant sectors of society fully adhere to a set of fundamental ethical principles, both in public and professional life, while relying upon legal norms and structures. The ETINED mandate seeks to develop and support a culture of democracy and participation based on the principles of ethics, transparency and integrity in education. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud *Ethical principles Set of ethical values and concepts for guiding behaviour. ENAI Glossary Page 16 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Fabrication In research, the term “fabrication” means The substance of all definitions making up data, experiments, or other is the same. The distinctive significant information in proposing, con- features are the steps following, ducting, or reporting research. for example, the made up ENAI Glossary presentation or reporting. Making up data or results. Bioethics Glossary “Making up data or results and recording or reporting them” (Office of Research Integrity 2000). Fabricated data do not exist at all but have been invented or created by the researcher. PRO-RES *Data fabrication Making up data and using them as if genuine. ENAI Glossary Making up data and presenting that data as genuine. QQI Falsification Forging educational, research or scholar- The most important difference ship content, images, data, equipment, in these definitions lies in the or processes in a way that they are inac- presence of intention. If the curately represented. intention is explicitly present in ENAI Glossary the definition, then unintentional Changing, omitting, or manipulating manipulation does not fit the data or results deceptively; or deceptive definition of (data) falsification. The manipulation of research materials or aspect of intention differentiates experiments. falsification from an honest error. Other differences are rather minor Bioethics Glossary and stem from the nuances of used terms (forging, manipulating, changing). Some definitions also explicitly mention omitting. “Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record” (Office of Research Integrity 2000. See also All European Academies 2017). Images may constitute data and so falsification can include inappropriate image manipulation and duplication. Falsified data do exist but have deliberately been altered. PRO-RES Glossary ► Page 17  *Data falsification Unjustified manipulation of research data with the intention of giving a misleading impression. ENAI Glossary Formal education “Formal education” means the structured education and training system that runs from pre-primary and primary through secondary school and on to university. It takes place, as a rule, at general or vocational educational institutions and leads to certification. Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education Fraudulent education service providers “Fraudulent education service providers” The definition of fraudulent include accreditation mills, diploma mills, education service providers is essay mills, essay banks and visa mills, tightly related to the definition whether stand-alone or part of larger of fraud, that is, the intentional undertakings. deception of someone, leading Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 to an unfair advantage. This on countering education fraud term aims to capture providers of such services. The definition *Provision of cheating may be either general (any services organisation providing services Providing assistance for others to engage or assistance in any action that in cheating. fulfils the definition of fraud), or enumerative, providing the list QQI of types of such organisations. Heritage of universities the “heritage of universities” shall be under- The definition of heritage of stood to encompass all tangible and intan- universities refers to tangible gible heritage related to higher education and intangible assets. Among institutions, bodies and systems as well as intangible assets, the values- to the academic community of scholars based culture of the academic and students, and the social and cultural community is paramount to environment of which this heritage is a part. support the university mission and The “heritage of universities” is understood penetrates the university spirit as being all tangible and intangible traces of from generation to generation. human activity relating to higher education. Page 18 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education It is an accumulated source of wealth with direct reference to the academic community of scholars and students, their beliefs, values, achievements and their social and cultural function as well as modes of transmission of knowledge and capacity for innovation. Recommendation Rec(2005)13 on the governance and management of university heritage *Culture Second, there is its use to describe the systems of values and beliefs thought to be shared by individuals, groups or societies who a researcher wishes to enlist in a study. Here the term “culture” draws attention to the possible differences from the starting assumptions of the researcher and the universalistic claims of some versions of research ethics and the institutions that have adopted them. It directs ethics regulators and review committees to consider whether they are justified in imposing their own models of, for example, Autonomy and Consent in circumstances where the research participants refer to an alternative model. In some contexts, for example, local values and beliefs may not include the concept of written consent and judge requests for this negatively as indicative of a lack of interpersonal trust between researcher and researched. PRO-RES *Culture of academic integrity The individual, group and/or institutional behaviours, values, beliefs, attitudes and characteristics promoting and following academic integrity. ENAI Glossary *Culture of integrity The idea that the institutional culture plays a key role in preventing research miscon- duct and promoting research integrity. Strategies to promote a culture of integrity include education and mentoring in the responsible conduct of research; research policy development; institutional support for research ethics oversight, consultation, and curriculum development; and ethical leadership. Bioethics Glossary Human rights education “Human rights education” means education, training, awareness raising, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and developing their attitudes and behaviour, to empower learners to contribute to the building and defence of a universal culture of human rights in society, with a view to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education *Human rights Refers to the “basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled”. Examples of rights and freedoms which are often thought of as human rights include civil and Glossary ► Page 19 political rights, such as the right to life, and liberty, freedom of expression and equal- ity before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work and the right to education. Research Ethics Glossary Informal education “Informal education” means the lifelong process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from the educational influences and resources in his or her own environment and from daily experience (family, peer group, neigh- bours, encounters, library, mass media, work, play, etc.). Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education Institutional autonomy Institutional autonomy, in its full scope, Autonomy is two-fold, that is, it encompasses the autonomy of teaching refers to both institutions and and research as well as financial, organ- individuals. The former often isational and staffing autonomy. relates to self-regulation while Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)7 the latter is usually described as on the responsibility of public academic freedom. In autonomy, authorities for academic freedom decision making is inseparable and institutional autonomy from taking responsibility for both acting and non-acting. *Autonomy Respecting a participant’s autonomy involves respecting their capacity to make decisions about research participation, either on an individual basis, or following discussion with others, such as family members. Research Ethics Glossary Right of an institution to act autonomously/independently and to be responsible for the consequences of actions by members of the institution. ENAI Glossary 1. the capacity for self-governance, i.e. the ability to make reasonable decisions. 2. [a] moral principle barring interference with autonomous decision-making. Bioethics Glossary “The capacity of a person to govern him or herself, on the basis of reasoned decisions and free from controlling influences by others. Autonomy is widely held to involve the capacity for reason and understanding, a degree of self-control, and freedom from coercion and manipulation” (Hughes et al. 2010). PRO-RES Page 20 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Integrity Compliance with ethical and professional All definitions refer to behaviours principles, standards, practices and con- and/or actions that are supposed sistent system of values, that serves as to be in compliance with certain guidance for making decisions and tak- principles or values. The differences ing actions. are in the level of detail and ENAI Glossary nuances of particular terms. Adherence to a set of moral or ethical principles. An integrity system is a political and administrative arrangement that encourages integrity. A country’s National Integrity System (NIS) comprises the ensemble of government and non-governmental institutions, laws and practices that can, if functioning properly, minimize levels of corruption and mismanagement. ETICO Acting according to moral or ethical principles or values. Bioethics Glossary The strict adherence to moral values and principles. UNODC Behaviours and actions consistent with a set of moral or ethical principles and standards that is embraced by individuals as well as institutions. Integrity creates a barrier to corruption. Corruptionary *Academic integrity Compliance with ethical and professional principles, standards, practices and con- sistent system of values, that serves as guidance for making decisions and taking actions in education, research and scholarship. ENAI Glossary Non-formal education “Non-formal education” means any planned programme of education designed to improve a range of skills and competences, outside the formal educational setting. Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education Glossary ► Page 21 Plagiarism “Plagiarism” means using work, ideas, con- The variety of definitions of tent, structures or images without giving plagiarism showcases a broad appropriate credit or acknowledgement understanding of the term. to the original source(s), especially where The legal view of plagiarism is originality is expected. The term “plagia- usually limited to the lack of or rised” applies to the ideas, content, struc- improper citation, whose violation tures or images in question. is only a minor part of a broad Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 understanding of plagiarism. The on countering education fraud main difference in the above- The use of ideas, content, or structures mentioned definitions is whether without appropriately acknowledging the content is taken from other the source in a setting where originality sources, or from someone else’s is expected, leading to unfair advantage. creative work. The former also includes sources created by the ENAI Glossary same author (self-plagiarism), Presenting work / ideas taken from other whereas the latter excludes self- sources without proper acknowledgement. plagiarism. Another important QQI point to consider is plagiarism of ideas. This is particularly important Misrepresenting someone else’s creative when crafting the definition for work (e.g. words, methods, pictures, ideas, legal documents. Ideas as such are or data) as one’s own. not the subject of authorship laws, Bioethics Glossary only the expression of an idea. Presenting other people’s work or ideas as one’s own, for example by including text from another author in one’s own writing without attribution, is plagiarism. Self-plagiarism, the unacknowledged re-use by an author of text written for one publication in a subsequent other publication may also be ethically unsound, dependent on context. PRO-RES Professional body A “professional body” is an organisation with individual members practising a profession or occupation for which the organisation maintains an oversight of the knowledge, skills, conduct and practice of that profession or occupation, including trade unions. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession Page 22 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education Public authority A “public authority” is any executive, leg- In the definitions, public authority islative or administrative body at national, refers to bodies or individuals regional or local level, including individuals, holding executive, legislative exercising executive power or administra- or administrative power at the tive functions. designated level. Public authority Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 foremost acts in the public interest. on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession “Public authority” is understood to be any body, organ, entity or other organisation, at any level, empowered to supervise, oversee or make decisions, representing or acting on behalf of the population in the territory concerned, irrespective of its legal status under public or private law. Public authorities may be competent at local, regional or national level, in accordance with the constitutional arrangements of the country concerned. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)13 on ensuring quality education, and noting that ethics, transparency and integrity are preconditions for achieving quality in education; Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)6 on the public responsibility for higher education and research *Public sector The government and its decentralised units – including the police, military, public roads and transit authorities, primary schools and healthcare system – that use public funds and provide services based on the motivation to improve citizens’ lives rather than to make a profit. Corruptionary Public interest report or disclosure “Public interest report or disclosure” means the reporting or disclosing of informa- tion on acts and omissions that represent a threat or harm to the public interest. Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)7 on the protection of whistleblowers and Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 2162 (2019) “Improving the protection of whistle-blowers all over Europe”, as well as the reply to this recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers Public official A person employed by a public authority. Recommendation Rec(2000)10 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on codes of conduct for public officials Glossary ► Page 23 Public responsibility “Public responsibility” is understood as the In general, public responsibility responsibility of public authorities. It may relates to the responsibility be exercised in different ways and at dif- of public authorities or their ferent levels (national, regional, local or a authorised bodies at the designated combination of these) in different countries level. Public responsibility may and at different levels of education. be fulfilled in different ways. It may be exercised directly by the competent public authority or by other persons or bodies duly empowered to act on its behalf, for the duration of this mandate or until such time as the mandate is withdrawn. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)13 on ensuring quality education, and noting that ethics, transparency and integrity are preconditions for achieving quality in education “Public responsibility” is to be understood as the responsibility of public authorities. Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)6 on the public responsibility for higher education and research *Responsibility The duty to behave with integrity. ENAI Glossary Pupils/students The terms “pupils” and “students” designate all learners in education and training. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession The terms “pupils” and “students” designate persons enrolled in an education programme. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)13 on ensuring quality education, and noting that ethics, transparency and integrity are preconditions for achieving quality in education *Apprenticeship (Apprentice) Without prejudice to national terminol- The meaning of the word pupils/ ogy, apprenticeships are understood as students/learners depends on formal vocational education and training the sector, the type of school and schemes that: type of education. The above- 1. combine learning in education or train- mentioned definitions have ing institutions with substantial work- different focuses. They focus on the based learning in companies and other activity of pupils/students/learners workplaces, regardless of their formal status. Page 24 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education 2. lead to nationally recognised On the other hand, “persons qualifications, enrolled in an education 3. are based on an agreement defining the programme” refers to their formal rights and obligations of the apprentice, status, regardless of whether the employer and, where appropriate, they are actively involved in the vocational education and training any learning activity. In some institution, and contexts, also persons undergoing 4. include payment or other compensation practical training (trainees) may to the apprentice for the work-based be covered by the definition. component. Vocational Education and Training Glossary Qualifications “Qualifications” includes all forms of certification issued by a competent authority attesting to the successful completion of an education programme, including cer- tificates issued by service providers, professional and employment organisations and associations. This term covers new forms of certification that may be developed in the future. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud Quality education For the purposes of this recommenda- Quality education refers to primary tion, “quality education” is understood as education stakeholders, such education which: as learners and teachers in any a. gives access to learning to all pupils and education sector. It focuses on students, particularly those in vulnerable different aspects, for example or disadvantaged groups, adapted to human rights, organisational their needs as appropriate; culture, education goals. Quality education implies trustworthiness b. provides a secure and non-violent learn- that is reached through coherent ing environment in which the rights of procedures and different actions. all are respected; c. develops each pupil’s and student’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential and encourages them to complete the educational programmes in which they enrol; d. promotes democracy, respect for human rights and social justice in a learning environment which recognises everyone’s learning and social needs; e. enables pupils and students to develop appropriate competences, self-confidence and critical thinking to help them become responsible citizens and improve their employability; Glossary ► Page 25 f. passes on universal and local cultural values to pupils and students while equip- ping them also to make their own decisions; g. certifies outcomes of formal and non-formal learning in a transparent way based on fair assessment enabling acquired knowledge and competences to be recog- nised for further study, employment and other purposes; h. relies on qualified teachers who are committed to continuous professional development; i. is free of corruption. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)13 on ensuring quality education, and noting that ethics, transparency and integrity are preconditions for achieving quality in education “quality education” means: taking account of the following three elements: ► matching performance to expectations (fitness for purpose); ► self-improvement and transformation (focus on processes); ► empowerment, motivation and participation (focus on learners); Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)13 on gender mainstreaming in education *Quality Property or attribute. Typically used in research ethics to refer to “quality” of research design and implementation as measured against criteria such as scientific soundness, meaningfulness of research questions, significance of findings or level of ethical sensitivity. PRO-RES *Quality assurance System of procedures, checks, audits and corrective actions to ensure that all test- ing, sampling, analysis, monitoring and other technical and reporting activities are of the highest achievable quality. Research Ethics Glossary *Quality control/quality assurance Processes for planning, conducting, monitoring, overseeing, and auditing an activity (such as research) to ensure that it meets appropriate standards of quality. Bioethics Glossary Report “report” means reporting, either internally within an organisation or enterprise, or to an outside authority; Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)7 on the protection of whistleblowers and Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 2162 (2019) “Improving the protection of whistle-blowers all over Europe”, as well as the reply to this recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers Page 26 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education  *Reporting irresponsible research practices Notifying the appropriate authorities of any suspected research misconduct and other irresponsible research practices that undermine the trustworthiness of research. ENAI Glossary Teacher A “teacher” is any person who provides education and/or training to pupils or stu- dents of all levels and in all sectors of education and training in the context of formal and/or informal learning processes. The definition of the term “teacher” extends to all staff members with teaching responsibilities, including for example researchers, postdoctoral researchers, PhD candidates and/or experts in professional education. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession Teaching profession The “teaching profession” is the collective body of professional teachers within the structural and organisational context in which they operate. Recommendation CM/Rec(2019)9 on fostering a culture of ethics in the teaching profession Transparency Openness about activities and related deci- The definitions suggest that sions that affect academia and society and transparency mainly consists willingness to communicate these in a of such principles as openness, clear, accurate, timely, honest and com- honesty, clarity and accountability. plete manner. Transparency is expected at all ENAI Glossary levels, institutional and individual, and all sectors to properly protect human rights. Transparency is achieved through good governance and management. Quality of being clear, honest and open. As a principle, transparency implies that civil servants, managers and trustees have a duty to act visibly, predictably and understandably. Sufficient information must be available so that other agencies and the general public can assess whether the relevant procedures are followed, consonant with the given mandate. Transparency is considered an essential element of accountable governance, leading to improved resource allocation, enhanced efficiency, and better prospects for economic growth. ETICO Glossary ► Page 27 In science, openly disclosing information that concerned parties would want to know, such as financial interests or methodological assumptions. Bioethics Glossary A lack of hidden agendas and conditions associated with some action, accompanied by the open availability of all the information required for Collaboration, Cooperation, and collective decision making. Agreements, dealings, practices, and transactions are open to all for verification. The implication of transparency is that every action should be scrupulous enough to bear public scrutiny. This includes clarity about the rules and reasons behind regulatory measures. In practice, transparency may need to be balanced against Confidentiality and Stigmatization to protect research participants and their legitimate Privacy and commercial interests. PRO-RES An environment of openness where the access and disclosure of information is a matter of principle and human rights. Leaders, officials and those in power operate in a visible and predictable manner that promotes trust and participation. Transparency is widely understood as a necessary precondition to prevent corruption and promote good governance and sustainability. UNODC Characteristic of governments, companies, organisations and individuals of being open in the clear disclosure of information, rules, plans, processes and actions. As a principle, public officials, civil servants, the managers and directors of compa- nies and organisations, and board trustees have a duty to act visibly, predictably and understandably to promote participation and accountability and allow third parties to easily perceive what actions are being performed. Corruptionary University/higher education institution the terms “university” and “higher education institution” shall designate an establish- ment providing higher education and being recognised by the competent authority as belonging to its system of higher education. For the purposes of the present text, the terms shall be used indiscriminately, even if it is realised that in some higher education systems, a formal and/or legal distinction is made between various kinds of higher education institutions, and that the right to the use of the term “university” may be protected by law. Recommendation Rec(2005)13 on the governance and management of university heritage Visa mill A “visa mill” is an institution or organisation (in any legal form) which is neither rec- ognised by national competent authorities nor authorised by the law of any member State as an education institution, and which misrepresents itself as such with the objective of circumventing immigration law by supporting applications for visas or Page 28 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education other permits which allow students to stay, study, work or access public funds in a given member State or in a group of member States (for example the Schengen area) with a common visa scheme. Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 on countering education fraud Whistle-blower “whistleblower” means any person who The definitions point to persons reports or discloses information on a threat who have the courage to alert or harm to the public interest in the context an alleged illegal or unethical of their work-based relationship, whether malpractice in a specific sector it be in the public or private sector; in the public interest. Alleged Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)7 malpractice might be related on the protection of whistleblowers to work-based and other and Parliamentary Assembly relationships (e.g. student– Recommendation 2162 (2019) student). The definitions suggest “Improving the protection of whistle- that whistle-blowers will be blowers all over Europe”, as well as protected from retaliation. the reply to this recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers People who inform the public or the authorities about corrupt transactions they have witnessed or uncovered. Whistleblower protection refers to the measures (administrative or legislative) taken to shield the informer from physical, social and economic retaliation. ETICO A person who reports suspected illegal or unethical activity, such as research mis- conduct or non-compliance with human subjects or animal regulations. Various laws and institutional policies protect whistleblowers from retaliation. Bioethics Glossary *Whistle-blowing Reporting misconduct of an organization, such as violations of the law, corruption, fraud, health/safety violations etc. The term is usually used describing the action taken by an employee when making such misconduct public, especially within a business or government agency. Research Ethics Glossary Making a disclosure in the public interest by an internal or external person, in an attempt to reveal neglect or abuses within the activities of an organisation (or its partners) that threaten individuals, standards, quality, integrity or reputation. ENAI Glossary The exposure of information or actions within an organization, public or private, that may be considered illegal, unethical, or abusive. Where an organization lacks Transparency, whistleblowing may be an important means of revealing misconduct. As Glossary ► Page 29 such, it often receives special legal protection against potential reprisals. Sometimes incentives may be offered to encourage whistleblowing. Researchers who uncover misconduct may face difficult choices in deciding whether to respect the assurances of confidentiality that are usually given to organizations that take part in research or to acknowledge a public interest in disclosure. PRO-RES The sounding of an alarm by an employee, director, or external person, in an attempt to reveal neglect or abuses within the activities of an enterprise (or one of its third parties) or other organisation that threaten public interest or the entity’s integrity and reputation. Anti-bribery guidance glossary Making a disclosure in the public interest by an employee, director or external person, in an attempt to reveal neglect or abuses within the activities of an organisation, government body or company (or one of its business partners) that threaten public interest, its integrity and reputation. Corruptionary Page 30 ►Glossary of terms related to ethics and integrity in education  Glossaries for further reading Academic Integrity: National Principles and Lexicon of Common Terms (National Academic Integrity Network, Ireland), www.qqi.ie/sites/default/files/2021-11/ academic-integrity-national-principles-and-lexicon-of-common-terms.pdf (QQI) Anti-bribery guidance glossary, www.antibriberyguidance.org/glossary (Anti-bribery guidance glossary) ENAI Glossary for Academic Integrity, www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/glossary/ (ENAI Glossary) Glossary (ERIC – Ethical Research Involving Children), https://childethics.com/glos- sary-2/ (Child Ethics Glossary) Glossary of Terms and Concepts (PRO-RES project), (PRO-RES) Glossary of terms – Vocational Education and Training, https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa. eu/node/76/printable/pdf (Vocational Education and Training Glossary) NIH Bioethics Glossary, www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/glossary/ index.cfm (Bioethics Glossary) Research Ethics Glossary (The Global Health Network), https://media.tghn.org/ medialibrary/2013/12/Research_Ethics_Glossary1.pdf (Research Ethics Glossary) Transparency International: Corruptionary, www.transparency.org/en/corruptionary (Corruptionary) UNESCO ETICO glossary of terms, https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/en/glossary-terms (ETICO) UNODC Anti-corruption glossary, www.unodc.org/documents/e4j/Secondary/Anti- Corruption_Glossary.pdf (UNODC) ► Page 31  Sales agents for publications of the Council of Europe Agents de vente des publications du Conseil de l’Europe BELGIUM/BELGIQUE POLAND/POLOGNE La Librairie Européenne - Ars Polona JSC The European Bookshop 25 Obroncow Street Rue de l’Orme, 1 PL-03-933 WARSZAWA BE-1040 BRUXELLES Tel.: + 48 (0)22 509 86 00 Tel.: + 32 (0)2 231 04 35 Fax: + 48 (0)22 509 86 10 Fax: + 32 (0)2 735 08 60 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://www.arspolona.com.pl http://www.libeurop.be Jean De Lannoy/DL Services PORTUGAL c/o Michot Warehouses Marka Lda Bergense steenweg 77 Rua dos Correeiros 61-3 Chaussée de Mons PT-1100-162 LISBOA BE-1600 SINT PIETERS LEEUW Tel: 351 21 3224040 Fax: + 32 (0)2 706 52 27 Fax: 351 21 3224044 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://www.jean-de-lannoy.be www.marka.pt CANADA SWITZERLAND/SUISSE Renouf Publishing Co. 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Planetis Sàrl 22-1010 Polytek Street 16, chemin des Pins CDN-OTTAWA, ONT K1J 9J1 CH-1273 ARZIER Tel.: + 1 613 745 2665 Tel.: + 41 22 366 51 77 Fax: + 1 613 745 7660 Fax: + 41 22 366 51 78 Toll-Free Tel.: (866) 767-6766 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://www.renoufbooks.com UNITED KINGDOM/ROYAUME-UNI Williams Lea TSO FRANCE 18 Central Avenue Please contact directly / St Andrews Business Park Merci de contacter directement Norwich Council of Europe Publishing NR7 0HR Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe United Kingdom F-67075 STRASBOURG Cedex Tel. +44 (0)333 202 5070 Tel.: + 33 (0)3 88 41 25 81 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tsoshop.co.uk http://book.coe.int UNITED STATES and CANADA/ Librairie Kléber ÉTATS-UNIS et CANADA 1, rue des Francs-Bourgeois Manhattan Publishing Co F-67000 STRASBOURG 670 White Plains Road Tel.: + 33 (0)3 88 15 78 88 USA-10583 SCARSDALE, NY Fax: + 33 (0)3 88 15 78 80 Tel: + 1 914 472 4650 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: + 1 914 472 4316 http://www.librairie-kleber.com E-mail: [email protected] http://www.manhattanpublishing.com NORWAY/NORVÈGE Akademika Postboks 84 Blindern NO-0314 OSLO Tel.: + 47 2 218 8100 Fax: + 47 2 218 8103 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.akademika.no Council of Europe Publishing/Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe F-67075 STRASBOURG Cedex Tel.: + 33 (0)3 88 41 25 81 – E-mail: [email protected] – Website: http://book.coe.int  This glossary has been prepared within the framework of the Council of Europe Platform on Ethics, Transparency and Integrity in Education (ETINED). Based on Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)18 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on countering education fraud, the glossary includes 135 definitions which aim to provide clarity on 76 key terms related to ethics and integrity in education. Methodologically, the glossary integrates terms from various Council of Europe recommendations, spanning from 1998 to 2022, along with insights from reputable glossaries. Terms such as ethics, transparency and integrity are meticulously explained, with attention being paid to differences in interpretation in order to aid understanding in diverse educational contexts. Readers are also encouraged to explore related glossaries for a broader understanding of nuanced concepts. For users, including stakeholders engaged in promoting ethics across educational levels, this glossary offers invaluable insights. It not only defines terms but also highlights their potential implications and provides additional explanations, thereby enhancing comprehension and applicability, and encouraging informed discourse as well as action within educational communities. https://www.coe.int/etined PREMS 001324 Ethics Transparency and INtegrity in EDucation ENG The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading human rights organisation. It comprises 46 member states, including all members of the European Union. All Council of Europe member states have www.coe.int signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The European Court of Human Rights oversees the implementation of the Convention in the member states. http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-9476-3 (PDF) €8/US$16