Decent Work And Employment & Transcultural Nursing PDF

PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPI...

PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” DEFINITION OF DECENT WORK REGULAR An employee performs activities that are Employment that “respects the fundamental rights of the OR necessary or desirable in the usual human person as well as the rights of workers in terms of: PERMANENT business or trade of employer o Conditions of (a) work safety and (b) remuneration, Enjoys benefit of security of tenure o Respect for the physical and mental integrity of the worker provided by Philippine Constitution in the exercise of their employment” o Cannot be terminated for causes other WORK SAFETY Involves minimizing risks and than those provided by law and only factors that can cause harm or after due process is given to them accidents at work o Article 281 of Labor Code of the REMUNERATION Fair payment for work or services, Philippines – Maximum length of including wages or salaries probationary employment is 6 mos. RIGHTS OF Includes safe working conditions, and is counted from the date an WORKERS fair pay, and respect for human employee started working. rights TERM OR Employee renders services for a definite Applied to FORMAL and INFORMAL SECTOR FIXED period of time Must address all kinds of jobs, people and families Employment contract is terminated after INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO) the period expires Involves opportunities for work that are productive and PROJECT Employee is hired for a specific project delivers a fair income, security in the workplace and social or undertaking protection for families, better prospects for personal The duration is specified by scope of development and social integration, freedom for people to work and/ o length of the project express their concerns, organize and participate in the decisions May acquire status of a regular employee that affect their lives and equality of opportunity and when rehired after the completion of the treatment for all men and women project or the task they perform are vital, Devoted to promoting social justice and internationally necessary and indispensable to the usual recognized human and labor rights, pursuing its founding business or trade of the employer mission that social justice is essential to universal and lasting SEASONAL When the work to be performed is only peace for a certain time or season of the year UN agency founded in 1919, promoting labor standards and Common in Retail, Food and Beverage, decent work Hospitality and other related industries Engages governments, employers, and workers to set policies as augmentation to their workforce to and standards cover for the demand during peak season Only Tripartite U.N Agency CASUAL Employee performs work that is not OBJECTIVES OF ILO’S DECENT WORK AGENDA usually necessary or primarily related to These elements aim to enhance job security, workers’ rights and the employer’s business or trade overall economic stability through effective social protection and Definite period of employment should be communication systems made known to the employee at the time I. To Create Jobs they started rendering services Requires an economy capable of: WORKING CONDITIONS & REST PERIODS, HOURS OF o Generating investment opportunities, WORK, SALARY AND WAGES AND BENEFITS o Given impetus to entrepreneurship, Managerial Employees – Primary duty consist of the o Promotes skill development management of the establishment in which they are employed o Provides sustainable livelihoods or of a department or subdivision, and to other officers or II. To Provide Guarantee in Worker’s Rights and Rights at Field Personnel – Non-agricultural employees who regularly Work perform their duties away from the principal place of business Allows workers to get recognition and respect at work or branch office of the employer and whose actual hours of Particularly important that workers who belong to the work in the field cannot be determined with reasonable poor/disadvantaged category are able to represent, certainty. participate, and practice good laws in favor of their interest Article 83 Normal hours of work of any employee shall and not against them not exceed 8 hours a day III. To Extend Social Protection to Workers of All Categories Article 85 Duty of employer to give his employees not Ability to enjoy safe working conditions less than 60 minutes time-off their regular Allowed to take rest and get free time by promoting 24 meals Decent Work: Concept, Theory and Measurement DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHIFTS productivity and inclusion in the work ethics. NIGHT SHIFT Employees are paid a night shift Take into consideration the family and social values of the DIFFERENTIAL differential of not less than 10% of workers regular wage for each hour of work To have a mechanism that provide adequate compensation performed bet. 10 pm to 6 am to a worker whenever there is a loss of reduction in income OVERTIME Work performed beyond 8 hrs./day and lack to access adequate healthcare WORK Employee is paid additional IV. To Help Workers in Resolutions of Conflicts and compensation equivalent to regular Promotion of Social Dialogue wage + 25% Poor people are better aware of the importance, benefits, Work beyond 8 hrs. on holiday/ rest and the need to negotiate and know that dialogues can help day is paid additional compensation in peacefully solving problems equivalent to rate of first 8 hrs. on a Social dialogue between workers and employer’s holiday/rest day + 30% organizations helps in increasing productivity and sense of UNDERTIME Not offset by overtime work on any belonging towards workplace other day o May even help in identifying mutual problems EMERGENCY Any employee may be REQUIRED by beforehand and avoids disputes at work. OVERTIME the employer to perform overtime Social Dialogue – Helps in building cohesive and intact work. societies. Cases that may REQUIRE: o Promoting Dialogue and conflict resolution o Country is at war or when any NATURE AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT other national or local emergency TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” has been declared by the national o Done through time and motion studies or in assembly or the Chief Executive consultation c̄ representatives of workers’ o Prevent loss of life or property or and employers’ organizations in case of imminent danger to PAYMENT OF WAGES public safety d/t actual or Art. 102 Forms of Payment impending emergency in the Done through checks or money locality: Art. 103 Time of Payment ▪ Fire, Typhoon, Earthquake, Wages are paid at least once every 2 wks. or Epidemic, other disasters twice a month at intervals not exceeding 16 o Urgent work to be performed on days machines, installations, equipment NURSES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA to avoid serious loss or damage to the employer or some other cause AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION: NURSING BILL OF of similar nature RIGHTS o Prevent loss or damage to 1. Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their perishable goods obligations to society and to those who receive nursing care o Where the completion or 2. Nurses have the right to practice in environments that allow continuation of the work started them to act in accordance with professional standards and legally before the 8th hour is necessary to authorized scopes of practices prevent obstruction/ prejudice to 3. Nurses have the right to a work environment that supports and business or operations of the facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code of Ethics employer. for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. COMPENSATIONS 4. Nurses have the right to freely and openly advocate for themselves and their patients, without fear of retribution ARTICLE 90: COMPUTATION OF ADDITIONAL 5. Nurses have the right to fair compensation for their work, COMPENSATION consistent with their knowledge, experience and professional For computation of overtime responsibilities. Defined “REGULAR WAGE” as cash wage only without 6. Nurses have the right to a work environment that is safe for deduction on account of facilities provided by the employer themselves and for their patients RIGHT TO WEEKLY REST DAY 7. Nurses have the right to negotiate the conditions of their Duty of every employer (regardless of operating for profit or employment, either as individuals or collectively in all practice not) to provide their employees a rest period settings NOT less than 24 consecutive hours after every six NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT consecutive normal work days Employment Status – Can be: ARTICLE 92: WHEN EMPLOYER MAY REQUIRE WORK o Regular or Probationary ON A REST DAY o Depend on Purpose, Responsibilities Attached, Employer may require employees to work on any day: Performance Requirements o (+) Actual or Impending Emergencies d/t serious accident, EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS fire, flood, typhoon, earthquake, epidemic or other disasters COMMUNITY 2-year nursing program TO PREVENT LOSS OF LIFE AND PROPERTY or COLLEGES “ASSOCIATE DEGREE” imminent danger to public safety Most common route for nurses o Urgent work on Machinery, Equipment, or Installation to avoid serious loss of which the employer would otherwise HOSPITAL/ 3-year nursing program INDEPENDENT “DIPLOMA PROGRAM” suffer SCHOOLS OF First schools of nursing to educate o Event of abnormal pressure of work d/t special NURSING nurses circumstances where employer cannot be expected to resort to other measures BSN PROGRAM 4 – 5 yr. nursing program o Prevent loss or damage to perishable goods Provides greater opportunity for o Nature of work requires continuous operations and promotion in managerial and stoppage may cause irreparable injury or loss to employer administrative positions o Other circumstances analogous or similar to the foregoing TECHNICAL VS PROFESSIONAL NURSING as determined by the Secretary of Labor and Employment TECHNICAL Requires an ASSOCIATE DEGREE ARTICLE 93. COMPENSATION FOR REST DAY, SUNDAY Does NOT have complete training a OR HOLIDAY WORK professional nurse have Employee working on his scheduled rest day has at least 30% PROFESSIONAL Requires a BACHELOR’S DEGREE additional compensation of his regular wage. Eligible for RN licensing o Entitlement to additional compensation for work on Sunday THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF only when it is his established rest day NURSING (AACN) ARTICLE 94. RIGHT TO HOLIDAY PAY Recognize the BSN as the minimum educational requirement Employer may require an employee to work on any holiday but for professional nursing the employee shall be paid compensation equivalent to DIFFERENT AREAS OF WORK TWICE his regular rate HOSPITAL SETTING Hospitals ARTICLE 95. RIGHT TO SERVICE INCENTIVE LEAVE Clinics Entitled to employees who rendered at least one year of Nursing Homes services. Doctor’s Offices Incentive leave of 5 days with pay COMMUNITY HEALTH Public Health Department SALARY AND WAGES Home Health Agencies Art. 99 Regional Minimum Wages Nurse Associations Art. 100 Prohibition against elimination or diminution of ARMED SERVICES Military Nursing benefits Art. 101 Payment by Results U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR’S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Regulated by Secretary of Labor and “Registered nurses are projected to create the second largest Employment number of new jobs among all occupations; job opportunities in o Includes: Pakyao, Piecework, and other non- most specialties and employment settings are expected to be time work excellent, with some employers reporting difficulty in attracting o Ensures payment of fair and reasonable and retaining enough RNs” wage rates  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT LONGER US has 12-hour shifts, as well as REQUIRMENTS NEEDED BEFORE BECOMING AN WORKING night duty, weekends, and public OFFICIAL NURSE IN THE USA HOURS holidays EDUCATIONAL BSN/AND Unpredictable overtimes REQUIREMENTS o Must be Accredited Registered MENTAL HEALTH Higher risk of developing negative Nursing Program IMPACTS mental health (e.g., Depression, RN Anxiety, and Stress) d/t nature of o Licensed as RN work o Experienced practicing as RN for HOURS OF WORK at least 2 yrs Often work varied hours depending on their specific role, COMPLETE Required by most states workplace, and shift requirements FOREIGN- Consists of 120 hours in the Common Shift Structure EDUCATED classroom and 120 hours of clinical 12-hour shifts 3 days/ 36 hours a week NURSES (FEN) practice under the supervision of 10-hour shifts 4 days/ 40 hours a week COURSE licensed RN 8-hour shifts 5 days/ 40 hours a week PASS ENGLISH Test of English as a Foreign Part-Time and Per Diem (As Needed) PROFICIENCY Language (TOEFL) o Offers more flexibility and typically involves fewer hours TESTS Test of English for International Overtime Communication (TOEIC) o Nurses may be required during busy periods or in International English Language emergencies Testing System (IELTS) o Compensated at a higher rate Exempted for: Weekends and Night Shifts o Nurses who studied in UK, o May require working weekends, holidays, or night shifts Australia, New Zealand, Canada ▪ Common in hospitals and emergency care settings (except Quebec), or Ireland SALARY AND BENEFITS TAKING THE Costs $200 and foreign fees NCLEX Available in: AVERAGE RN SALARY Estimate $82 750.00 o Australia, Canada, England, MEDIAN ANNUAL $86 070 per year or $41.38/hr. China, France, Israel, South SALARY Africa, Spain, Turkey, UK, FACTORS AFFECTING SALARY OF NURSES Germany, HK, India, Japan, STATE VARIATION Best paying state for Nurses: Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, o California and Taiwan o Hawaii CONTACT Direct Hire o Massachusetts GLOBAL Staffing Agency o Oregon RECRUITING o Alaska AGENCY SPECIALIZATION Allows increase in salary as OBTAIN Types of Visas: AND EXPERIENCE experience is increased NURSING o TN Visa – For Mexican and Travel Nursing – Requires 2 – 3 EMPLOYMENT Canadian Nurses years of experience in particular VISA OR WORK o H-1B – Temporary work visa; field like ICU VISA ▪ Fulfills a specialized nursing Specialization allows cultivation role (Critical care nurses, of skills and expertise in a Emergency Room Nurses, and specialized area of nursing Cardiology Nurse) CONTINUING RNs have higher salaries than o EB-3 – “Green Card” or EDUCATION AND ADNs permanent residency visa CAREER GROWTH More opportunities for growth ▪ Requires two years of education from accredited exist upon pursuing graduate institution and have license to studies by completion of work master’s degree or doctorate ▪ Allows nurses to work for 10 degree in nursing yrs o Nurse Practitioners (NP) – ▪ Allows bringing of spouses Median salary: $115 800/yr. and children under 21 o Advanced Practice RNs ▪ Does not require nurses to (APRNs) have a job offer BENEFITS WORKING CONDITIONS AND REST PERIOD Telemedicine and Digital Health Leadership US Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook High-Quality Pharmaceutical Industry 2018 – 2019 Edition Advanced Medical Technology and Innovation o Most Registered nurses work in well-lit, comfortable Occupational Health and Safety, Health, Safety, and Social healthcare facilities but physical working conditions vary Welfare Benefits o Registered Nurses must follow, strict, standardized Working Conditions for Special Groups (e.g., Women and guidelines to guard against diseases and other dangers Minorities) o Rotating Shifts or On Call Schedule Holidays Federal Law – Does not require lunch or coffee breaks. Service Incentive Leaves, and Service Charges o Employer with short breaks (5 – 20 min) is considered as compensable work hours by Federal Law ▪ Compensation is included in the sum of hours worked during the work week ▪ Considered in determining if overtime was worked UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES OF NURSES UNSAFE Shortage can lead to errors, higher STAFFING RATIO/ morbidity, and mortality UNDERSTAFFING  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” NURSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 2. Take an NMC Determines eligibility for NMC UNITED KINGDOM – ILO PARTNERSHIP Online Self- registration Key partner of the ILO in advancing decent work and social Assessment Has requirements to meet: (a) justice worldwide Health, (b) Character (c) Funds 7 projects English Language Standards 13th in top 20 of funding contributions 3. Pass Computer- CBT – Required for registration Contributed US $20.1 million based Test (CBT) that can be taken at any of the NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT test centers across the world MINIMUM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 4. Take the NMC Assesses qualification to work REQUIREMENTS Application as a Nurse in the UK Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)- Approved Nursing Assessment Required Documents: Program o Proof of Identity Clinical Practice o Qualification Certificate Nursing Degree Apprenticeship o Professional Registration English Language Proficiency Requirement o Obtain State board AVAILABLE JOBS Verification (SBV) from PRC and submit to NMC for HOSPITAL Adult Nursing verification NURSING Mental Health Nursing o Submit SBV to NMC and Children’s Nursing wait for eligibility decision Emergency Nursing 5. Submit Documents Required Documents: Operating Department Practice to Employer o Tuberculosis Test Results COMMUNITY District Nursing o A Police Check from Home NURSING Health Visiting Country School Nursing o Passport or National Identity Palliative Care Nursing Card PRIVATE General Nursing o Proof of Address Documents HEALTH CARE Specialized Nursing 6. Receive Certificate Required for application to UK Nurse Practitioners of Sponsorship work visa Nursing Research (COS) Nursing Education 7. Apply for Visa Requires Tier 2 (Skilled Worker Nursing Management Visa) MILITARY Army Nurse 8. Objective Second exam required for NMC NURSE Royal Navy Nurse Structured Clinical registration Examination Royal Air Force Nurse (OSCE) PERIOD OF EMPLOYMENT 9. Receive NMC PIN After passing the OSCE DURATION Permanent Personal Identification Number Fixed Term will be granted Temporary WORKING CONDITIONS AND REST PERIODS RENEWAL AND NOTICE PERIODS WORKING CONDITIONS EMPLOYMENT STATUS Regular/Permanent SHIFT PATTERNS Includes 12-hour shifts, night shifts, Probationary weekends, and public holidays Agency-dependent WORKLOAD Staffing levels can influence CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT workload Conditions are influenced by a variety of factors (e.g., Type of Understaffing is common that can Employer, Nurse’s Role, and Location) l/t increased stress and longer hours FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYMENT EMOTIONAL AND High-Stress situations is very PAY AND Determined by NHS Agenda for PSYCHOLOGICAL common SALARY Change (AfC) pay system DEMANDS o Sets pay bands based on job HEALTH AND Measures to protect nurses from roles, responsibilities, and SAFETY physical risk (lifting and moving experience pt) and exposure to infections WORKING Standard working hours for full-time WORK Can range from well-equipped and HOURS NHS nurses are typically 37.5 ENVIRONMENT modern facilities to older, less hrs./wk. updated ones LEAVE Nurses receive annual leave that REST PERIODS ENTITLEMENT increases c̄ years of service “WORKING TIME REGULATIONS 1998” PENSIONS NHS nurses are eligible for the NHS Set of Rules that govern the hours that employees can work pension scheme including nurses PROFESSIONAL Nurses are expected to engage in Aims to protect the health and safety of workers and ensure DEVELOPMENT continuing professional development they have adequate rest periods. (CPD) to maintain their registration Nurses have specific provisions: with the Nursing and Midwifery o Breaks during Shifts Council (NMC) o Flexible Working STEPS FOR EMPLOYMENT o Maximum Working Hours 1. Demonstrate NMC accepts both IELT or o Rest between Shifts English Proficiency OETS as proof of ability to o Rest Areas through IELTS or communicate effectively in Real-world conditions can be affected by staffing levels, OET English patient needs, and workplace culture. IELTS – International English The goal is to balance patient care with the well-being of Language Test nursing staff OET – Occupational English o Effectiveness may vary across different healthcare settings Test  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” HOURS OF WORK NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT 8-Hour Nursing Shift Split full-time over 5 days “ACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES, MIDWIVES AND 10-Hour Nursing Shift Split full-time over 4 days NURSES (1948)” 12-Hour Nursing Shift Most demanding nursing shift Specifies their qualification and practice in Articles 2 – 6 3 days per week on rotation DIVISION OF NURSING PERSONNEL IN JAPAN Part-time Nurses Work less than 30 hours PUBLIC Person who engages in health guidance NHS Nurses Works 37.5 hours/week HEALTH under license of Minister of Health, Labor NURSES and Welfare SALARY AND WAGES Under Article 2 ANNUAL AVERAGE SALARY BRACKETS Workplace are in public health centers, € 25 655 – 31 534 BAND 5 public administrations ₱ 1 888 102.81 – 2 320 773.11 MIDWIVES Engages in midwifery or health education € 32 306 – 39 027 BAND 6 to pregnant or postpartum women or ₱ 2 377 589.15 – 2 872 227.19 newborns under license of Minister of € 40 057 – 45 839 Health, Labor and Welfare BAND 7 ₱ 2 948 030.97 – 3 373 562.46 Under Article 3 € 47 125 – 90 837 BAND 8 NURSES Engages in providing care to person with ₱ 3 468 206.79 – 6 685 230.77 injuries, illnesses, or postpartum women, € 93 735 – 108 075 or to assist under the license of the BAND 9 ₱ 6 898 511.69 – 7 953 876.89 Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare AVERAGE PRIVATE HOSPITAL NURSE SALARY Under Article 5 € 33 000/yr 16.92/hr. ASSISTANT Licensed by prefectural governors ₱ 2 429 565.60/yr 1 245.70/hr. NURSES Not only work in the prefecture but BENEFITS OF NURSES anywhere in Japan LEAVE BENEFITS 27 days annual leave + 8 bank Trained for 2 yrs. holidays Services require orders of physician, 3 – 6 mos. maternity leave dentist, or nurse o Full Pay – 3 mos. Under Article 6 o Half Pay – 6 mos. Japanese Nursing has no renewal system Up to 6 mos. of Fully Paid Sick o May be rescinded for grounds for disqualification set Leave forth by the law or in case of acts that compromise duty JOB SECURITY NHS provides reliable and secure Japanese Nursing System – Reorganized under command of AND STABILITY career path GHQ (General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for HEALTHCARE Covers various aspects of the Allied Powers) BENEFITS healthcare o Installed a Nursing Division in the Ministry of Health and o Doctor’s Visits Welfare in 1948 o Hospital Stays ▪ Continuous changes in the healthcare provision, o Surgeries increase in hospitals, shortage of nurses caused issues of o Medications workload and working hours – Addressed by improving o Specialized Treatments the nursing system, establishing higher nursing COMPREHENSIVE Cross-training in different areas education and enhance the nursing education. TRAINING AND NURSING EDUCATION AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PENSION SCHEME UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES 1. Overworked and Underpaid 2. Long Shifts 3. Staff Shortage 4. Shift Cancellation 5. Stress and Professional Burnout 6. Changing Technology 7. Discrimination 8. Workplace Safety and Security LAWS PROTECTING WORKERS/ NURSES 1. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) 3. Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 4. Health and Social Care Act (2008) 5. Code of Conduct and Code of Professional Practice 6. “Registered Nurse” 7. Professional Standards 8. Whistleblower Protection 9. Employment Rights JAPAN 2nd in the best healthcare system worldwide (Statista 2023) Health Index Score – Calculated by evaluating various indicators that assess the health of the population, and access to the services required to sustain good health (i.e., Health Outcomes, Health Systems, Sickness and Risk Factors, and Mortality Rates) o Health and Health System Index Score of the Top 10 countries with the best healthcare system ranges bet. 82 – 86.9 measured on a scale of zero to 100  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” IMPROVEMENT OF CREDENTIALS BONUSES Registered Nurse (RN) (看護師 / Kangoshi) Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) (准看護師 /Jun Kangoshi) TYPES OF BONUSES CONSIDERED Public Health Nurse INDIVDUAL Standard from of bonus PERFORMANCE-BASED Employee is awarded (保健師 / Hokenshi) based on exceptional Midwife performance (助産師 / Josanshi) COMPANY Celebration of excess Certified Nurse Play a role in practice, consultation PERFORMANCE earnings and profit with Specialist (CNS) with care providers, coordination staff in form of bonuses (専門看護師 / between health and social care Amount will differ Senmon Kangoshi) professionals, ethical coordination, depending on their role education, and research through within the organization excellence in nursing practice GOAL-BASED Granted upon achieving an Has 2-year education with 38 credits important goal or With 14 number of fields milestone Certified Nurse Plays a role in high standards of HOLIDAY/ END OF YEAR Given without reason (CN) nursing practice, instruction, and BONUS Appreciation token (認定看護師 / consultation with the nursing professionals and other with high MANDATORY EMPLOYEE BENEFITS IN JAPAN Nintei Kangoshi) level of clinical reasoning and 1. Superannuation/ Pension – Regular Employees are classified judgement of pathological conditions into the Type 2 Insureds in Japanese Pension Insurance System  Covered by Employees’ Pension Insurance plan Separated to two courses: A: Does 2. Old-Age Pension Benefit – Eligible at age of 65 with not incorporate training system for minimum participation period of 10 yrs. To National Pension is nurses performing specific Required interventions; B: Incorporates 3. Disability Pension – Eligible if a participant becomes disabled training system d/t injury or sickness A Course:  Categorized according to seriousness. o Has 6-month long education with  Cannot receive if the participant did not pay contributions 600+ hours for 1/3 or more of previous participation period. o Has 21 fields a. Class 1: Total Disability Requiring Constant Attendance B Course: b. Class 2: Degree of Disability restricting One’s Ability to o Has within 1-year long education Live Independently with around hours c. Class 3: Degree of Disability Restricting One’s Ability to o Has 19 fields Work SALARY 4. Survivor’s Pension – Eligible if a participant with eligible Typical Salary Monthly: 418 000 JPY dependent dies, the dependent receives the pension o Hourly Rate: 2 410 JPY  Requires payment of 1/3 or more to receive 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 ▪ 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑊𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 5. Labor Insurance (Worker’s Compensation and (52 × 5 × 8) o Annual Salary: 5 020 000 JPY Employment Insurance) – Administered by the government o Salary Range: 196 000 JPY – 661 000 JPY  Given to almost all employees except for Directors of o Median Salary: 396 000 JPY Companies ▪ 25th Percentile: ¾ of the time worked by full-time EDUCATION-BASED employees)  Covers non-occupational sickness or injuries (occupational sickness or injuries are covered by workers’ compensation) GENDER-BASED 8. National Health Insurance – Offer benefits similar to health insurance for employees  For people not covered by another scheme  70% coverage of medical care expenses  Contribution amount is determined by each local government based on total income and number of people in each household  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” 9. Long-Term Care Insurance – Insures all individuals aged 40 ▪ Includes provision for: and older. Retirement Pensions, Disability a. Class 1 – Aged 65 and Over Insurance, Survivor Benefits, and b. Class 2 – Aged 40 – 65 Unemployment Benefits  Insured are able to receive long-term care services o Income Maintenance – Distribution 10. Longevity Healthcare System – Established through reforms of cash in the event of interruption of to the national healthcare system for aged 75 or older. employment  Includes all who are under National Health Insurance Plan ▪ Includes: Retirement, Disability, or an Employee’s Health Insurance Plan once turning 75 years and Unemployment of age o Services provided by administrations 11. Paid Leave – Given to workers who worked for 6 mos. responsible for social security continuously and have worked 80% or more of all working ▪ Other countries may include: days Medical Care, Aspects of Social  Paid leave days is 10 days that can be in succession or splits Work, and Industrial Relations  Mandatory Paid Leave – at least 5 days a year PUBLICLY Residents of the country are insured by 12. Maternity Leave – Before childbirth the leave allowance is 6 FUNDED the state wks. prior to expected DOB (14 wks. for twins or more) and HEALTH Healthcare is financed entirely or After maternity, the period is 8 wks. from the day after CARE MODEL majorly part by citizens’ tax payments delivery. instead of through private payments to  Salary Payments during leave is not stipulated by law and insurance companies or directly to are subject to company’s collective agreements and employee healthcare providers rules. SOCIAL Whole population or most of the  Maternity Allowance (67% of Salary) – Paid if the HEALTH population is a member of a sickness participant has insurance at workplace and not paid during INSURANCE insurance company maternity leave Method for financing health care costs  If Salary is fully paid during leave no allowance will be paid through social insurance program based (difference will be paid if the salary during maternity leave on the collection of funds contributed by falls below 67% of the standard monthly salary) individuals, employers, and government 13. Caregiver Leave – Employees can take caregiver leave to subsidies provide nursing care to a direct family member who has a Characterized by the presence of condition requiring constant nursing care for a specific period sickness funs w/c usually receive a  Reasons can include: Injury, Sickness, Physical or Mental proportional contribution of their Disability members’ wages. Employees can get 93 days off per family member (In o The insurance contributions pay for Aggregate for period they work for their employee, can be medical costs of their members taken 3 times) Affiliation to funds is based on a 14. Childcare Leave – Eligible for the employees with children professional, geographic, < 1 y/o. religious/political and/or non-partisan  Can be taken until the child is 1 y/o up to the day before criteria their birthday  Can be extended to 2 years old MAJOR INFLUENCES ON THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM PHILIPPINE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 1. Environmental PHILIPPINES 2. Demographic 7 107 Islands 3. Socio-cultural 4. Political 1 700 LGUs 5. Economic 1 Unitary/ National Government STRUCTURE OF A HEALTH SYSTEM HEALTH SYSTEM Health Sector Interrelated system in which a country organizes available  resources for the maintenance and improvement of the health Health Status  Population of its citizens and communities  Comprises all organizations, institutions, and resources devoted Health-related Sectors to producing actions whose primary intent is to improve health I. HEALTH STATUS Has FOUR ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS Determined by: o Service Provision o Financing o Health o Mortality o Resource Generation o Stewardship o Death o Nutrition HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODELS o Morbidity PRIVATE Relatively rare ENTERPRISE HEALTH STATUS OF FILIPINO PEOPLE Serves a well-off subpopulation in a HEALTHCARE HFA 2000 Targets 2004 poorer country with poorer standard of Infant Mortality 60 y/o healthcare system with residual public service Crude Death Rate 6.1/ 1 000 SOCIAL The workers and their families are II. POPULATION SECURITY insured by the state Demographic Characteristics HEALTH Refer to social welfare service o Life Expectancy MODEL concerned with social protection to COUNTRY Life Expectancy in Years poverty, old age, disability, Philippines 70 unemployment, and others Thailand 70 May refer to: Malaysia 73 o Social Insurance – People receive South Korea 75 benefits or services in recognition of Japan 81 contributions to an insurance scheme  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” o Population Growth Composed of: COUNTRY Population Growth o 17 offices, Philippines 2.1 – 2.3% o 16 centers for Health Development in various Regions, Thailand 1.4% o 70 hospitals Malaysia 2.2% o 4 attached agencies South Korea 0.8 DOH: MILESTONES Japan 0.3 1972 Letter of Implementation No. 8 pursuant to o Total Fertility Rate Presidential Decree No. 1 (September 24, 1972) COUNTRY 1960 1990 2001 DOH was renamed Ministry of Health Philippines 7.0 4.4 3.4 Division to 12 regions to cover several provinces Thailand 6.4 2.3 2.0 and cities under regional director Malaysia 6.8 3.8 3.0 o List of Offices: South Korea 6.0 1.7 1.5 ▪ Philippine Medical Care Commission Japan 2.1 1.6 1.4 ▪ Dangerous Drugs Board Socio-cultural Factors ▪ National Nutrition Council o Majority of Filipinos are Roman Catholics ▪ Population Commission o High functional literacy rate of 83.8% ▪ National Schistosomiasis Control Council o Folk Beliefs, Misconceptions, and Practices detrimental to ▪ Tondo General Hospital health are rampant Creation of National Cancer Center and Radiation o Family is the basic unit of Filipino Society Health Services Political Factors 1982 Under EO No. 851 – Creation of the Health o The Philippines is a democratic country Education and Manpower Development Service o Local Government Units (LGUs) comprise the political Bureau of Food and Drugs assumed functions of the subdivisions of the Philippines Food and Drug Administration HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION 196 Ministry of Health became DOH again Physical Barriers – Geological location patterns of healthcare 1987 Re-organization under EO No. 119 consumers in relation to health providers Placed under the Secretary of Health five offices Financial Factors – Affects health seeking problems of the headed by an undersecretary and an assistant Filipinos secretary III. HEALTH SECTOR o Chief of Staff Refers to the groups of services or institutions in the o Public Health Services community or country which are concerned with the health o Hospital and Facilities Services protection of the population o Standard and Regulations May be public (government), private, non-government health o Management Service organizations 1992 Full implementation of Republic Act No. 7160 or a. Functions of the Health Sector Local Government Code Direct Provision of Health Services: DOH changed its role from one of implementation to o Promotion governance o Prevention Branched out the Office of Public Health Services to o Diagnosis and Treatment form the Office for Special Concerns o Rehabilitation Two big offices merged to be Office of Hospital Development and provision of health manpower, drugs, and Facilities, Standards and Regulation medical supplies and financing support 1999 Functions and operations were directed to be HEALTH HUMAN RESOURCES consistent with provisions of Administrative Code Enormous but unevenly distributed 1987 and RA 7160 through E.O 102. Most health practitioners are in Metro Manila and other urban Launch of Health Sector Reform Agenda of the centers Philippines (1999 – 2004) REGISTERED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (2000) PHYSICIAN 95 016 CENTER FOR HEALTH DEVELOPMENT NURSES 337 939 Responsible for field operations of the Department in its MIDWIVES 129 532 administrative region and for providing catchment area with Availability of health professionals in domestic health sector efficient and effective medical services depends on: Implement laws, regulation, policies, and programs o Number of schools offering health professional education Coordinates with regional offices of the other Departments, o Number of Students admitted to medical, nursing, dental, Offices, and Agencies, as well as with local governments and other health professional schools Main catalyst and organizer in the ILHZ formation o Strictness of schooling and examination Requirements o Provide technical support and advocacy for the development Manpower – Supply dependent on the demand in the foreign of local health management systems and their integration in market the context of the ILHZ DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH o Review and approve ILHZ proposal for funding Principal agency of health in the Philippines o Integrate local health plans to regional plans o Undertake monitoring of the development and Responsible in ensuring access to basic public health services implementation of ILHZ to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and DISTRICT HEALTH SYSTEM regulation of providers of health goods and services WHO – Contained segment of the national health system that Policy and regulatory body for health comprises a well-defined administrative and geographic area Technical resource, catalyzer for health policy and a political either rural or urban and all institutions and sectors whose sponsor and advocate for health issues in behalf of the health actives contribute to improve health sector Subdivided to 3 levels of referral Provides the direction and national plans for health programs o Primary – Barangay Health Stations and RHU and services o Secondary – District or Provincial Hospitals DOH MISSION AND VISION o Tertiary – Provincial and Regional Hospitals VISION The leader of health for all in the Philippines The equivalent of ILHZ MISSION Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” INTER LOCAL HEALTH ZONE (ILHZ) PACKAGE OF ACTIVITY Unit of health system created for local health service Pre-natal care Minimum Package for PHC Services management and delivery in the Philippines NSD and post-partum care Applied in many developing countries where responsibility for Immunization health services has been decentralized from national to local Family Planning health authorities Nutrition – Vitamin A and Iron Supplementation Has a defined population w/n a defined geographical area and Growth Monitoring comprises a central or core referral hospital and a number of Control of Communicable Disease primary level facilities (e.g., RHUs and BHS) Minor Surgery- Suture, Abscess Drainage, Clustering municipalities Circumcision Includes all stakeholders involved in the delivery of health Dental Health services including community-based NGOs and the private Appropriate Referral sectors (Foreign/ Local) Environmental Health Services Provides quality, equitable, and accessible health care Basic Laboratory Services COMPOSITION OF ILHZ Health promotion and education PEOPLE Community members Management of public health services, coordination CHWs with NGO, and private medical sector, participation in NGOs the ILHZ management People Organizations Training of human resources Local Chief Executives Supervision of health Services and Human Resources Other Government Officials W/N the municipal catchment area Private Sector Outpatient consultations for referred patients Complementary Package for Core Referral Hospitals BOUNDARIES Clear boundaries between ILHZ Inpatient medical and surgical care HEALTH FACILITIES Emergency room care HEALTH WORKERS District health team Minor Surgery (Placental Extraction, Excision, CORE REFERRAL HOSPITAL Suturing, D&C) Minimum Services Anesthesia Out-patient services Major Emergency Surgery (CS, Trauma, Lab and Radiological Diagnostic Services Appendectomy) Inpatient Care Complicated Deliveries Surgical Services Sufficient to Provide Emergency Care for Basic Orthopedics (Simple Fractures) Basic life-threatening conditions, obstetrics and trauma Nutrition services EXPECTED ACHIEVEMENT OF THE ILHZ Referral of more urgent cases to higher level of care Universal coverage of health insurance X-Ray and Laboratory Services Improved quality of hospital and RHU services Blood Transfusion Effective referral system Pharmacy services Integrated Planning Management of hospital services and participant in Appropriate Health Information System ILHZ management Improved drug management Public Health Promotion and Education Developed human resources Coordination with Public Health Services Effective leadership through inter-LGU cooperation Transport and Communication Linkages Financially viable or self-sustaining hospital Pediatric, Surgical, Medical, Orthopedic, Obstetric, Hospital Tertiary Package for Provincial Government Referral Integration of public health and curative hospital and Gynecology Departments DOH HOSPITALS Expanded surgical capability (Burns) Provides hospital-based care ICU, NICU, Coronary Care Specialized or general services, some conduct research on Ophthalmology clinical priorities and training hospitals for medical Rehabilitative medicine (Physiotherapy, Occupational specialization Therapy) ATTACHED AGENCIES Full Range of Dental Services Philippine Health Insurance Corporation Advanced Diagnostics o Implementing the National Health Insurance Law Public Health Laboratory (Malaria, Schistosomiasis, o Administers the Medicare program for both public and Water Analysis, Referral Laboratory of RHUs, and private sectors core referral hospitals) Dangerous Drugs Board Blood bank and transfusion services o Coordinates and manages the dangerous drugs control Medical Social Services, Veterans, and Senior Citizen program Medical Services Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Pharmacy Services Care Dietary and Nutrition Services Philippine National AIDS council Wellness Center Program Hospital Administration and Management Service Emergency Transport In-house engineering and maintenance  PRELIMS DECENT WORK AND EMPLOYMENT & TRANSCULTURAL NURSING “I WILL PASS AND BECOME TOPNOTCHER IN THE PHILIPPINE NURSING LICENSURE EXAM (2025)” FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE LIMITED CAPACITY OF THE COUNTRY’S HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Poor healthcare financing Inappropriate health service delivery system – Excessive reliance on use of high-end hospital services than primary care o Include: Ineffective mechanism for providing public health programs Brain drains of health professionals Excessively high price of medicines, leading to costly out-of- pocket payments and inadequate and irrational use Inadequate enforcement of regulatory mechanisms Insufficient effort expended on prevention and control of new diseases, particularly non-communicable diseases Data adequacy, accuracy, and timeliness o Unavailability of timely and accurate data/ information makes it difficult to make appropriate decision on policies and programs to improve health care LAWS AFFECTING THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM RA 7160 Local Government Code Letter of Instruction Legal Basis of Primary Health Care No. 949 EO No. 503 Transfer of Personnel, Assets, Liabilities and Records of National Government Agencies to LGU RA 7305 Magna Carta for Public Health Workers RA 6578 Standardized the Salaries of Government Employees RA 2382 Philippine Medical Act RA 1082 First Rural Health Act “Employment of Health Professional who will live on Rural areas” Created the 1st 81 Rural Health Units RA 9173 Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 RA 3573 in 1929 Communicable Diseases Should be Reported RA 1891 Amended Strengthened Health and Dental RA 1082 in 1957 Services RA 8749 Clean Air Act of 2000 PD No. 825 Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage PD No. 856 Code of Sanitation RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act RA 8976 Food Fortification Law of 2000 RA 6365 National Policy on Population Commission on Population EO No. 2009 Family Code RA 9288 Newborn Screening RA 9262 Anti-Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC) RA 7170 Organ Donation Act of 1991 RA 7885 Advance Corneal Transplantation in the Philippines RA 7719 National Blood Service RA 7875 National Health Insurance Act of 1995 PD No. 996 Immunization of All Children RA 6675 Generic Act of 1988 RA 6425 Dangerous Drug Act RA 8423 Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) RA 4226 Hospital Licensure Act ISSUES AND CONCERNS Inappropriate Health Delivery System Inadequate Regulatory Mechanism Poor Health Care Financing Filipino Culture