Prelim-to-Midterms Contemporary Review PDF

Prelim cotemporary **Introduction to Globalization:** Globalization refers to the global interconnection of nations, economies, and cultures, removing barriers to communication and fostering exchange across borders. Key elements include: - **Economic Integration**: Movement of capital, technolo...

Prelim cotemporary **Introduction to Globalization:** Globalization refers to the global interconnection of nations, economies, and cultures, removing barriers to communication and fostering exchange across borders. Key elements include: - **Economic Integration**: Movement of capital, technology, and goods globally. - **Cultural Exchange**: Sharing ideas, customs, and traditions. - **Technological Advancements**: Faster communication and transportation. - **Political Interdependence**: Global agreements and organizations to address global issues. **Globalization and Education:** Education is vital in the globalized world, shaping skills, knowledge, and global awareness. - **Benefits**: - **Human Capital Development**: Education helps individuals engage in the global economy. - **Cultural Exchange**: Promotes cross-cultural understanding. - **Language Proficiency**: Enables communication across languages. - **Global Citizenship**: Encourages participation in global issues. - **Research & Innovation**: Drives scientific progress. - **Internationalization**: Facilitates global exchange and collaboration. - **Challenges**: - **Inequality**: Globalization increases educational disparities. - **Cultural Homogenization**: Global education may overshadow local cultures. - **Standardization vs. Localization**: Balancing global standards with local needs. - **Digital Divide**: Unequal access to technology. - **Skill Mismatch**: Disconnection between education and job market needs. - **Privatization**: Commercialization may affect education quality. - **Brain Drain**: Talent migration leads to skill shortages. - **Language Barriers**: Dominant languages may marginalize others. **National Education Crisis in the Philippines:** The Philippines faces systemic educational challenges: - **Inadequate Funding**: Insufficient resources for quality education. - **Outdated Curricula**: Focus on memorization over critical thinking. - **Unequal Access**: Gaps in access, especially in rural and underserved areas. - **Quality of Instruction**: Poor infrastructure, teacher shortages, and low-quality education. **Recommendations for Improvement**: - **Increase Funding**: Prioritize education in national budgets. - **Curricular Reform**: Update curricula to include critical thinking and digital literacy. - **Equitable Access**: Improve infrastructure and provide scholarships to underserved areas. - **Teacher Training**: Invest in professional development for educators. **Globalization and Healthcare:** Globalization impacts healthcare, improving access to medical technology but also creating challenges: - **Benefits**: - **Access to Medical Technology**: Easier access to medical advances and treatments. - **Health Tourism**: People travel abroad for medical care, boosting the industry. - **Challenges**: - **Health Inequalities**: Globalization can worsen health disparities. - **Global Health Governance**: Need for international cooperation to address global health threats. - **Ethical Issues**: Concerns about fairness, justice, and access to healthcare. **Structures of Globalization** **Globalization shapes economies, politics, and societies worldwide. Understanding its structures is essential for grasping its complexities.** **1. The Global Economy** - **Trade Liberalization: Reduces trade barriers (tariffs, quotas), promoting free exchange of goods and services for economic growth.** - **Global Value Chains: International division of production, where different countries specialize in stages of production, increasing efficiency.** - **Financialization: Growing influence of financial markets in economies, often prioritizing financial activities over traditional industries.** **2. Market Integration** - **Technological Innovations: Advances like the internet break geographical barriers, reducing costs and fostering global competition.** - **Cultural Convergence & Divergence: Global consumer culture spreads, but local cultures create niche markets, preserving diversity.** - **Income Disparities: Economic inequalities affect global consumption patterns, with wealthier regions benefiting more.** **3. International Financial Institutions (IFIs)** - **Examples: World Bank, IMF, WTO, ADB.** - **Importance: They support economic growth and infrastructure development but can impose conditions that affect national policies.** **4. The Global Interstate System** - **Internationalism: Nations cooperate on global issues (e.g., peace, environment), like a team working together.** - **Globalism: Belief in unrestricted movement of goods, people, and information across borders.** - **Power Dynamics: Dominant countries influence global politics, security, and resource distribution.** - **Security Challenges: Global threats (terrorism, cyberattacks) shape foreign policies and international cooperation.** - **Regionalism vs. Globalism: Regional cooperation focuses on geographic areas, while globalism promotes broader international collaboration.** **5. Contemporary Global Governance** - **Multilateralism vs. Unilateralism: Multilateralism involves cooperation among many nations, while unilateral actions can create tension.** - **Global Commons: Shared resources like the atmosphere and oceans require collective international governance to avoid environmental degradation.** - **Humanitarian Intervention & Responsibility to Protect (R2P): The global community's responsibility to intervene in cases of mass atrocities, balancing state sovereignty with human rights.** **Globalization is a complex system involving economic, political, and cultural exchanges, all influencing global governance, markets, and international relations.** **[03 A World of Regions](https://elms.sti.edu/student_lessons/list/4807887)** A World of Regions: The Global Divides (Summary) 1. **The North-South Divide**: - **Global North**: Developed, industrialized nations (e.g., Europe, USA). - **Global South**: Less developed nations (e.g., Africa, Latin America). - Rooted in colonialism, imperialism, and unequal trade that shaped economic disparities. 2. **Economic Disparities:** - Global North: High income, advanced technology, finance-based jobs. - Global South: Low income, limited access to technology, agriculture-based jobs. - Globalization has worsened inequalities by providing fewer opportunities for the South to compete globally. 3. **Social and Political Implications**: - North: High access to education, healthcare, and political influence. - South: Struggles with poverty, limited access to services, and less political power. 4. **Poverty and Wealth Inequity**: - Positive impacts of globalization: New jobs, economic growth, foreign investment. - Negative impacts: Increased inequality, job losses in traditional sectors, vulnerability for marginalized groups. 5. **Impact on Latin America**: - Income Inequality: Wealth is concentrated in a small elite. - Global Market: Faces trade barriers and commodity price fluctuations. - Social Issues: Lack of access to basic services, migration for better opportunities, and political instability. 6. **Impact on the Philippines:** - Economic Growth: Globalization has stimulated growth in BPO, manufacturing, and tourism. - Income Inequality: Wealth is concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural areas behind. 7. **UN's Role (SDGs):** - SDG 1 (No Poverty): Eradicate extreme poverty globally. - SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities): Promote inclusive policies to reduce inequalities and empower marginalized groups. **Asian Regionalism** 1. **What is Asian Regionalism?** - Asian Regionalism refers to the cooperation among Asian countries to promote economic growth, political stability, and cultural exchange. 2. **Key Regional Organizations:** - **APEC (1989):** Promotes economic growth in the Asia-Pacific. - **ASEAN (1967):** Focuses on economic, political, and cultural cooperation. - **BIMSTEC (**1997): Enhances cooperation in South and Southeast Asia. - **SAARC (1985**): Works on regional cooperation in economic, social, and cultural fields. - **SASEC (2001**): Promotes trade and connectivity among South Asian countries. 3. **Impact of Globalization on Asian Regionalism:** - **Trade & Investment:** Increases trade and investment in Asia. - **Supply Chains:** Asia\'s countries specialize in different stages of production. - **Regional Organizations:** Strengthened by globalization to address security, climate, and other issues. - **Cultural Exchange**: Promotes mutual understanding and cultural diplomacy. - **Digital Connectivity**: Bridges gaps in technology and improves access to information. 4. **Challenges and Opportunities:** - **Inequality:** Globalization can worsen economic and social inequalities**.** - **Environmental Issues:** Pollution, resource depletion, and climate change require regional cooperation. 5. **SOGI (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity) Issues in Asia:** - **Awareness:** Globalization increases awareness and visibility of SOGI issues. - **Cultural & Legal Resistance:** Conservative backlash may hinder SOGI rights. - **Access to Services:** Better access to healthcare and social services for diverse SOGI groups. 6. **Impact on Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the Philippines:** - **Economic Integration:** Globalization may exploit IP lands for resources. - **Cultural Preservation:** Exposure to global cultures may threaten traditional knowledge. - **Legal & Land Rights:** International standards influence IP rights and land protection. - **Education & Services:** Improved access to education and healthcare through regional cooperation. - Environmental Impact: Global demand for resources can harm indigenous territories. 1. **Colonial Legacy**: - The historical impact of colonialism has contributed to today\'s economic divides between the Global North (developed) and Global South (developing). 2. **Globalization Impacts**: - **Pros**: Creates economic opportunities, jobs, and increases incomes. - **Cons**: Worsens poverty, deepens income inequality, leads to job losses, and increases vulnerability for marginalized groups. 3. **Globalization Effects on Latin America**: - **Income Inequality**: Unequal trade and reliance on commodity exports. - **Development**: Poor social development, technological access, and political influence. - **Environmental Issues**: Struggles with climate challenges. 4. **Impact on the Philippines**: - **Economic Growth**: Growth in BPO, manufacturing, and tourism. - **Income Inequality**: Wealth is concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural regions behind. 5. **Role of the UN**: - The **UN's 2030 Agenda** aims to eradicate poverty (SDG 1) and reduce inequalities (SDG 10) globally, fostering inclusive development. **Asian Regionalism: Summary** 1. **What is Asian Regionalism?** - The process of Asian countries working together to foster cooperation, integration, and collective decision-making to boost economic growth, political stability, and cultural exchange**.** 2. **Key Milestones:** - **1967:** ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) founded. - **1985: SAARC** (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) founded. - **1989: APEC** (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) founded. - **1997:** BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) founded. - 2001: SASEC (South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation) founded. 3. **Impacts of Globalization:** - **Positive Impacts:** - Increased trade and investment. - Development of complex supply chains. - Promotion of regional cooperation and political dialogue. - Cultural exchange fostering understanding and tolerance. - Digital connectivity and technological innovation**.** - **Challenges:** - Economic disparities and lack of digital access. - Pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. - Political instability and lack of educational opportunities. 4. **Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI):** - Global Influence: Increased visibility and international human rights standards promoting SOGI rights. - Regional Responses: Mixed adoption of legal protections and challenging traditional norms, with conservative backlash in some areas. 5. **Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines:** - Economic Integration: Global trade and regional cooperation affect indigenous lands and traditional livelihoods. - Cultural Exchange: While cultural exchange enriches diversity, it also threatens traditional knowledge. - Preservation Efforts: There are efforts to protect indigenous cultures and land rights but challenges remain. - Access to Services: Barriers in education, healthcare, and environmental degradation impact indigenous communities, though regional cooperation can offer **A World of Ideas: Short Summary** 1. **Global Media Cultures:** - **Definition: Media content (news, entertainment, social media, education) produced and consumed globally.** - **Types:** - **News: Real-time global reporting (e.g., BBC, CNN).** - **Entertainment: Global appeal (e.g., K-pop, Bollywood).** - **Social Media: Platforms like Facebook and Twitter drive global movements (e.g., \#MeToo).** - **Educational Content: Global learning platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy.** 2. **Globalization's Impact on Media:** - **Cultural Exchange: Hybridization of global cultures (e.g., K-pop's global influence).** - **Global Awareness: Media highlights issues like climate change and human rights.** - **Economic Growth: Media industries contribute significantly to the economy.** 3. **Impact on Studies & Jobs:** - **Studies: Enhances critical thinking, media literacy, and research skills.** - **Jobs: Employers value awareness of social issues and media literacy, especially in communication roles.** 4. **Racial Inequality & Social Injustice:** - **Media Representation: Shapes perceptions of social groups.** - **Activism: Social media amplifies movements like Black Lives Matter and \#MeToo.** 5. **Globalization of Religion:** - **Definition: Spread of religious beliefs across cultures.** - **Impacts:** - **Cultural Diversity: Promotes respect for different religions.** - **Interfaith Dialogue: Encourages global cooperation on issues like poverty.** - **Impact on Studies & Jobs:** - **Studies: Increases cultural competence in areas like anthropology.** - **Jobs: Employers value cultural sensitivity and understanding of religious practices.** **World of Ideas: Short Summary** **Global Media Cultures** - **Definition**: Global media cultures refer to how media (news, entertainment, social media) is produced, shared, and consumed worldwide, shaping societies\' values, beliefs, and behaviors. - **Media Impact**: - **Stereotypes**: Media can reinforce or challenge societal stereotypes. - **Racial & Social Injustice**: Social media raises awareness of issues like racial inequality and social injustice. **Impacts on Society** - **Cultural Exchange & Hybridization**: Global media promotes the blending of cultures (e.g., K-pop influence worldwide). - **Global Awareness**: Media increases awareness of global issues like climate change and human rights. - **Economic Impact**: Media industries drive economic activity and growth. - **Social Media**: Used for movements (e.g., \#MeToo), revolutionizing communication and influencing trends. **Impacts on Studies** - **Critical Thinking & Research**: Encourages analysis of media content and source credibility. - **Educational Media**: Platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy offer global learning opportunities, enhancing knowledge access and fostering a global perspective. **Impacts on Employment** - **Media Literacy**: Employers value the ability to critically analyze and use media effectively, important for communication and marketing roles. - **Awareness & Sensitivity**: Knowledge of social issues fosters inclusivity and cultural competence in the workplace. **Globalization of Religion** - **Definition**: The spread of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. - **Impacts**: - **Cultural Diversity**: Promotes respect for different religions. - **Interfaith Dialogue**: Encourages cooperation between different religious groups. - **Religious Syncretism**: Blending of religious practices and beliefs across cultures. **Impacts on Studies & Employment** - **Cultural Competence**: Knowledge of global religious diversity enhances studies in anthropology, sociology, and international relations. - **Cultural Sensitivity**: Employers seek candidates with cultural awareness, especially in global and multicultural work environments. **Global Population and Mobility:** Global Cities - **Definition:** Major urban centers with significant influence in global economics, culture, and politics (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo). - **Characteristics:** - Economic Power: Presence of financial institutions and corporations. - Cultural Influence: Diverse population, cultural institutions, and media. - Infrastructure: Advanced transportation and communication networks. - Innovation: Centers for technology and education. - **Challenges:** - Infrastructure Strain: Overcrowding, pressure on public services. - Social Inequality: Wealth disparities, limited access to resources. - Environmental Impact: Pollution, resource depletion. - **Climate Change Effects:** - Contributors: Greenhouse gases, urban heat islands, transportation, waste. - Impacts: Sea level rise, extreme weather, water stress, health issues. - Adaptation Strategies: Green infrastructure, carbon reduction, resilience planning. **Global Demography** - Population Growth Trends: - Global Growth Rate: Around 1.1% per year, slowing due to declining fertility rates. - Regional Variation: High growth in Africa; low or negative growth in Europe and East Asia. - Fertility Rates: Decreasing due to better healthcare and urbanization. - Global Population by 2050: Estimated to be 9.7 billion, with growth in Africa and Asia. - **Aging vs. Youthful Populations**: - Youthful Populations: Predominantly in developing countries, needing more education and jobs. - Aging Populations: Predominantly in developed countries, creating healthcare and pension challenges. - **Urbanizatio**n: More people migrating from rural to urban areas, leading to mega-cities and challenges like housing shortages and urban sprawl. **Economic & Social Implications** - Labor Markets: Demographic changes affect workforce supply and productivity. - Healthcare: Aging populations demand more healthcare services. - Education: Young populations need investment in education and training. **Factors Influencing Trends** - Fertility Rates: Changes in birth rates impact population growth. - Mortality Rates: Improved healthcare and life expectancy can slow down population growth. - Migration: International migration shifts regional population dynamics. - Policy Interventions: Government policies on family planning, immigration, and development can influence trends. - **Economic Power**: Presence of major financial institutions and multinational corporations. - **Cultural Influence**: Diverse population, cultural institutions, and global media. - **Infrastructure**: Advanced transportation and communication systems. - **Innovation**: Centers for technological advancements and education. - Drive economic growth, innovation, and cultural exchange. - Attract talent and investment from around the world. - **Infrastructure Strain**: Overcrowding, pressure on services. - **Social Inequality**: Wealth disparity, unequal resource access. - **Environmental Impact**: Pollution, resource depletion from urbanization. - **Greenhouse Gases**: Emissions from energy, transport, and buildings. - **Urban Heat Island**: Higher temperatures due to buildings and infrastructure. - **Consumption and Waste**: Excessive waste generation, resource depletion. - **Transportation**: Emissions from vehicles, shipping, and air travel. - **Sea Level Rise**: Flooding and coastal erosion. - **Extreme Weather**: More storms, heatwaves, and extreme precipitation. - **Water Stress**: Altered rainfall patterns, droughts, or floods. - **Health Issues**: Respiratory diseases from pollution and heatwaves. - **Economic Disruptions**: Impact on business and supply chains. - **Green Infrastructure**: Parks, green roofs, sustainable buildings. - **Resilience Planning**: Disaster preparedness and response strategies. - **Carbon Reduction**: Public transport, renewable energy projects. - Study of human populations: size, distribution, trends, and migration patterns. - **Youthful Population**: Predominantly young (0-14 years), high birth rates, leads to demand for education and jobs. - **Aging Population**: Predominantly older (15+ years), low birth rates, creates challenges for healthcare and pensions. - **Labor Markets**: Affects workforce and productivity. - **Healthcare**: Aging populations increase healthcare demand. - **Education**: Youthful populations require investment in education and training. - **Fertility Rates**: High birth rates lead to younger populations; low rates lead to aging. - **Mortality Rates**: Better healthcare increases life expectancy. - **Migration**: Migration can shift population trends. - **Policy Interventions**: Government policies influence fertility, migration, and population growth. **Global Migration** **Types of Migration:** 1. Labor Migration: Driven by economic disparities between countries. 2. Family Reunification: People move to join family members already settled abroad. 3. Asylum: Migrants escaping disasters, conflicts, or persecution. 4. Environmental Migration: Driven by natural or man-made disasters. 5. Unauthorized Migration: Includes human trafficking or people with expired visas. Factors Driving Migration: - Economic Disparities - Politics - Environmental Changes - Society and Demography **Impacts:** - Economic Changes: Remittances and labor market shifts. - Cultural Diversity: Enrichment of culture but potential integration challenges. - Labor Market Dynamics: Changes in job supply and demand. - Social Integration: Challenges in assimilation and social cohesion. - Political and Policy Challenges: Migration control and policy implementation. **Trends & Patterns:** - Sending Country (Pros): Remittances boost economy; Cons: Loss of skilled workers (brain drain). - Receiving Country (Pros): Economic growth, labor force filling shortages, cultural diversity; Cons: Integration challenges, pressure on services. **Global Governance & Cooperation**: - Migration Policies: Vary by country, some with open policies, others with strict controls. - International Cooperation: Efforts like the Global Compact for Migration to manage migration safely and orderly. - Environmental - Social - Economic - Environmental Monitoring: AI helps track environmental changes. - Resource Management: Optimizes use of resources. - Smart Cities: AI enhances urban sustainability. - Challenges: - Ethical Concerns: Data privacy, bias, and fairness. - Job Displacement: AI may replace jobs. - Examples: - Global Alliance for Vaccines (GAVI) - Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) - Challenges: - Coordination, resource allocation, and sustainability. - Availability - Access - Utilization - Stability - Production & Agriculture - Climate Change - Economic Factors - Political Stability - Infrastructure & Technology - Sustainable Agriculture - Technological Innovations - Policy Interventions - Poverty & Inequality - Natural Resource Management - Climate Change - Conflict & Displacement - Agroforestry, crop rotation, organic farming. - Biotechnology, precision agriculture. - **Goal**: Minimize waste by reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling materials. - **Contrasts with**: The \"take-make-dispose\" linear economy. - **Aim**: Keep resources in use for as long as possible to reduce environmental impact. - **Definition of Sustainable Development**: Meeting current needs without compromising future generations\' ability to meet theirs. - **Key Idea**: Achieving intergenerational equity by balancing economic, social, and environmental needs. - **Focus**: Expanding people\'s capabilities and opportunities (education, healthcare, social inclusion). - **Goal**: Improve quality of life and promote sustainable development beyond economic growth. - **Goal**: Balance between human needs (inner circle) and planetary boundaries (outer circle). - **Focus**: Achieving social and environmental sustainability. - **Adopted**: 2015, with a target of 2030. - **Purpose**: Address global challenges like poverty, inequality, climate change, and peace, promoting sustainability across all sectors. - **Total Goals**: 17. - **Interconnectedness**: Understanding the links between global communities. - **Responsibility**: Sharing responsibility for global challenges. - **Cultural Respect**: Valuing and respecting diverse cultures. - **Sustainability**: Ensuring a healthy planet for future generations. - Armed conflict between countries or groups within a country. - **Impacts**: Displacement, loss of lives, community disruption, economic downturns, infrastructure loss, environmental degradation. - Absence of conflict and presence of harmonious relationships. - **Promote Human Rights** - **Foster Peace** - **Environmental Stewardship** - **Social Justice** - **Pathways**: Diplomacy, International Cooperation. - **Methods**: Curriculum integration, workshops, community projects. - **How You Can Contribute**: - Promote peace awareness. - Involve peace advocates. - Collaborate in group activities. - **Interconnectedness**: Events worldwide impact us all. - **Responsibility**: Contribute positively to the global community. - **Cultural Respect**: Value and respect cultural diversity. - **Sustainability**: Protect future generations through sustainable practices. - **Human Rights**: Uphold rights and dignity. - **Peace**: Promote conflict resolution. - **Environmental Stewardship**: Protect the environment. - **Social Justice**: Strive for equity and fairness. - **War**: Armed conflict causing loss, displacement, and societal disruption. - **Peace**: Harmony and the absence of conflict. - **Social**: Displacement and trauma. - **Economic**: Infrastructure damage and financial recovery. - **Environmental**: Habitat destruction and pollution.