Calamba Doctors' College BSc Psychology PRELIM: Lesson 1 PDF

CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE Virborough Subdivision, Parian, Calamba City, Laguna Bachelor of Science in Psychology A.Y. 2024-2025 PRE...

CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE Virborough Subdivision, Parian, Calamba City, Laguna Bachelor of Science in Psychology A.Y. 2024-2025 PRELIM: LESSON 1 I. BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY Morphology - Study of external structures of living organisms. Anatomy - Study of the structure of internal organs. Physiology - Study of the working mechanism of different parts of the body. Cytology - Study of structures and functions of the cell. Histology - Study of tissues. Genetics - Study of transmission of characters from one generation to the next generation. Ecology - Study of the inter-relationship between living organisms and their environment. Taxonomy - Study of identification, classification, and nomenclature of living organisms Embryology - Study of the development of embryos. Paleontology - Study of fossils. Ethology - Study of animal behaviors. Endocrinology - Study of structure and function of endocrine system. Gerontology - Study of aging. Arthrology - Study of joints. Osteology - Study of bones. Chondrology - Study of cartilage. Myology/Sarcology - Study of muscles. Ophthalmology - Study of eyes. Cardiology - Study of functions and diseases of the heart. Angiology - Study of blood vessels and lymph vessels. Rhinology - Study of the nose. Trichology - Study of hairs. Odontology - Study of teeth. Oncology - Study of cancer. Hematology - Study of blood. Dermatology - Study of skin. Kalology - Study of human beauty Craniology - Study of the skull. Pedology - Study of soil. Limnology - Study of water. Ichthyology - Study of fishes. Ornithology - Study of birds. Mammalogy - Study of mammals. Herpetology - Study of reptiles. Ophiology - Study of snakes. Saurology - Study of lizards. Entomology - Study of insects. Helminthology - Study of worms. Virology - Study of viruses. Karyology - Study of the cell nucleus. Hepatology - Study of the liver. Anthology - Study of flowers. Bacteriology - Study of bacteria. Pomology - Study of fruits. Malacology - Study of mollusks. Conchology - Study of Mollusca shells. Cryobiology - Study of effects of low temperature on living organisms. Parasitology - Study of parasites. Parazoology - Study of sponges. Phycology - Study of algae. Protozoology - Study of protozoa. Pteridology - Study of ferns. Enzymology - Study of enzymes. Zymology - Study of fermentation. Serology - Study of blood serum. Hypnology - Study of sleep. Andrology - Study of skin pigments Splanchnology – Study of visceral organs. Immunology - Study of body defense and resistance to infection. II. SOME IMPORTANT NAMES IN THE FIELD OF ZOOLOGY Aristotle - Father of Biology Theophrastus –Father of Botany Louis Pasteur – Father of Microbiology Gregor J. Mendel – Father of Genetics Alexander Fleming – Father of antibiotics Carolus Linnaeus – Father of Taxonomy Bichat –Father of Histology A.V. Leeuwenhoek – Father of Microscopy William Harvey – Father of Blood Circulation Karl Landsteiner – Father of Blood Groups Charles Darwin – Father of Evolution Hippocrates – Father of Medicine Robert Hooke – Father of Cytology Ivan Pavlov – Father of Conditional Reflex Edward Jenner – Father of Immunology Thomas Addison – Father of Endocrinology Micheli – Father of Mycology Stanley – Father of Virology Norman Borlaug – Father of the Green Revolution Alec Jefferys – Father of DNA fingerprinting III. THE HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY It is often difficult to appraise the historical development of any field of science since advances are made by various scientists/scholars from many different places, accumulating over several periods of time. That is also the very reason why it is difficult to decide in which year the "discovery" occurred. Many important discoveries in zoology took place in recent years, largely due to the relentless efforts of several teams of investigators. The history of science tells us about great men who have contributed a lot in the progress of the natural sciences. The succeeding discussion lists some of these famous scientists.  DATE NAME OF THE CONTRIBUTION SCIENTIST 1665 Robert Hooke Discovered cells through his investigation made with cork. He discovered tiny compartments which he called “cell”. 1675-1680 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek He is considered as the “Father of Microscopy”; his microscopic discoveries revealed a whole new world of biology; he discovered the protozoans 1693 John Ray He introduced the concepts about species; although his work on classification was later overshadowed by that of Linnaeus, he was the first to apply the concept of species to a particular kind of organism and point out the variations that exist among the members of a species. 1758 Carolus Linnaeus He introduced the binomial system of species classification; he provided taxonomists with a valuable working model of conciseness and clarity that has never been surpassed 1779 Joseph Priestley He discovered oxygen as a gas released by plants during photosynthesis; the discovery of this element was of great biological interest because it helped in determining the nature of oxidation and the exact role of respiration in organisms 1809 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck He postulated the evolutionary concept of use and disuse. 1850 Carl Theodor Ernst von He established the status of protozoa as Siebold single-celled organisms. 1855 Rudolf Virchow He proposed the concept of omnis cellula e cellula (every cell from a cell)- existing cells come from pre-existing cells 1. Charles Darwin - they introduced the concept of natural selection as a factor in evolution; refutation of spontaneous theory of generation. 2. Stanley Ben Prusiner (1970-1980) - He discovered prions, the proteinaceous infectious particles that cause “mad cow disease” in cattle. 3. Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicholson- they introduced the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes; this is the most widely accepted model. 4. Ian Hilmut, Keith Campbell, et al. (1996) - they cloned the first female domestic sheep (Dolly) from an adult somatic cell using the somatic nuclear transfer method. IV. CHARACTERISTICS LIVING ORGANISMS There are seven activities which make organisms different from non-living things. These are the seven characteristics of living organisms. 1. NUTRITION- Living things take in materials from their surroundings that they use for growth or to provide energy. Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats. 2. RESPIRATION- Respiration is the release of energy from food substances in all living cells. Living things break down food within their cells to release energy for carrying out the following processes. 3. MOVEMENT- All living things move. It is obvious that a leopard moves but what about the thorn tree it sits in? Plants to move in various ways. The movement may be so slow that it is very difficult to see. 4. EXCRETION- All living things excrete. As a result of the many chemical reactions occurring in cells, they must get rid of waste products which might poison the cells. Excretion is defined as the removal of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess from the body of an organism. 5. GROWTH- Growth is seen in all living things. It involves using food to produce new cells. The permanent increase in cell number and size is called growth. 6. REPRODUCTION- All living organisms can produce offspring. 7. SENSITIVITY- All living things can sense and respond to stimuli around them such as light, temperature, water, gravity and chemical substances.