Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and Fitting PDF

9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1.2.1 Hand tools and measuring instruments Workshop Safety https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser...

9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1.2.1 Hand tools and measuring instruments Workshop Safety https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 1/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1. General Safety DOs Observe the accident prevention regulations. Keep your work area and workshop tidy and put everything back to its designated place. Ask if in any doubt. Use correct tools and equipment. Keep tools and equipment tidy on worktable or in toolbox or in rack when not in use. Take care of tools, equipment, and use as if they were your own property. Make yourself known of the location of the nearest fire extinguisher and proper use. Keep gangways, exit and/or fire doors clear at all times. DON'Ts Do not remove protective devices and report any damage immediately. Do not run in the workshop. Do not throw things or play practical jokes with them to anybody. Do not operate equipment or switch on machines without permission. Do not keep any machine running unnecessarily. Do not leave crane hook hanging over machine or surrounding area after use. Do not direct compressed air at anybody. IT CAN KILL. Do not give first aid to anybody unless qualified. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 2/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 2. Personal Safety DOs Report any accident, however small, immediately. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary. Wear safety shoes always. Use the barrier cream if provided. Wear the overall always buttoned up. Roll up sleeves or buttoned up the cuffs. Keep hair short or wear a cap. Ensure everything is properly secured before working. Ensure all protective guards or covers are in position before working. Check that whether the work area is clear before working. Inspect slings for wear before used. DON'Ts Do not wear rings, watches, etc., while working. Do not keep sharp tools on the overall pockets. Do not removed protective cover or guard unless machine is stopped. Do not attempt to stop spindles, shafts and pulleys or wheels manually. Do not lean on the machine. Do not wash hands in the coolant tanks. Do not leave any lifting tackle lying in the work area. Do not lift heavy work pieces and equipment manually. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 3/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 3. Machinery Safety DOs Keep machines clean and in good condition. Make yourself known how to stop a machine before operating. Switch off machine immediately if something goes wrong. Keep machines and surrounding area tidy. Always check oil level of machines before first starting. Report any damage of electric cables. Replace any badly worn or damage bolts, nuts or screw etc. Switch off machines at the main sources at the end of each shift. DON'Ts Do not attempt to operate a machine until you are sure that you understand it. Do not leave a machine while it is in operation. Do not attempt to change the direction or speed of a spindle while it is in motion. Tools and Their Uses OBJECTIVES To be able to identified tools correctly To be able to use tools efficiently and safely To be able to take care and maintain tools properly To be able to avoid misuse of tools https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 4/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting TOOL Tool is an instrument for making material changes on other objects, as by cutting, shearing, striking, rubbing, grinding, squeezing, measuring, or other process. The proper use of tools makes hard jobs easy. CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS Tools used in an engine room workshop are to be distinguished as: Hand tools Machine tools Power tools Hand tool The manual instrument, usually not powered, operated by holding in the hands of the user for manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools often needed as auxiliaries to shaping tools, including such implements as hammer for nailing and vise for holding are regarded as hand tools. The instruments such as rule, divider, square, and others that facilitate accurate measurements are also called hand tools. Power tools, which are usually hand held and motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw, perform many of the old manual operations nowadays. Therefore, they may be considered as hand tools. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 5/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 6/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Machine Tool Any stationary power-driven machine that is used to shape parts made of metal or other materials. Power Tools Power tools, which are usually hand held and motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 7/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting HAND TOOLS The hand tools generally used in a workshop are: VICES CLAMPS PLIERS HAMMERS SPANNERS AND WRENCHES SCREW DRIVERS HACK SAWS FILES SCRAPERS CHISELS REAMERS TAPS AND DIES SNIPS PIPE CUTTERS and TUBE CUTTERS PUNCHES EXTRACTING TOOLS MEASURING TOOLS GAUGING TOOLS MARKING TOOLS https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 8/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1. Vice Bench Vices Machine Vices Hand Vices Pipe Vices https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 9/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 10/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 11/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 12/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Protective Jaw Caps are the essential accessory to be used with vices. Protective jaw caps protect the surface of the work piece from damage beyond repair when the work piece is clamped in the jaws of a vice. 2. Clamps Parallel clamp (Toolmaker’s Clamp) C Clamp F Clamp https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 13/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 3.Plier https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 14/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Combination Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 15/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Grip Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 16/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Slip Joint Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 17/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Needle Nose Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 18/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Flat Nose Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 19/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Side Cutting Pliers/ Diagonal Cutters https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 20/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting External Circlip Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 21/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting External Circlip Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 22/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Internal Circlip Pliers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 23/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 4. Hammers https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 24/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Ball Peen Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 25/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Cross Peen Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 26/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Engineers’ Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 27/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Claw Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 28/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Copper Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 29/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Raw Hide Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 30/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Copper Raw Hide Hammer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 31/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Solid Raw Hide Mallet https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 32/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Rubber Mallet https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 33/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 5. Spanner and wrenches A spanner used by hand for tightening and loosening bolts, nuts, screws etc. Nowadays the terms: spanner and wrench are often considered synonymous, particularly in America however, the term: wrench is usually applied to the spanner with adjustable function. A large variety of spanners and wrenches is made for different purposes. Open spanner Ring Spanner Socket spanner Socket head screw wrench Circular nut wrench Open Spanner https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 34/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 35/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 36/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Socket Head Screw Wrench The wrench designed to turn socket head screws is called socket head screw wrench. Generally used socket head screw wrenches are Allen head wrench and Torx wrench. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 37/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 38/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 39/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 40/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Torque Wrench It is used to tighten bolts, nuts or screws at the specified amount of torque. It limits the amount of tightening torque at a specified limit so that the screw is prevented from breaking while tightening due to the excessive torque. A torque wrench is used in conjunction with a socket to tighten the screws. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 41/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 6. Screw Driver Standard screwdrivers Phillips Screw drivers Pozidriv screwdrivers Standard Screw driver for Slotted head screw Phillip Screw driver for cruciform head screw Pozidriv Screw driver for Pozidriv head screw Stubby or Chubby Screw driver Tringle file Flat File Knife File Half round file https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 42/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 43/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 8. File File is a hardened steel tool used for smoothing rough surfaces, and for reducing thickness of material by removing small amounts of material from the surface of a piece of metal or other hard substances. The size of a file is determined by the length being the distance from the heel to the tip. Files are generally distinguished by the cross-section as: rectangular quadrangular or square files triangular files or three square file circular or round files semi-circular or half round files knife file warding files Thread files https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 44/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting RECTANGULAR FILES Rectangular files may be further distinguished as hand file, flat file and pillar file. HAND FILE (aka ENGINEER'S FILE) Hand file is a commonly used rectangular file, which is parallel in width from the tang to tip, but slightly tapered in thickness for about one-third of its length towards the point. It is double cut on both sides and on one edge only. The other edge without cuts is 'Safe Edge' that permits to work in corners safely. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 45/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting FLAT FILE Flat file is, slightly tapered in width and thickness, suitable for general filing work on iron and steel. It is double cut on both sides and single cut on both edges. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 46/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting HALF ROUND FILES Half round files has a semicircular cross section, which allows the use of one convex and flat surface. The blade is tapered towards the point in width and thickness. The grade of the coarseness of the file is determined by teeth on flat side. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 47/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting SQUARE FILES Square files are suitable for filing slots and keyways, because it has a square cross section. The body tapers slightly towards the point. The teeth are double cut on all four sides. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 48/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting THREE SQUARE FILES / TRIANGULAR FILES It is a file with triangular cross section to be used for filing out sharp corners and internal angles. The teeth are double cut on all three sides. The balde tapers slightly towards the point. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 49/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting ROUND FILES Because of circular cross section, round files are suitable for filing circular openings and concave surfaces. The file body tapers slightly towards the point. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 50/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting KNIFE FILES Knife file is shaped like a wedge or knife, which is with one thick edge tapering to a thin edge; used for filing all works having acute angles; double cut sides and single cut on thin edge. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 51/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting WARDING FILE Warding file is a small file, which usually about four to six inches long. Warding files are usually made out of a special flexible steel, which will not snap under normal use. It is originally used by locksmiths for filing keys to fit the wards of a lock, or for filing the actual wards. Therefore, it is sometimes called as key file. THREAD FILE Thread file is also called thread restorer. It is used to clean up and to reshape damaged threads. They are square in cross section and have eight different thread pitches on each file. A thread file is used when held or stroked against the thread while it is rotating in a lathe. A thread can be repaired with a thread file, however, even when it cannot be turned in a lathe. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 52/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 9. Scrapper Types of Scrapers Generally, scrapers can be distinguished by application as: Bearing scraper Flat scraper Three-cornered scraper Gasket scraper Hook scraper 10. Chisel Chisel is used for shaping materials or removing unwanted material. A chisel generally consists of three principle components as: Cutting edge Shank Head https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 53/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Cutting edge is the end, which is shaped, ground and hardened to separate materials. Shank is the middle section of a chisel and used for gripping. Head is the other end of the chisel, which is left blunt, tapered and unhardened to receive the hammer blows. Generally, chisels are distinguished as: Hot Chisel Cold Chisel https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 54/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 55/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 56/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 57/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Thread Die Adjustable Split Die is suitable to cut new threads. The split in the die permits to adjust the size of the die by turning the set screw located on the side of the die. When the set screw is turned to widen the split, the die expands so that the first cut can be made more easily as the relatively small amount of metal is cut off. Second cut is made, after the set screw is tightened to close the split; thus, the die contracts and cut the more metal and producing the final smooth threads. Solid Rethreading Die is to be used for rethreading damaged screws or bolts as the name implies. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 58/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Adjustable Split Die Solid Rethreading Die https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 59/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Die Stock Die stock is a tool for holding threading dies. Therefore, it is better known as die holder. The threading die is held in the die stock and turned around on the bar to be threaded clockwise. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 60/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 61/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 62/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 63/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 64/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 65/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 66/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Micrometer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 67/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Outside Micrometer Outside Micrometer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 68/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Inside Micrometer Depth Micrometer https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 69/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Tube Micrometer Dial Indicator https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 70/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 71/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 72/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 73/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 74/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Engineer's tool list https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 75/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting 1.2.2 Use of bench vice and filing, marking, tapping tools Sawing Sawing is the removal of small chips from material by means of saw teeth, which are chisel like cutting edges arranged behind one after another along the narrow edge of saw blade. When sawing, a large number of cutting edges are acting at the same time when sawing. The purposes of sawing are to separate materials and to produce slits and grooves on the work pieces. To perform sawing, move the saw in the direction of cut (cutting motion) with simultaneous pressure on the saw (cutting pressure). As a result, the saw teeth penetrate into the material and remove chips (chipping). https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 76/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 77/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Observe the following rules for sawing metals. Commence sawing while holding the saw at a slight angle to the work piece surface. 1. Saw initially with a slight pressure so as not to slip off the saw to the side. 2. Guide blade properly and saw with one forward stroke per second. 3. Apply pressure on forward stroke only. 4. Push the saw smoothly, not jerkily. 5. Use the whole length of the saw blade. Filing Filing is the working process of removing fine shavings from material by the use of file in order to put the finishing touch on the work piece surface or to finalize fitting between mating parts. A file has many cutting edges called cut and they act like small chisels. When a file is working, several file teeth always act in the same time causing the resistant of the material against the file. To remove the material from the work piece, the resistant of the materials against the file must be overcome by pushing the file forward with the force of hand. The important factors of filing are such that the work surface must be as smooth as possible the energy exertion must be as less as possible the working time must be as short as possible The service life of the file must be as long as possible. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 78/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Selection of a Correct File The choice of a particular file is dependent on the size and the shape of the surface to be worked as shown in the illustrations below. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 79/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 80/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 81/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Marking Centre Punch is a marking tool with a pointed conical shaped tip, which will make a small depression on the object when struck by a hammer. It is useful to mark the starting point for setting a twist drill in the correct position for drilling holes. Because centre punch is used together with a hammer for marking, the safety measures must be strictly observed to protect people against injuries caused by the hammer with a loose handle or the centre punch with a mushroom head. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 82/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Bell Punch is specially designed centre punch, which is to be used for punching the point of centre on the shafts without previous scribing lines of intersection. The bell punch consists of a centre punch and a conical guide sleeve. The conical guide sleeve enables the device to use on shafts of different diameters. Scratch Gauge is used to mark parallel straight lines on the horizontal or flat surfaces. It has a scribing point fitted on a round bar, which is etched with graduated divisions of a standard measuring scale. In addition, there is a slider on the round bar which can be fixed at anywhere on the graduated scale by the help of adjusting screw. By moving the slider on the round bar back and forth, the desire measurement between the scribing point and the slider can be determined by the distance. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 83/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Surface Gauge is sometimes called marking block. It is used to scribed lines or points on the work pieces on a vertical position. In contrast to the scratch gauge, there is no graduated measuring scale on a surface gauge. Therefore, it is used in association with an upright measuring scale. The pointed tip of the scriber should be inserted into a cork when not in use to prevent accidents causing personal injuries. 1.2.3 Use of Power tools for grinding and drilling Power tools, which are usually hand held and such as the electric drill or electric saw, perform many of old manual operations nowadays. Therefore, they may be considered as power hand tools. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 84/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting POWER HAND TOOL SAFETY Use the proper tool for the job Never carry a tool by the cord or hose Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, or sharp edges Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and when changing accessories Keep all guards in place and make sure they are working properly Wear proper apparel. Loose clothing, long hair, and jewelry can become caught in moving parts Wear personal protective equipment, including safety glasses and hearing protection Take these precautions when using these power tool types: Electric Make sure tools are grounded Use double-insulated tools when possible Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations, and store the tools in a dry place Never yank the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle Hydraulic Use approved fire-resistant fluid rated for the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended safe operating pressures Do not check for leaks using your hands because fluid under pressure may puncture skin https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 85/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Pneumatic Always wear eye and hearing protection Use a safety clip or retainer to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from being unintentionally shot from the barrel Fasten air hoses together securely with wire or a locking device Fuel Store and transport fuel only in containers approved for this application Shut off the engine and extinguish all open flames before refueling When operating equipment in closed areas, be sure there is proper ventilation. Hand Grinder For grinding work (e.g. large work pieces, re-grinding welding pieces and castings) use hand grinders which are driven with electric and pneumatic. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 86/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Power Hand drills The hand drill has a three jaw chuck. The chuck holds the twist drill by clamping the key. A hand can be hold a twist drill up to 13 mm in diameter. The hand drills are driven with electric motor. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 87/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting Pneumatic Chipping hammer Pneumatic chipping hammers are driven with compressed air or electric motor. Working examples are chamfering of work pieces, cleaning the die-castings and pressing joints. Electric Hand screwing machine Electrical hand-screwing machines with an adjustable torque clutch and power electronics for the turn frequency (speed) are usual screwing tools in industry and skilled crafts today. With exchangeable screwing uses, almost all screws can be processed. https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 88/89 9/18/24, 2:42 PM Pre-Sea (Engine) - 1.2 Basic Turning and fitting https://sites.google.com/view/pre-seaengine/1-2-basic-turning-and-fitting?authuser=0 89/89