Pre-Colonial Philippine Society PDF

Pre-Spanish Philippine Societies  LOCATION 1. Coastal 2.Near coastal 3.Riverine in orientation 4.Mountains 5.Fields 6.Over the water 2 Ancient Settlement Patterns  SA-ILUD ◼ > Located at the mouth of the river > overpopulated ◼ > had the most advanc...

Pre-Spanish Philippine Societies  LOCATION 1. Coastal 2.Near coastal 3.Riverine in orientation 4.Mountains 5.Fields 6.Over the water 2 Ancient Settlement Patterns  SA-ILUD ◼ > Located at the mouth of the river > overpopulated ◼ > had the most advanced socio- ◼ political organizations developed faster than the Saraya  SA-RAYA ◼ > are inland, upriver and upland communities ◼ > lagged behind Sa-ilud in ◼ terms of socio-political and economic development  Saraya Sa-ilud Sa-ilud  Three progressive riparian settlements found along the mouth of the Pasig River Sapa ( “ Sta.Mesa” ), Maynilad (Manila) and Tunduk (Tondo).  Saraya Sa-ilud Saraya Pre-Spanish Demography (Population)  Precolonial population was less than 1M ( 750,000 based from 1591 Census ordered by Spanish Gov-Gen. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas) from the lowland people from Luzon and Visayas. This population figure excluded the upland and Muslim populations. Population Census, 1591 ◼ Heavy Shading indicates a population of unknown density ◼ Lighter shading indicates well populated areas ◼ Dots indicates known density, each dot representing 10,000 people ◼ Distribution of Population at the time of Legazpi, 1571 As seen at the map most of the population are close to the sea so we can say that most of the early Filipinos survive through fishing  The average village size was from 8-10 households ( 20-30 inhabitants) But there were also extraordinary big barangays called giant barangays with 2,000 or more inhabitants. People in the Philippines  Ethnic Groups within the Coastal Areas ▪Itbayat (Batanes) Butuanon ▪Ivatan (Batanes) ▪Kamayo (Surigao) ▪Ilokano ▪Isamal Kalagan (Davao) ▪Kagayanen ▪Manobo (SW Cotabato) ▪Kalamianen ▪Sangir(Sarangani) ▪Agutaynen(Palawan) ▪ Iranun(Wmindanao) ▪Molbog (Palawan) ▪Bilaan ▪Jama Mapun ▪Bisaya (Palawan) ▪Sibuku ▪Kolibugan (Sulu) ▪Sama Diliya (Zamboanga) ▪Sama Dilaut (Bajao- ▪ Sulu,) ▪Sama Diliya  Ethnic Groups in the Highland Areas Tinguian Mangyan Kalinga Sulod(Panay) Bontok Karolano Ifugao Magahat Ibaloi Batak Sambal Pala’wan Apayao Subanon (Zamboanga) Agta Mamanwa Kan (Samar,Sleyte,Surigao,Agusan) Mandaya kankana-ey Mansaka(Davao del Norte Isina Bagobo Ikalahan(Vizcaya,Pangasinan Ifugao) Tirurai (Maguindano,S.Kudarat) Iak T’Boli (South Cotabato) Ayta DWELLING TYPES ◼ Nipa Hut (bahay kubo)-a stucture used for sleeping and shelter and used things at their surrounding to build it. ◼ Tree houses- another dwelling place built higher off the ground & also used for protection against wild animals and enemies  The mobile Agta of Northeastern Luzon made of sticks, grass or palm leaves A one-room aerie 18- 20 ft. above the ground, dwelling for the Mandaya Afong- fa-yu- refuge for the retiring elderly Bontocs, located at the foot of the mountains Boat houses- another type of dwelling place but in water also used in mobilization and transport. Bamboo ladder- used for climbing trees and houses Samals Opt Dwelling The Samals Opt Dwellingsse was built using bamboo for their walls and cogon for their roofs. Agta of North Eastern Luzon This mobile Agta of Northeastern Luzon live in huts made of sticks, grass or palm leaves. Aerie Mandaya Mandaya means "the people who live upriver". They belong to the Manobo group. A “bagani" (datu) with his "Likid" (advisory council) heads the tribe. The "Christianized" portion of the Mandayas are considered to be the original "Dabawenos". Their house is a poorly constructed one-room hut. Sagada House Homes in sagada such as the Fa-yo are pen-like, with straw thatch roofs suspended on pillars. The Fa-yo located at the slopes of the mountains are refuge for retiring elders among Bontocs. Yakan House The Yakans are probably the original inhabitants of Basilan, an island just off the southwestern point of Mindanao. They live mostly in the central and southwestern mountainous interior. Kalinga House The Lumbuagan, mountain province, Kalinga homes are one room structures raised above the ground. Maranao’s Torogan It also called an ancestral home, features of traditional “panolong” and this was established with the Okkil-Naga Motifs. Torogan was a symbol of power since it’s where the datu lives Tausog House The Tausug dwelling is a one-room structure of woven or split bamboo, witth Nipa Roof. Bontoc Dwelling Agta-Palanan Dwellings The Agta-Palanan dwelling, this was built by using a bamboo for the walls and cogon thatched roof. Nomadic Negritos The Nomadic Negritos, they live in a portable lean-to which was both roof and wall, suited the lifestyle of the “Nomadic Negritos” The I’wak , Cordillera Mountains In Cordillera Mountain ranges the I’wak live in box-like windowless structures with cogon roofs. Ancient Filipino Community  System of Mobilization or Mean of Transportation Early Sea Vessel of Filipinos  PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL SYSTEM The barangay ( derived from the Malay word Balangay) was the socio-political unit of government that consisted of 30 to 100 families –headed by a chieftain. ◼ The diversity of barangay implies that there was no national or central government  The chieftain or datu was a very powerful functionary for he was vested with executive, legislative, judicial, military.. Sultan -highest leader of Sultanato Government established by Sharif Abu Bakr in the year of 1450. “Ruma Bichara” -a group of barangay leaders or adviser committee composed of Datu who served as adviser to the Sultan. POWER-SHARING: Council of elders (“magino-os”) were the adviser of the chieftain Decision- making was not vested to one person alone but rather cumulative.  Judicial Process Trials were held publicly and decisions were swift, thereby avoiding what is known as “justice delayed, justice denied”. All trials were conducted efficiently and without any delay. Disputes are inevitable in any society but were usually decided peacefully through a “court” composed of chieftain as “judge” and the council of elders as the “jury”. Arbitration – Conflicts arising between subjects of different barangays composed of elders from neutral barangays acted as “arbiter”. Disputes are settled through trial by ordeal - to ensure a fair and consistent application of due process to all cases that come before a court.  Ancient Laws Laws were either customary or written. Customary laws were handed down orally from generation to generation and constituted the bulk of the laws of the barangay.  Written laws were promulgated. Only a few of written laws, among them the so- called Code of Kalantiyaw (disputed and controversial) and the Muslim laws (Code of Luwaran, Adat, Shaira and Koran). The Maragtas Code issued by Datu Sumakwel of Panay Island and the Code of Kalantiao issued by Datu Kalantiano of Negros in 1433 were now questioned by historians 5. Law-making process: The chieftain or datu-drafts the law while the council of elders approved them. Written laws were announced to the people by a barangay crier known as “umalahokan”. Below is the English translation of the said code or law where the crimes committed and the corresponding punishments are listed. Article I You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being drowned in the river, or in boiling water. Below is the English translation of the said code or law where the crimes committed and the corresponding punishments are listed. Article II You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be beaten to death. Article VII These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman. Article VIII Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away the women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him who burns the fields of another.