Histopathology 1st Edition PDF

T‬ Handout Contents‬ ‭...

T‬ Handout Contents‬ ‭ Topic‬ Page‬ ‭ ‭ Basic Histology‬ 2‬ RM ‭ ‭ General Pathology‬ 4‬ ‭ ‭ Cellular Growth and Differentiation‬ 4‬ ‭ ‭ Cell Injury‬ 5‬ ‭ ‭ Cell Death‬ 6‬ ‭ ‭ Inflammation‬ 7‬ ‭ ‭ Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques - 1st Edition‬ Neoplasia‬ 8‬ s, ‭ ‭ ‭ Curated by: Joyson N. Manzanares, RMT, MSMT(c)‬ Biopsy‬ 9‬ ‭ ‭ Death‬ 9‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Table of Specifications‬ Autopsy‬ 10‬ re ‭ ‭ Organ Weights‬ 11‬ ‭ Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques Techniques -‬65%‬ ‭ ‭ Histopathologic Techniques‬ 12‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Histology and General Pathology‬ 8%‬ Things to Remember Before Tissue Processing‬ 12‬ na ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Terminologies‬ 2‬ Fixation‬ 12‬ ‭ ‭ Decalcification‬ 17‬ ‭ ‭ Etiology of Diseases‬ 2‬ ‭ ‭ Dehydration‬ 18‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Signs, Symptoms, and Course of Disease‬ 2‬ Clearing‬ 19‬ za ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Cellular and Tissue Changes‬ 2‬ Infiltration‬ 19‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Embedding‬ 21‬ Histopathologic Techniques‬ 40%‬ ‭ ‭ Trimming‬ 21‬ ‭ ‭ an ‭ ‭ Preservation and Handling of Specimen‬ 10‬ Sectioning‬ 21‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Tissue Processing and Procedures‬ 20‬ Staining‬ 23‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Staining‬ 10‬ Mounting‬ 29‬ ‭ ‭ Labelling‬ 30‬ ‭ ‭.M Cytologic Techniques‬ 10%‬ ‭ ‭ Faults/Problems in Tissue Processing‬ 30‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Preservation and Handling of Specimen‬ 2‬ Cytologic Techniques‬ 31‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Processing‬ 6‬ Exfoliative Cytology‬ 31‬ ‭ ‭ Pap’s Smear and Stain‬ 32‬ ‭ ‭ Staining‬ 2‬ ‭ ‭ Cytohormonal Smear‬ 35‬ N ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Autopsy‬ 2%‬ Miscellaneous Topics‬ 36‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Terminologies‬ 1‬ Fresh Tissue Examination‬ 36‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Frozen Section‬ 36‬ Handling, Processing, Documentation‬ 1‬ ‭ ‭ J. Immunohistochemistry‬ 36‬ ‭ ‭ Quality Control and Quality Assurance‬ 5%‬ ‭ ‭ Laboratory Safety and Troubleshooting‬ 39‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Quality Control‬ 3‬ Automation and Other Essential Equipments‬ 40‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Quality Assurance‬ 2‬ QC and QA: Reports, Results, and Retentions‬ 40‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques Review | Joyson N. Manzanares, RMT‬ Page |‬ 1‬ ‭ ‭ ‭  Basic Histology‬ Some epithelial cells have‬apical surfaces.‬ T‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Apical surface:‬The free surface of epithelial tissues‬ Histology‬: the study of tissues‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Apical specializations‬ RM ‭ Types of tissues‬ Cilla‬ Microvilli‬ Stereocillia‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Motile‬ Non-motile‬ Non-motile‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Epithelial‬ Derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm‬ Hairlike‬ Brush border‬ Elongated & branching‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ★ Fun‬ction: _______________________‬ Some epithelial cells have‬glands‬.‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ★ Distance:‬close to each other‬(membranes)‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ s, Endocrine Glands‬ Exocrine Glands‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ★ Attached to the‬basement membrane‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ★ They are‬avascular‬ Secrete into organs or body surfaces‬ Secrete directly into the blood‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ re C‬ Simple‬ B‬owman’s capsule,‬E‬ndothelium,‬ _______________‬ _______________‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ L‬ squamous‬ L‬oop of Henle,‬A‬lveoli‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Involved with pancreatic hormones‬ Involved with pancreatic enzymes‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ A‬ ‭ ‭ Simple cuboidal‬ G‬land ducts (non-sweat)‬ ‭ S‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ T‬hyroid follicle walls‬ na Tubular‬ Simple:‬Sweat & pyloric‬ ‭ S‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ T‬ubules of kidney‬ Types and‬ Compound:‬Brunner‬ ‭ I‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Simple columnar‬ Non-ciliated:‬Gallbladder‬ Examples of‬ Acinar‬ ‭ F‬ Simple:‬Littre‬ ‭ Exocrine‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ I‬ Compound:‬Lacrimal‬ za Ciliated:‬U‬terine‬T‬ube‬ ‭ Glands‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ C‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Compound‬(Tubulo-Acinar)‬ Submandibular‬ ‭ ‭ A‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Stratified‬ Keratinized:‬S‬kin‬ ‭ T‬ Methods of Secretion‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ squamous‬ ‭ I‬ V‬agina,‬E‬sophagus,‬C‬ervix‬ an ‭ ‭ ‭ O‬ Merocrine‬ Apocrine‬ Holocrine‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ N‬ Stratified‬ Sweat Gland Ducts‬ Cytoplasm Loss‬ None‬ Some‬ _________‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ cuboidal‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ O‬ Examples‬ Goblet cells‬ Mammary‬ Sebaceous‬.M ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ F‬ Sweat glands‬ glands‬ glands‬ Stratified‬ _______________‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ columnar‬ E‬ ‭ ‭ P‬ Nervous‬ Derived from‬ectoderm‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ I‬ N Pseudostratified‬ Ciliated:‬Trachea‬ ‭ T‬ ‬ Function: rapid communication.‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ H‬ columnar‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Stereociliated:‬__________‬ Main types of cells:‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ E‬ ‭ 1.‬Neurons‬ ‭ L‬ J. ‭ ‭ ★ ‭ I‬ Transitional‬ Receive‬stimuli‬ Urinary Bladder‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ★ ‭ U‬ Conduct‬wave of excitability‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ M‬ 2.‬________‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ★ ___________‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ For support, protection, and insulation‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques Review | Joyson N. Manzanares, RMT‬ Page |‬ 2‬ ‭ ‭ ‭  Types of Neuroglia (Glial cells)‬ 3. Fibers:‬produced by‬___________‬ T‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ➔ Collagen‬ ‭ M ‭ ‬ ‭ Astrocytes‬ In CNS: Critical in many body functions‬ ◆ Most abundant and major component of CT‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ➔ Elastic Fibers‬ ‭ ‭ R Schwann cell‬ In PNS: Myelin production‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ◆ Can stretch and recoil; with resilient property‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ Oligodendrocyte‬ In CNS: Myelin production‬ ➔ Reticular‬ , ‭ ‬ ‭ Argyrophilic; important for lymphoid tissue support, but delicate‬ ‭ ‭ ◆ ‭ ‬ ‭ _________‬ In CNS: Macrophages‬ s Examples of Connective Tissue‬ ‭ ‭ Ependymal cells‬ In CNS: Secretes CSF‬ ‭ General‬ Loose: BM, lymph node, embryo, hypodermis‬ ‭ ‭ e ‭ ‭ Satellite cells‬ In PNS: Protective functions‬ Dense: corneal stroma, tendons, dermis‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ Special‬ Cartilage: hyaline, fibrous, elastic‬ r ‭ ‭ Bone: compact (diaphysis), cancellous (epiphysis)‬ Muscular‬ Derived from‬mesoderm‬ ‭ Others: blood, lymph. Hematopoietic tissue, adipose tissue‬ a ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Deposits‬ Fibrin: insoluble protein seen after injury and inflammation‬ ‬ Function‬:‬_____________‬ ‭ ‭ n Fibrinoid: eosinophilic, seen in collagen diseases‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ They are highly specialized types of tissues‬ ‭ Hyaline: wide variety of exudates and deposits‬ ‭ Skeletal‬ ★ Elongated/Cylindrical‬ ‭ a Amyloid: composed of chondroitin sulfate acid protein complex‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ ‭ Multinucleated (peripheral)‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ z Voluntary‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ Smooth‬ ★ Spindle-shaped. tapered‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ n T‬ ★ Non-striated‬ ‭ Other Relevant Basic Histology Information‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ y‬ ★ Uninucleated (central)‬ ‭ a ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Most able to regenerate‬ ‭ p‬ 1. If Glycogen is stored form of glucose in liver, then Mucin is a carbohydrate‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ Cardiac‬ ★ Cylindrical‬ ‭ e‬ ‭ bound to other substances as CT matrix, and are secreted by‬goblet cells‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Branching‬ ‭ ‭ s‬ ‭ ‭ 2. Acid Mucopolysaccharides are mucins that are‬ PAS-negative‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ 1-2 nuclei (central)‬ M ‭ ‭ ‭ 3. Mucoproteins are also mucins that‬do not stain‬with Alcian Blue‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Least able to regenerate‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ 4. Hyaline is stained by PAS‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ With intercalated disk‬. ‭ 4.‬Ground substance‬of an extracellular matrix is‬a transparent, colourless,‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ amorphous gelatinous material that fills the spaces between fibers and cells.‬ ‭ Connective‬ Derived from‬mesoderm‬ N ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ MOST ABUNDANT type of tissue‬. ‭ ‭ ‬ Functions: ________________‬ ‭ ‭ Components‬ J ‭ 1. Extracellular Matrix (_______________)‬ ‭ ★ Amorphous & gel-like‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Where‬cells and fibers‬are suspended‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ 2. Cells‬ ‭ ‭ A. Fixed:‬adipocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells‬ ‭ ‭ B. Wandering:‬White blood cells‬ ‭ ‭ Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques Review | Joyson N. Manzanares, RMT‬ Page |‬ 3‬ ‭ ‭ ‭  General Pathology‬ Cell Adaptation‬ T‬ ‭ ‭ Pathology (a.k.a. pathobiology)‬ Atrophy‬ _________ in size‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ★ Etymology: Greek words‬“Pathos” (pain)‬and‬“logos”‬(study).‬ RM ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ The study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues,‬ ★ Characteristic feature:‬Autophagic granules‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ and organs that underlies the disease.‬ Physiologic‬ Pathologic‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ It bridges the discipline of both basic science and clinical practice.‬ ★ Decreased‬workload‬ ★ Muscle denervation‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ Divisions of Pathology‬ (↓ uterus size due to childbirth)‬ ★ Decreased blood supply‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Decreased lymphoid tissue‬ ★ Nutritional deficiency‬ ‭ s, 1. Gross (Macroscopic) and Microscopic Pathology‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Old age‬ ‭ 2. Anatomic Pathology‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Misuse‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ Exfoliative cytology:‬examination of desquamated cells‬ ★ Others are idiopathic‬ re ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ Autopsy:‬to know the cause of death (‬for dead persons‬)‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Surgical pathology:‬parts removed from‬living persons‬ Hypertrophy‬ Increased _________ leads to larger organ size‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ 3. Clinical Pathology‬ na ‭ ★ Includes‬the usual sections of laboratory medicine‬ ★ NO NEW CELLS:‬synthesis of more structural components‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ 4‬. Molecular Pathology‬ ★ Cause:‬Increased functional demand‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ★ Seen in‬skeletal and heart muscles‬ ‭ ‭ ★ Includes genetics, molecular biology and diagnostics‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ za Physiologic: __________‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ Pathologic: Myocardial hypertrophy‬ Cellular Growth and Differentiation‬ ‭ ‭ Classes of Cells - “How they divide to replace lost cells.”‬ an ‭ Labile‬ Frequent division: ____________ (Skin, hematopoietic cells)‬ Hyperplasia‬ Increased __________ leads to larger organ size‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭.M Stable‬ Definite replication pattern‬(Hepatocytes, parenchymal‬cells)‬ ★ WITH CELL DIVISION‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ _________‬ Non-replicating‬(Neurons, myocardial cells)‬ Occurs if cells are‬capable of producing DNA‬, enabling‬mitotic division‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ Cell Growth Abnormalities‬ Physiologic‬ Pathologic‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ N ★ From normal stimuli‬ Growth factor stimulation‬ Aplasia‬ Incomplete/Defective tissue development‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ★ Hormonal‬ ★ ↑ Hormonal stimulation‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ breast and uterus hyperplasia‬ ★ Papilloma virus‬ ________‬ Non-appearance of organ‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ during pregnancy‬ ★ Lymphoid hyperplasia‬ ‭ ‭ J. ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ★ Compensatory‬ ★ Grave’s disease (Diffuse)‬ _________‬ Failure of an organ to reach adult/mature size‬ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ Liver regeneration following‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‬ ‭ ‭ hepatectomy‬