Practice questions urinary, fluid, digestion, nutrition (3).pdf

Practice questions: urinary, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base, digestion and nutrition Urinary System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is the function of the urinary system? Which structures are included? Describe the general location, structure, and function of the kidneys Describe the general...

Practice questions: urinary, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base, digestion and nutrition Urinary System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is the function of the urinary system? Which structures are included? Describe the general location, structure, and function of the kidneys Describe the general location, structure, and function of the ureters. Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urinary bladder. Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urethra. Compare the course, length, and functions of the male urethra with those of the female Describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system. Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney. What happens in the cortex, medulla, calyx, and pelvis? 9. Trace the blood supply through the kidney. Be sure to include the arterioles and capillaries. 10. What is the glomerulus? Distinguish between renal corpuscle and capsule. 11. Describe the anatomy of a nephron. Be sure to name each part and its function. What are the 2 types? 12. Describe the forces (pressures) that promote or counteract glomerular filtration. 13. Compare plasma to filtrate to urine. 14. What are the 3 steps needed to make urine? Describe them and where they occur. 15. What is GFR? 16. Compare the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the glomerular filtration rate. How do they help with BP control? 17. How do GFR and blood pressure correlate? 18. What is the JGA? How does it work? What is the role of the macula densa and granular cells? 19. Describe which substances are reabsorbed or secreted and in which part of the nephron. 20. Describe how sodium and water reabsorption are regulated in the distal tubule and collecting duct. 21. Describe the importance of tubular secretion and list several substances that are secreted. 22. What is the counter current mechanism and why is it important? 23. Describe the mechanisms responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient. 24. Explain formation of dilute versus concentrated urine. 25. Review the importance of renin, angiotensin II, ADH, aldosterone, PTH, ANP. 26. What is a diuretic? 27. Define renal clearance and explain how this value summarizes the way a substance is handled by the kidney. How does this relate to GFR and overall kidney function? 28. Describe the normal physical and chemical properties of urine. 29. List several abnormal urine components, and name the condition characterized by the presence of detectable amounts of each. 30. Define micturition and describe its neural control. 31. Homeostatic imbalances: diabetes (both), kidney stone, bed wetting, incontinence, urinary retention Water, Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the normal pH of blood? Define acidosis and alkalosis. Describe the controls of your body’s acid/base balance. Describe the difference between respiratory and metabolic pH issues. What do compensated and uncompensated mean? Practice how to work acid/base problems and how CO2 and HCO3 work oppositely to balance pH. 7. Describe the different fluid compartments and electrolyte compositions of each. 8. Decribe the regulation of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg and water. 9. Describe how fluid moves between compartments. 10. How are input and output of fluids and electrolytes regulated? Digestive System 1. What organs comprise the GI tract? Explain the function of each. 2. Which organs are accessory digestive organs? Explain the function of each. 3. The steps in processing food thru the GI tract. Where does each step occur? 4. What is mastication? 5. Name the structures involved in mastication. 6. What digestive processes begin in the mouth? 7. Identify the salivary glands and their secretions. 8. Identify teeth structure, types and how many of each type. 9. What can cause heartburn? Name treatments. 10. Name the cells that secrete digestive enzymes. List each enzyme and its function. 11. Name the cells or organs that secrete digestive hormones and the function of each hormone. 12. What is the importance of the mucosal barrier in the stomach? 13. What is chyme? How it is moved to the duodenum. 14. Define peristalsis and segmentation. 15. Identify villi, microvilli and lacteals. 16. Identify the ducts from the gallbladder, liver and pancreas. 17. What are the causes of constipation and diarrhea? 18. What is the importance of bacteria in the large intestine? 19. Explain the process of defecation. Nutrition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What are nutrients? Define macronutrients and micronutrients and examples of each. Define essential and nonessential nutrients and examples of each. Define RDA. Describe the MyPlate for balanced nutrition. What information is contained on nutrition labels? What are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids? How do we use them? What are good dietary sources? 8. What happens if energy in does not equal energy out? 9. Name all molecules that can be used to generate ATP.