Practice Questions - Chapter 2 (Lectures 2-7) PDF

Which one of the below types of microscopies enhances contrast by exploiting the light-scattering properties of specimens? a) Fluorescence microscopy b) Electron microscopy c) Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) d) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Answer: c) Differential Interf...

Which one of the below types of microscopies enhances contrast by exploiting the light-scattering properties of specimens? a) Fluorescence microscopy b) Electron microscopy c) Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) d) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Answer: c) Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) In fluorescence microscopy, what causes a specimen to emit light? a) Absorption of low-energy photons and release of higher-energy photons b) Reflection of high-energy photons c) Excitation of electrons by a photon and subsequent release of a lower-energy photon d) Scattering of light Answer: c) Excitation of electrons by a photon and subsequent release of a lower-energy photon Which of the following is an advantage of fluorescence microscopy over traditional light microscopy? a) It can visualize living specimens. b) It produces higher resolution images. c) It allows for the specific visualization of structures of interest. d) It requires no staining of specimens. Answer: c) It allows for the specific visualization of structures of interest. What is a key difference between Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)? a) TEM provides 3D images, while SEM provides 2D images. b) SEM uses thin sections, while TEM visualizes surface structures. c) SEM does not require specimen sectioning, while TEM requires thin sections. d) TEM uses bigger electrons than SEM. Answer: c) SEM does not require specimen sectioning, while TEM requires thin sections. Which one of the following is not a requirement for electron microscopy? a) Specimens must be coated with heavy metals. b) Specimens must be dead or fixed. c) Specimens must emit fluorescence. d) Specimens must be placed in a vacuum. Answer: c) Specimens must emit fluorescence. Which one of the following is not a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a) Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have one. b) Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, while eukaryotic cells have circular DNA. c) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. d) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. Answer: b) Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, while eukaryotic cells have circular DNA. Which one of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a) Nucleus b) Mitochondria c) Plasma membrane d) Endoplasmic reticulum Answer: c) Plasma membrane What is the typical size range of prokaryotic cells? a) 1-3 µm b) 10-100 µm c) 100-1000 µm d) Less than 1 µm Answer: a) 1-3 µm What characteristic allows electron microscopes to achieve higher resolution than light microscopes? a) Electrons have shorter wavelengths than photons (light) b) Electron microscopes can use living specimens. c) Electron microscopes use fluorescent stains. d) Electron microscopes have thicker objective lenses Answer: a) Electron microscopes use shorter wavelengths Which one of the following is a feature common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a) Membrane-bound organelles b) Nucleus c) Ribosomes d) Mitochondria Answer: c) Ribosomes Which one of the following is a distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells? a) They have a nucleus. b) They have a single circular chromosome.  c) They contain mitochondria. d) They have membrane-bound organelles. Answer: b) They have a single circular chromosome. What is the main role of ribosomes in the cell? a) Energy production b) Protein synthesis c) DNA replication d) Transporting molecules across the cell membrane Answer: b) Protein synthesis Which structure is responsible for controlling the passage of substances into and out of the nucleus? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Plasma membrane c) Nuclear pore complex d) Golgi apparatus Answer: c) Nuclear pore complex What technique is commonly used to separate cellular components by size and density? a) Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagging b) Microscopy c) Differential centrifugation d) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Answer: c) Differential centrifugation Which one of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? a) Golgi apparatus b) Rough ER c) Mitochondria d) Lysosomes Answer: c) Mitochondria Which structure is responsible for ribosomal subunit assembly? a) Chromatin b) Nuclear pore complex c) Nucleolus d) Endoplasmic reticulum Answer: c) Nucleolus Which one of the following organelles is involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis? a) Rough ER b) Smooth ER c) Golgi apparatus d) Lysosome Answer: b) Smooth ER The nuclear envelope is continuous with which cellular structure? a) Plasma membrane b) Rough ER c) Golgi apparatus d) Smooth ER Answer: b) Rough ER In the endomembrane system, what is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus? a) Protein synthesis b) Lipid synthesis c) Protein modification and sorting d) DNA replication Answer: c) Protein modification and sorting Which one of the following processes involves the transport of substances into the cell by engulfing them in the plasma membrane? a) Exocytosis b) Endocytosis c) Vesicle trafficking d) Protein folding Answer: b) Endocytosis The rough endoplasmic reticulum is mainly responsible for which process? a) Lipid metabolism b) Detoxification of drugs c) Protein translation and folding d) Digestion of cellular waste Answer: c) Protein translation and folding What key function does compartmentalization within the endomembrane system serve? a) To reduce cellular energy consumption b) To provide space for organelle replication  c) To separate metabolic activities in distinct environments d) To allow for the generation of cellular waste Answer: c) To separate metabolic activities in distinct environments What is the primary role of the smooth ER in certain cells? a) Protein folding and modification b) Synthesis of lipids and steroids c) Ribosome assembly d) Production of digestive enzymes Answer: b) Synthesis of lipids and steroids Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins for transport? a) Nucleus b) Golgi apparatus c) Rough ER d) Lysosome Answer: b) Golgi apparatus What is the function of lysosomes in the cell? a) Lipid synthesis b) ATP production c) Digestion of waste materials d) Protein folding Answer: c) Digestion of waste materials Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? a) Lysosome b) Mitochondrion c) Endoplasmic Reticulum d) Golgi apparatus Answer: b) Mitochondrion What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? a) Both have a single membrane b) Both perform photosynthesis c) Both originated from ancient prokaryotes d) Both are part of the endomembrane system Answer: c) Both originated from ancient prokaryotes Which one of the below forms the spindle apparatus? a) Microtubules b) Intermediate filaments c) Microfilaments d) Plasma membrane Answer: a) Microtubules Which organelle is responsible for generating the bulk of cellular energy in the form of ATP? a) Mitochondrion b) Nucleus c) Golgi apparatus d) Chloroplast Answer: a) Mitochondrion Which structure in plant cells is involved in maintaining turgor pressure? a) Lysosome b) Central vacuole c) Chloroplast d) Golgi apparatus Answer: b) Central vacuole Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for muscle contraction? a) Microtubules b) Intermediate filaments c) Microfilaments d) Flagella Answer: c) Microfilaments Which organelle has a highly folded inner membrane forming cristae? a) Nucleus b) Chloroplast c) Mitochondrion d) Golgi apparatus Answer: c) Mitochondrion