Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Module 1 PDF

Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 – Module 1: Quantitative Research Methodology Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Quantitative Research Methodology First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the G...

Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 – Module 1: Quantitative Research Methodology Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Quantitative Research Methodology First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent and OIC-Chief, CID: Jay F. Macasieb DEM Development Team of the Module Writer: Maria Cristina Balmores Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD Reviewers: Ma. Julieta Cecilia G. San Jose Layout Artist: Charry Vida R. Cervantes Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Edwin I. Salviejo EdD Division Science Coordinator/School Principal I Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board) Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212 Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862 E-mail Address: [email protected] 2 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the Quantitative Research Designs. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. choose appropriate quantitative research design; What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is the science that deals with the collection, tabulation or presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical or quantitative data? a. Accounting b. Research c. Statistics d. Taxonomy 2. In a quantitative research study, the researcher manipulates the ________ variable and measures the changes in the ______ variable. Which pair of words will complete the statement correctly? a. dependent, independent c. population, sample b. independent, dependent d. sample, population 3. A group of Grade 12 students is asking Grade 11 students to answer survey questionnaires about the canteen facilities and services of a certain school. What are they doing? a. Formulating a hypothesis. c. Observing and defining a problem. b. Gathering and collecting data. d. Testing a hypothesis. 4. What would a group of students be doing if they are encoding the answers of the respondents to a survey using Excel spreadsheets? a. Defining a problem. c. Processing and organizing data. b. Observing and collecting data. d. Testing a hypothesis. 5. Which of the following quantitative research designs is most appropriate for a study that involves two or more experimental set-ups using different groups of test organism/respondents in a field study? a. Correlational Design c. Quasi-Experimental b. Descriptive Survey d. True Experimental study Lesson Quantitative Research Designs 1 Source: (Prieto et al, 2017) 1. Define Researc h 2. 7. Problem Review Interpre The t And Literatur Report e 6. Analyze 3. RESEARCH Formulate And Present PROCESS Hypothesi s Data 4. 5. Design Collect Researc Data h Source: (Prieto et al, 2017) Figure 1 The Research Process that guides the researcher. 1 In doing a research study, the researcher is guided by the Research Process. With Research being a logical, scientific and objective activity, the diagram below shows the steps in doing Research. As a researcher, you went through with the first three steps in the Research Process, fairly easy. But you cannot proceed with steps 5, 6 and 7, unless you make a plan that includes the preparation of materials needed for the study, the procedure in conducting the investigation, the actual data collection, how measurements are to be taken and recorded, and procedure to test your hypothesis. The last procedure will require knowledge in statistical techniques, which is why Statistics and Probability is a prerequisite for Practical Research 2. What’s In In the last module, the Conceptual Framework you constructed allowed you to visualize how the variables of your research study are related to each other by going through the process of reviewing all the related literature relevant to your research problem. Before you proceed to the lessons of this module, let us recall some major and important concepts about the Research Problem and the Literature Review. Quantitative Research aims primarily to test theories. The conclusions of Quantitative research rely on numerical data and the results of statistical treatment of the numerical data. The variables of quantitative research are categorized into: a) independent (cause), b) dependent (effect), c) intervening or mediating, d) controlled or constant, and e) confounding or extraneous variables. The Statement of the Problem consists of the Main or General Problem and the Specific Questions. They should express completely the elements of the Research Problem namely: a) subject matter, b) aim, c) population, d) period of study, and the e) place the research study is conducted. The Conceptual Framework may be presented as a flow chart, map, diagram or a text showing the different variables of a study and how they are related to each other. This framework also expresses how the researcher plans the whole research study. The Hypothesis is nullified or accepted after using appropriate statistical treatment to test it. The Conceptual Framework and the Hypotheses are the results of an exhaustive, comprehensive and relevant Review of Related Literature. The Literature Review should provide all the important inputs a researcher needs so as to help the researcher design a complete, justifiable, doable, and attainable Quantitative Research Methodology. What’s New Research Methodology According to the University of Witwatersrand (2020), research methodology is the set of specific procedures or techniques planned for the purpose of identifying, collecting, selecting, processing and analyzing information and data about the research problem. In a research study, the overall validity and reliability of the results are evaluated through the methodology section. The methodology section allows the researcher to answer two main questions: How was the numerical data collected or gathered? How was the numerical data analyzed? Generally, the Quantitative Research Methodology consists of the following sections: Research Design Description of the Participant/ Population Sampling Technique Development of the Research Instrument/ Instrumentation Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment of Data However, for the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand under the Academic track follow a different format for the sections of their Methodology. 1. Research Method 3. Data Gathering Procedure 2. Materials and Procedure 4. Statistical Treatment of Data 2 This module will help you learn about all these sections of the Quantitative Research Methodology. So let us start. Quantitative Research Designs A research design is an overall strategy made up of connected parts or components that need to work or function together in order to obtain the much needed data or results for the investigation of the researcher. It is similar to a package of a particular product. The product has a general purpose but it has specific details in order to perform specific functions as needed by the user. For example, is a printer. The printer in the package or box has a general purpose of printing written materials. But based on the different users’ needs, the printer in the package may not only be for printing but also for scanning documents, copying documents, and connecting to any other Bluetooth devices because of its Wi Fi capabilities, as needed by the user. A research design needs to be appropriate to the researcher’s objectives. According to Caintic and Cruz (2008), the elements of the research problem have to be considered in planning for the appropriate research design. The activity below may help you understand the elements of the research problem. Activity 1. Match the items in Column A with the items in Column B and Column C. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. A B C D Question Element Example Parts of the Methodology A. What is your ____ 1. Aim of the ___ 7. Focus of the Research study about? study study, cause of design problem B. Why are you ____ 2.Means of ___ 8. Group or groups Research conducting the gathering data of organisms, design study? objects or people C. When is the ___ 3. Place the ___ 9. Questionnaire, Procedure study study will be laboratory test, conducted? conducted product testing, D. Where is the ___ 4. Population/ ___10. School, Procedure study subject/partici laboratory, home conducted? pant/ sample workplace, field E. From ___ 5. Subject matter ___11. Solution to a Description whom/what of the study problem/issue of the will the data be effects, rototype participants gathered? of a product, /sample F. How will the ___ 6. Time needed ___12. Week, Month Data data be to conduct the and date of the gathering gathered? study year procedure What is It The research design guides the researcher in the conduct of the investigation. It justifies the cost as well as the relevance of the data needed, which in turn validates the significance of the statistical treatment of data. 3 Principles of a Research Design According to Caintic and Cruz (2008), research designs follow four basic principles. Replication. This principle is applied when the researcher decides how many subjects/participants or groups of subjects/participants he needs in his investigation because the experiment should be repeated several times or applied to more cases or groups of samples/subjects/participants. This principle helps to see the relevance of observed differences and makes statistical tests significant. This is similar to making several carbon copies of a document from the same printer, if there are errors in the duplicated copies, the source of the error should be investigated. Local Control. Larger number of samples are ideal, but putting the samples into groups for replication should ensure homogeneity or making sure that the members in each group of samples or subjects are almost similar to each member. This principle help ensure that the expected results may be caused by the variable or factor being investigated. So, applying to the example given above, local control would mean making the same number of copies of the same document if you want to compare the copies from a different printer. Randomization. When the researcher applies sampling of cases/ subjects/ participants from the population and assigning these cases/ subjects/ participants to groups and treatments, there should not be any biases involved. Randomization assures objectivity and renders the validity of the statistical tests. Let us say you have 100 pieces of letter-sized bond paper. The plan is to use 50 pieces of the bond paper to printer 1 and the other 50 pieces to printer 2. But which of the 100 pieces of paper will go to printer 1 and which papers will go to printer 2? One randomized way to decide on this is to make a toss coin method: odd placed papers will be used for printer 1 if the “head” appears and even placed papers will be used for printer 2 if the “tail” side of the coin appears. Control of Extraneous Variables. In any research investigation, some variables will always affect the variable that the researcher is investigating. These are called extraneous or outside variables. This principle should always be part of the planning for the procedures of an investigation. For the example above, you have to be sure that the only difference in the set-up of the document- copying experiment is the printers. The papers used should be of the same type, same size, same brand, from the same rim of bond papers and the area of the printing is just in one place, same date, same time, and same procedure. These factors are called constant or controlled variables. If these factors will not be controlled, then they might affect your expected results or your data. Types of Quantitative Research Designs QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE CAUSAL- EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE Survey Pre- True Quasi- Ex-Post Facto Experimental Experimental Experimental Correlational One Shot Case Time Series Pretest-Posttest Study Experiment Control group Observational One-Group Pretest-Posttest Counter Solomon Four Balanced Design Group Design Comparative Design Static Group Posttest-Only NonEquivalent Comparison Developmental Control Group Control Group Design Design Evaluation Factorial Design Trend Analysis Source: (Prieto, et al, 2017), (Leedy, Paul D. and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, 2001), (Sevilla, et al, 2001) Figure 2 The different types and some subtypes of Quantitative Research Designs. The choice of research design to use for your study depends on the general research problem and the specific questions (refer to the Statement of the Problem section). Let us study them one-by-one. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS. If your research problem deals with investigating the present situations or conditions without causing any change in any of the variables surrounding the situations or conditions being studied, then this type should be used. The researcher aims to study the current state of the condition or problem and explore the reasons or causes of that particular condition under study. The choice of which specific type of descriptive research design you will use 4 is dependent on your specific questions. You may refer to your Literature Review to help you choose from the following types. Survey. This type helps the researcher obtain a sufficient amount of data from a large number of samples or participants in a short period of time. Survey studies focus on real-time, present data to be used to solve problems like changing strategies, analyzing reasons for trending and changing preferences for products and services, improving practices and protocols. It does not deal with investigating the relationship between variables involved in the study. Local control and control of extraneous variables are dependent on the limitations of your specific questions. Generally, it is widely used because of the different ways that survey can be conducted; from face-to-face, regular mail, email, online and other means. Correlational Studies. If your research problem aims to establish the existence and the extent of the relationship between the different variables involved in the investigation, this type of research design is what you need. The variables you need to correlate will determine the extent of extraneous variables to be controlled. Correlational studies could be: Bivariate (two variables). For example, is the height of people related to their weight? Predictive (if the nature of a variable could be predicted by measuring another variable). Will changes in people’s height also cause change in their weight? Multiple Regression (if a variable could be determined or predicted by more than one other variable). What if weight is not only affected by height but also people’s age, food consumption, physical activities, mental activities, and heredity? Observational Studies. There are times when a research study requires the measurement of behavior, which can only be recorded, or observed by researcher or other participants from afar. If observational studies are done in the natural setting, randomization and control of extraneous variables could be challenging for this type of research. For example, how many people who dine in a fast food restaurant will queue in line, talk while eating, or clear their tables after eating? Comparative Studies. When an investigation requires comparing and contrasting the occurrence or nature of two or more variables on samples or subjects (may be of different locations or grade or status) on the same time or period, this design may be useful. For example, how do local government units (two or more cities/provinces and NCR) respond to a particular calamity (typhoon Ambo), health problem (COVID19 pandemic), and educational needs of their learners for the upcoming school year 2020-2021? Developmental Studies. This type of study requires considerable period of time because it is usually used for investigations that involve the psychological, intellectual and emotional growth of individuals (Sevilla, et al, 2001). Examples of studies may include the physical structures of grade school buildings, the curriculum offering, parental styles, learning materials, online learning applications or the use of mobile phones by children. Evaluation Studies. This type of study is conducted for the purpose of getting feedback for programs, projects or policies implemented by an institution. Evaluation studies are important for decision-making on monitoring, improvement, continuation or removal of the program under study. This type of study may be: Formative evaluation for ongoing programs (such as effectiveness of online learning webinars) or Summative evaluation for implemented programs (Immersion programs for Grade 12 students). Trend Analysis. This is a type of descriptive research that may be considered predictive because it aims to determine the status of a variable in the future. This type of study helps decision- makers to come up with solutions to meet the possible problems and demands in the future. Economic programs, health and wellness programs, educational innovations and technological advancements are some areas that make use of trend analysis. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN. In the discussions of the types of this design, the following terms need to be clarified: Pretested (O1) means the variable under investigation was measured (observed) before any treatment or intervention was applied to the samples or subjects. Posttested (O2) means the variable under investigation was measured after a treatment or intervention was applied to the samples or subjects. Treatment (X) refers to an intervention, usually this is the independent variable that was manipulated intentionally to cause change in the samples or subjects. _ _ _ _ _ These broken underlines indicate the absence of randomization. Pre-Experimental Studies. These designs are usually avoided because randomization is not applied which threats the validity of the study. One Shot Case Study. This study involves one group which is exposed to the treatment and then posttested. G: X_ _ _ _ O 5  One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Involves one group which is pretested, exposed to a treatment, and then posttested. G: O1 _ _ _ _ _ X_ _ _ _ _O2 Static Group Comparison. Involves at least two groups, one group is exposed to the treatment and both groups posttested. G1 is the experimental group while G2 is the control group. G1: X_ _ _ _ _ O2 G2: _ _ _ _ _ _ O2 True Experimental Studies. These types of studies require a control group and random assignment of subjects to groups. The dependent variable is the effect of the manipulation of the independent variable. R refers to randomized groups. Posttest-Only Control Group Design. Involves at least two group. One group is exposed to a treatment. Both groups are posttested. R1: X 02 R2: 02 Pretest-Posttest with Control Group. This involves at least two groups, which are both pretested. One group is not exposed to a treatment (control group) which the other group is exposed to a treatment (experimental group). Both are posttested. R1: 01 X 02 R2: 01 _ 02 Solomon Four Group Design. This design is said to be with the greatest validity. It requires four groups. Groups 1 and 2 are pretested. Groups 3 and 4 are not pretested. Groups 1 and 3 are exposed to treatment (experimental), while groups 2 and 4 are not exposed to treatment (control groups). All four groups are posttested. R1: 01 X 02 R2: 01 02 R3: X 02 R4: 02 Factorial Design. This design combines the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design and the Posttest-Only Control Group Design and is intended to investigate more than one independent variable. This design allows the researcher to investigate the interactions of more than one independent variables and their effects on the dependent variable. TYPES OF COFFEE DRINKERS TREATMENT R1 R2 R3 Coffee only Coffee with sugar Coffee with sugar and cream X1 X2 Quasi-Experimental Studies. This design is used for experimental studies usually in the field where random assigning of subjects to different groups is not possible. Time Series Experiment. This study is like a multiple One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The group is pretest several times, exposed to treatment, then posttested as the number of times is was pretested. G1: 01_ _ _ 01_ _ _ 01_ _ _X_ _ _02_ _ _02_ _ _02 Counter Balanced Design. This design is also called the Rotation Design or the Latin Square Design. It makes use of three classifications in its investigations, which are groups, treatments and time. In this design, all the subjects are placed in different groups that exposed to all the treatments in different times. GROUP Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 A X1O2 X3O2 X2O2 B X2O2 X1O2 X3O2 C X3O2 X2O2 X1O2 Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This design is like the Pretest-Posttest Control 6  Group Design but the subjects are not randomly assigned to the different group. Educational, social science and market research often use this design. G1: 01_ _ _ X _ _ _ 02 G2 : 01_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 02 CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE DESIGNS Ex-Post Facto. This type of research is used when the independent variable (cause) cannot be manipulated because the dependent (effect) has already occurred. For example, investigating how teenagers (current time) have the habit of saying profane words or smoking. The independent variables related to these dependent variables (saying profanities and smoking) like sex, family’s economic status, parenting habits and styles, and experiences in the past cannot be manipulated anymore, but instead these causes and their differences in individuals or groups may be further be explored. What’s More Activity 1.1 Understanding Quantitative Research Designs Read and analyze the abstract below by answering the questions under Column A. Copy and answer the activity on a separate sheet of paper. Abstract 1: In today’s world, many home builders work for alternatives for concrete blocks, and so this study aimed at coming up with earth block composed of earth mud and 500 grams of strips of Number 2 capacity of PET bottles to enhance the quality of the earth block. The researcher made three samples of concrete earth block with PET bottles and bought commercial earth blocks. The samples were tested by dropping at a height of six (6) feet. Data was collected by recording the result of the drop, wherein the result of the drop was rated from one (slightly damaged) to five (severely damaged). Since the statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference between concrete earth block with PET bottles and commercial earth blocks in terms of the result of the drop testing, the researcher therefore concludes that adding the PET bottle strips to concrete earth block can enhance the quality of the earth block. Source: (Bruno, 2017) A B Question Answer A. What was the study about? B. Why was the study conducted? C. From whom/what were the data gathered? D. How were the data gathered? E. How was replication applied? F. How was local control applied? G. How was randomization applied? H. How were extraneous variables controlled? I. What type of research design was used?(descriptive, experimental or quasi- experimental) J. What specific kind of research study was used? What I Have Learned Fill in the blank with the correct term. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. 1. The ________________ is the researcher’s guide in conducting their research. It shows the step- by-step procedures the researcher will perform in order to meet the objectives of the research. 2. The research methodology ensures validity and _______ of the research study. 3. The basic principles in choosing a research design are ________, _________, __________ and ___________. 4. There are basically three research designs: descriptive, experimental and quasi-experimental. 5. _____________ research designs are used when experiments are conducted on subjects or samples that cannot be randomized or randomly assigned to groups. 6. _____________ research designs are used when the researcher aims to investigate research variables in their presents nature and status. 7  7. _____________ research designs are appropriate for studies where the researcher needs to manipulate the independent variable to determine their effects on research subjects or samples. What I Can Do Complete the table below. Column A is a list of research problems. Determine the research design most appropriate for each research problem in Column B. In Column C, specify the type of research design. (Please refer to Figure 2.) Copy and complete the table on a separate piece of paper. A B C Research Problem Research Type of Design Research Design Example: How do parents feel about the K to 12 Descriptive Survey program implementation? 1. What is the antimicrobial effect of Cissus sicyoides(Princess Vine) Adventitious Root Ethanolic Extract on Escheria coli and Aspergillus niger? 2. What are the basic computer skills of ABC Senior High School Grade 11 and Grade 12 Students? 3. What are the effects of online marketing on the sales of small and medium enterprises? Assessment Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which element of the research problem also refers to the samples or subjects or cases or participants? a. Aim b. Focus c. Locale d. Universe 2. Which principle of research design refers to the grouping of subjects or participants based on their similar characteristics? a. Control of extraneous variables c. Replication b. Local control d. Randomization 3. Which of the following guides a researcher with logical and step-by-step procedures in conducting an investigation? a. Hypothesis c. Research methodology b. Research design d. Conceptual framework 4. Chris would like to study the difference in the sales of his friends doing online selling with his other friends doing direct selling. Which type of research design should he use? a. Survey c. Comparative studies b. Correlation studies d. Posttest only with control group studies 5. Maila plans to design a prototype ball cap that is also a solar charger. Which research design will her test the performance of her proposed project? a. Evaluation study c. One Shot case study b. Factorial design d. Pretest-posttest with control group design 8