Practical Notes on Hypothesis Formulation and Research Design PDF

[What is a hypothesis?] - - - - [What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. [Formulation of hypothesis ] [Difficulties in formulating the hypothesis by Goode and Hatt (1952)] 1. 2. 3. [How is hypothesis formulated ] The hypothesis is formula...

[What is a hypothesis?] - - - - [What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. [Formulation of hypothesis ] [Difficulties in formulating the hypothesis by Goode and Hatt (1952)] 1. 2. 3. [How is hypothesis formulated ] The hypothesis is formulated in a substantive form before the data is collected Some thies it can be formulated after the data collection but it needs to be checked on new data again. Reinchbach has given two process of hypothesis formulations 1. 2. Once the hypothesis is formulated the researcher would then conduct surveys, abstract data and then finally make generalizations or deduce a proposition in the form of a hypothesis. Functions of hypothesis 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. c. [Types of Variables:] There are three main ways to classify variables: 1. - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - 3. - - - - [Additional Variables]: - - - - Note: The distinction between active and attribute variables can be blurry. Some variables can be both depending on the research design. [TYPES OF DESIGN:-] 1. - - - - [Example]: A researcher is interested in studying the effects of different teaching methods (independent variable) on student achievement (dependent variable). They create three groups: - - - After the teaching intervention, the researcher compares the achievement scores of the three groups to see if there are any differences between the teaching methods. [Advantages of Between-Group Designs:] - - [Disadvantages of Between-Group Designs:] - - [When to Use a Between-Group Design:] - - - 2. A within-group design, also known as a repeated-measures design, is a research method where all participants experience all levels or conditions of the independent variable. The researcher then measures the dependent variable multiple times, once for each condition experienced by the participants. This allows for comparisons of the dependent variable within each participant, looking for changes caused by the different conditions of the independent variable. Here\'s a deeper dive into within-group designs: - - - - [Example:] A researcher wants to investigate the effect of caffeine (independent variable) on alertness (dependent variable). They recruit participants and measure their alertness level (baseline). Then, all participants receive a dose of caffeine and their alertness is measured again. Finally, after a period to allow the caffeine to wear off, their alertness is measured for a third time. By comparing the alertness levels within each participant across the no-caffeine, caffeine, and post-caffeine conditions, the researcher can assess the impact of caffeine on alertness. [Advantages of Within-Group Designs:] - - - [Disadvantages of Within-Group Designs:] - - - [When to Use a Within-Group Design:] - - - 3. 1. 2. [The key aspects of t-tests:] - - - [Assumptions for t-tests:] - - - [When to Use a t-test:] - - -