Practical Guide to the Anatomy of the Maculated Toad PDF

# The Maculated Toad ## Morphology ### **Fig. 1 - The Maculated Toad** - Head - Upper eyelid - Eye - External naris - Mouth opening - Lower eyelid - Tympanic membrane - Thorax - Trunk - Warts - Protid gland - Abdomen - Right hind-limb - Right fore-limb ### **Fig. 2 - Right Fore- Limb** - Carpus...

# The Maculated Toad ## Morphology ### **Fig. 1 - The Maculated Toad** - Head - Upper eyelid - Eye - External naris - Mouth opening - Lower eyelid - Tympanic membrane - Thorax - Trunk - Warts - Protid gland - Abdomen - Right hind-limb - Right fore-limb ### **Fig. 2 - Right Fore- Limb** - Carpus - Metacarpus - Two horny pads - Digits - Submaxillary gland ### **Fig. 3 - Right Hind- Limb** - Tarsus - Metatarsus - Web - Digits ### **Fig. 4 - Buccopharyngeal Cavity, Opened** - Upper jaw - Floor of eyeball - Position of parasphenoid bone - Arytenoid cartilage - Left opening of vocal sac - Lower jaw - Glottis - Tongue ## Musculature ### **Fig. 5 - How to cut the skin** - Anterior intermandibularis - Posterior intermandibularis ### **Fig. 6 - Gastrocnemius muscle** - Origin of muscle - Belly of muscle - Tendo achillis - Insertion of muscle ### **Fig. 7 - Ventral Superficial Muscles** - Xiphoid cartilage - Tendinous intersections - Linea alba - Cutaneo-cruralis - Gastrocnemius - Tibialis posticus - Tendo achillis - Pectoralis anterior - Pectoralis medius - Pectoralis posterior - Rectus abdominis - Obliquus externus - Vastus internus - Adductor longus - Sartorius - Adductor magnus - Gracilis - Tibialis anticus - Extensor cruris brevis ## Viscera ### **Fig. 8 - How to open the abdominal cavity** ### **Fig. 9 - How to cut the abdominal wall and to separate the anterior abdominal vein** ### **Fig. 10 - General Viscera** - Pericardium - Right lung - Isthmus of liver - Gall-bladder - Fat-body - Pancreas - Ileum - Spleen - Mesenteries - Rectum - Urinary bladder - Cloaca - Pectoral girdle - Heart - Left lung - Left lobe of liver - Duodenum - Stomach - Hepato-pancreatic duct - Pyloric constriction - Left testis - Left kidney ## Urinogenital System ### **Fig. 11 - Male Urinogenital System** - Fat-body - Right kidney - Bidder’s organ - Right testis - Mesorchium - Vasaefferentia - Adrenal gland - Wolffian duct - Vesicula seminalis - Cloaca - Cloacal aperture - Urinary bladder ### **Fig. 12 - Female Urinogenital System** - Internal opening of oviduct - Right lung - Oviduct - Right kidney - Mesovarium - Wolffian duct - Adrenal gland - Ovisac - Rectum - Fat-body - Bidder’s organ - Right ovary - Cloaca - Cloacal aperture - Urinary bladder - Left ovary (in natural position) - Left lung ## The Heart ### **Fig. 20 - Heart** - Right systemic Arch - Right pulmocutaneous arch - Right carotid arch - Right anterior vena cava - Right auricle - Sinus venosus - Right hepatic vein - Left auricle - Left anterior vena cava - Posterior vena cava - Pericardium - Right auricle - The three arches - Spiral valve - Truncus arteriosus - Semilunar valves - Columnae carneae - Interauricular septum - Sinu-auricular opening - Sinu- auricular valves - Opening of pulmonary veins - Left auricle - Auriculo-ventricular valve - Ventricle - Chordae tendineae - Ventricle ## Venous System ### **Fig. 13- How to remove the pectoralis posterior muscle** ### **Fig. 14 - How to expose the venous system proper** - Facio-mandibular vein - Internal jugular vein - Lingual vein - Right auricle - Sinus venosus - Brachial vein - Hepatic vein - Musculo-cutaneous vein - Posterior vena cava - Genital veins - External jugular vein - Innominate vein - Subclavian vein - Left anterior vena cava - Pulmonary vein - Fat-body vein - Renal veins - Left kidney ### **Fig. 15 - Venous System Proper** ### **Fig. 16 - How to remove the vastus internus muscle** ### **Fig. 17 - How to expose the cloaca** ### **Fig. 18 - Venous Portal System** - Isthmus of liver - Left lobe of liver - Anterior abdominal vein - Dorso-lumbar veins - Renal portal vein - Vesical vein - Pelvic vein - External iliac vein - Femoral vein - Sciatic vein - Hepatic portal vein - Pancreas - Stomach - Duodenum - Ileum - Spleen - Left kidney - Cloaca ## Arterial System ### **Fig. 19 - Arterial System** - Truncus arteriosus - Ventriculas - The Three arches - Sinus venosus - Left anterior vena cava - Carotid arch - Systemic arch - Pulmocutaneous arch - Right auricle - Right lung - Ventricle - Liver - Stomach - Coeliac artery - Carotid artery - Lingual artery - Carotid labyrinth - Occipito-vertebral artery - Subclavian artery - Cutaneous artery - Pulmonary artery - Oesophageal artery - Coeliac-mesenteric artery - Fat-body artery - Mesenteric artery - Dorsal aorta - Ileum - Spleen - Rectum - Cloaca - Urinogenital arteries - Right kidney - Iliac artery ## Spinal Nerves and Sympathetic Chain ### **Fig. 24 - Spinal Nerves and Sympathetic Chain** - First spinal nerve (hypoglossal) - Second spinal nerve (brachial) - Brachial plexus - Right Sympathetic chain - Lateral sympathetic ganglion - Ramus communicans - Urostyle - Fourth s.n. - Fifth s.n. - Sixth s.n. - Seventh s.n. - Eighth s.n. - Ninth s.n. - Tenth spinal nerve (coccygeal) - Sacral plexus - Sciatic nerve ## Respiratory System and Hyoid Apparatus ### **Fig. 21 - Respiratory System and Hyoid Apparatus** - Anterior cornu - Alary process - Body of hyoid - Posterolateral process - Posterior cornu - Arytenoid cartilage - Larynx - Pulmonary process - Right lung - False vocal cord - Vocal cord ### **Fig. 22 - Left half of Larynx (inner view)** - Cricoid cartilage - Left lung - Alveoli - Arytenoid cartilage - Cartilaginous ball - Pulmonary process ## Trunk Region of a Male Toad ### **Fig. 23 - T.S. of the trunk region of a male toad** - Vertebral column - Spinal nerve - Cisterna magna - Coelom - Skin - Gut - Abdominal wall - Subcutaneous lymph sacs - Muscles - Spinal cord - Dorsal aorta - Kidney - Posterior vena cava - Testis - Mesenteries - Parietal peritoneum - Visceral peritoneum - Anterior abdominal vein ## Skull ### **Fig. 28 - Skull (Dorsal view)** - Premaxilla - Sepcomaxillary - Maxilla - Nasal - Orbit - Frontal - Squamosal - Proortic - Exoccipital - Occipital condyles - Foramen magnum ### **Fig. 29 - Skull (Ventral view)** -Vomer - Sphenethmoid - Orbit - Parasphenoid - Exoccipital - Occipital condyles - Premaxila - Maxilla - Palatine - Pterygoid - Quadratojugal - Quadrate - Foramina for cranial nerves - Mento-meckelian - Angulo-splenial ### **Fig. 30- Lower jaw (Dorsal view)** - Dentary ## Skeleton ### **Fig. 32 - Whole Skeleton** - First vertebra - Phalanges - Metacarpalia - Carpalia - Vertebral column - Ninth vertebra - Phalanges - Metatarsalia - Tarsalia - Urostyle - Skull - Pectoral girdle - Tibia - Femur - Acromion process - Coracoid foramen - Right epicoracoid - Clavicle - Glenoid cavity - Xiphisternum - Xiphoid cartilage - Scapula - Supra-scapula - Coracoid - Humerus - Pelvic girdle - Calcaneum - Astragalus - Fibula ### **Fig. 33 - Pectoral Girdle and Sternum** - Head - Shaft - Trochlea - Deltoid ridge - Olecranon process - Ulna - Radius ### **Fig. 34 - Bones of Fore- Limb** - Ulna - Radius - Humerus ### **Fig. 35 - Pelvic Girdle** - Ilium - Pubis - Pubic symphysis - Acetabulum - Ischium - Femur - Tibia - Fibula ### **Fig. 36 - Bones of Hind- Limb** - Astragalus and Calcaneum - Tibio-fibula - Femur ### **Fig. 31 - Vertebral Column** - First vertebra -Normal vertebrae (2-8) -Ninth vertebra -Urostyle - Neural spine - Neural foramen - Neural arch - Centrum - Postrygapophysis - Intervertebral notch - Transverse process - Condylar facet - Prezygapophysis