PRAC RES.docx

**MODULE 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH** ***Research*** -- **systematic inquiry** that is designed to provide a **systematic interpretation of data, description and/or prediction of phenomenon** leading to providing **specific solution or specific answer to specific problem or specific question...

**MODULE 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH** ***Research*** -- **systematic inquiry** that is designed to provide a **systematic interpretation of data, description and/or prediction of phenomenon** leading to providing **specific solution or specific answer to specific problem or specific question** - Solve problems that have no known solution by anyone in the world - Anything that can be learned, by definition **is NOT research** - Searching online **is NOT research** **PURPOSES AND GOALS OF RESEARCH** - Understand the world - Solve new problems - Improve existing solutions - Discover new facts of known phenomena - Find solution to problems that are partially solved - Improve or develop new products - Discover unrecognized substances or elements - Validate generalizations into systematic order - Provide basis for decision making in any undertaking - Satisfy the researcher's curiosity - Verify existing knowledge - Improve educational practices by raising the - quality of school products - Promote health and prolong life - Enhance man's basic life **CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH** - Research gathers relevant information and produces novel information - Research improves the quality of life - Research promotes understanding of history - Research contributes to one's personal and professional development ***Empirical*** -- based on the **direct experience** or observation of the researcher ***Logical*** -- based on **valid procedures** and principles ***Cyclical*** -- it starts with a **problem** and end with a **problem** ***Analytical*** -- utilizes proven **analytical procedures in gathering the data** ***Critical*** -- exhibits **careful and precise judgement** ***Methodical*** -- conducted in methodical manner **without bias** ***Replicability*** -- enable the researcher to arrive at **valid and conclusive results** **INQUIRY BASED RESEARCH** This is supported by three educational theories such as\ - **John Dewey's** Theory of Connected Experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking \- **Lev Vygotsky's** Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)\ - **Jerome Bruner's** Theory on learner's varied world perceptions **BENEFITS:** - Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills - Improves student learning abilities - Widens learners' vocabulary - Facilitates problem-solving acts - Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge - Encourages cooperative learning - Provides mastery of procedural knowledge - Encourages higher-order thinking strategies - Hastens conceptual understanding **NATURE OF RESEARCH** **CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH:** - Realistic - Analytical - Provide possible solutions to real-world problems - Offers practical, innovative, and novel solutions - Scholarly work ***Research design*** - a **plan** reflecting the **series or set of activities** that must be done until the **completion of a research study**. **RESEARCH PROCESS:** - Researcher selects a **problem area** and specifies **research questions** - Researcher **examines and researches data bases** to review existing results and define terms - Researcher selects a **research design** - Researcher determines the **research method** - This stage includes the **three common aspects** the researcher must determine. These are: - **Where** and **when** the research will occur - With **whom** specifically the research will be done - **How** he will analyze the information and data collected - Researcher **describes and selects the respondents** of the study - Researcher **conducts the study** - Researcher **analyzes the data** and determines the implications of the research - Researcher **publishes** the results of his study ***Qualitative*** -- concerned with **non-statistical methods** of inquiry and analysis of social phenomena - Draws on an **inductive process** in which themes and categories emerge through an analysis of data collected by such techniques - Abcdefgh - English/Filipino ***Quantitative*** -- easily **quantifiable categories** are typically generated before the study and **statistical techniques** are used to analyze the data collected - 1346780 - Math/Science 1. **Based on the data type needed** a. Qualitative -- b. Quantitative -- 2. **Based on the application of research method** c. ***Applied*** -- scientific study and research that seeks to **solve practical problems** d. ***Pure/basic/fundamental*** -- research driven by a **scientist's curiosity** or **interest** in a scientific question 3. **Based on the purpose of the research** e. ***Correlational*** -- relationship of **one variable to another** that affects the research f. ***Descriptive*** -- defining a **verbal portrayal or picture** of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. g. ***Ethnographic*** -- the **investigation of a culture** through an in-depth study of the members of the culture h. ***Exploratory*** -- conducted for a problem that **has not been defined** i. ***Explanatory*** -- explains not just **the reasons of two factors** but also **the ways by which such relationship exists** j. ***Historical*** -- analysis of events that **occurred in the remote past** k. ***Phenomenological*** -- an inductive research approach that develops from phenomenological philosophy \- its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person - culture and behavior of a **PERSON** i. ***Phenomenography*** -- **the different ways** in which people **experience something or think about something** **h**. ***Experimental*** -- **manipulates** one or more independent k. ***Action*** -- studies an **on-going practice** of a school, organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvement ***Scientific or Positive*** -- **data given by techniques** such as structured interviews, questionnaires, observational checklists are expressed through numbers ***Naturalistic*** -- uses words that **speak of how people behave** toward their surroundings ***Triangulation*** -- data are **gathered and analyzed using multiple methods**, allowing the researcher to **combine or mix up** research approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques **ETHICS IN RESEARCH** 1. Right to withdraw 2. Cause no harm to your participants 3. Preserve the anonymity 4. Right to be informed 5. Be willing to help 6. Do not commit plagiarism 7. Never falsify information or document 8. Never fabricate information ***Ethnography*** -- used to be concerned with **ethnic groups and minorities** - ethnographic parameters **include tribal, religious, geographical, and shared experiences** ***Phenomenology*** -- study of **phenomena** involving human events, situations, concept experiences, or needs - aims to investigate **the personal experiences of individuals** - allows the grouping of individuals according to the **similarities and differences** ***Narrative Research*** -- narrates **the life experiences of an individual** as told to the researcher or gathered by the researcher from available documents or materials ***Grounded theory*** -- generates theories that are **"grounded" in data from the field**, arising from the actions, interactions, and social processes undertaken by the participants - employed if **no available theory to explain** a particular phenomenon or process ***Case Study*** -- **detailed analysis of a specific issue** using a specific case or multiple cases within the bounded system - seeks to find answers to **why such thing occurs to the subject/respondent** - multiple sources of information such as **interviews, collection of documents, observations, audio-visual resources**, among other things **GETTING STARTED WITH QUALITATIVE** **STAGES IN THE CONDUCT OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:** 1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied **TASK** **MODIFICATION OR IMPROVEMENT** **RECIPIENT OF SUCH IMPROVEMENT** ------------------ --------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Undertaking Goals or expected outcome For whom? How can research Be easily grasped By senior highschool students How can you stop bullying Among students? 2. Developmental of a theoretical framework - ***Theoretical framework*** -- constructed from established theories and serves as the foundation of the study 3. Identification of the participants in the study 4. Data collection 5. Data analysis 6. Disseminating the results of the study