PPGC 211 - Politics Preliminary Transcripts PDF

PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES resolving the conflict within the group, 1.0 NATURE OF POLITICS whether this is a family, a tribe, a village...

PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES resolving the conflict within the group, 1.0 NATURE OF POLITICS whether this is a family, a tribe, a village or a nation-state. –Tuibeo, A. “Politics exists because people disagree about the aims and objects of Political Scientist Harold Lasswell, human endeavor and, probably even (1936) author of a major study of the more so, about the methods to be used distributive consequences of political in achieving them” (S. G. Richards, activity, gave his book the title, 1978). In his book, The Nature of Politics Politics--Who Gets What, When, and and Government. How. Lasswell, in effect, defined These differences produce different "politics" as involving questions as to attitudes to public issues and lead to the "who gets what, when, and how." activity of politics. Politics therefore involves conflict. This can result in 1. Politics, according to Lasswell, violence, as in many of the developing is concerned with countries, but in the Western determination, by official democracies the differences are usually governmental decision making resolved peacefully. and action, of: “A disagreement in which incompatible Who in political society policies are advocated can only be receives what benefits, resolved ultimately by one side rewards, and advantages and obtaining the power to make its how much of them they receive, viewpoint prevail over the other. 2. when they receive the benefits, The acquisition of power therefore is a rewards, and advantages, and prerequisite of achieving political 3. The methods by which they objectives.” receive them Thus, is the nature of politics. 1.1 DEFINITION OF POLITICS The term “politics” is generally applied 1.2 THE STUDY OF POLITICS: to behavior within civil governments, POLITICAL SCIENCE but politics has been observed in all Political science is a classical discipline that human group interactions. deals with the study of political phenomena. It consists of social relations involving Its goal is to deepen human understanding of authority or power, the regulation of the forms and nature of political action and to political units, and the methods used to formulate and apply social policy. develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. Politics is the way in which we understand and order our social affairs, Political science focuses on the theory and and acquire greater control over the practice of government and politics at the local, situation. state, national, and international levels. -B. Pomton and P. Gill Political Science deals with the systematic Politics is the strategy for maintaining study of political structures, political processes cooperation among people with and political behavior. different needs and ideals in life, or for ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 1 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH 1.3 APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF The behavioral approach to political DIFFERENT POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS science mainly emphasizes on scientific, objective and value free study of political THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH phenomenon. This approach stresses upon the use of Traditional approach to the study of empirical as well as scientific methods of political science is a combination of study political behavior. views on and orientations to politics in This approach shifts its emphasis from philosophical, ethical and institutional the study of the state and government to terms. Since the time of Plato and the day-to-day problems, activities and Aristotle, the great issues of politics behavior of individuals and groups. have revolved around the organization and functioning of the state- the political CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL institution par excellence. APPROACH: Traditional approaches exhibit certain Regularities -believes that there are well-defined features, such as: certain uniformities in political behavior ○ (a) are largely normative and which can be expressed in stresses on the values of generalizations or theories in order to politics, explain and predict political phenomena. ○ (b) emphasize on the study of Verification -emphasizes testing and different political structures and verifying everything. According to the institutions behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not scientific. VARIOUS FORMS OF THE TRADITIONAL Techniques -put emphasis on the use APPROACH: of those research tools and methods Philosophical-This approach firmly which generate valid, reliable and believes that values cannot be comparative data. separated from the study of politics and Quantification -After collecting data, political system. Therefore, its main the researcher should measure and concern is to judge what is good or bad quantify those data. in any political society. Values -believe that to do objective Historical-As the name of this approach research one has to be value free. is related to history, it emphasizes on Systematization -research in Political the study of history of every political Science must be systematic. Theory reality to analyze any situation. and research should go together. Institutional-This approach is Pure Science -believes that the study of concerned with the study of formal Political Science should be verified by structures and institutions like evidence. legislature, executive, judiciary, political Integration -Political Science should not parties, etc. be separated from various other social Legal- This approach is concerned with sciences like history, sociology and the legal process, legal bodies or economics, etc. institutions, justice and independence of judiciary. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 2 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES originally from the Greek word 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Based on its etymology, governance It is very important to care about politics refers to the manner of steering or because you should know what is going governing, or of directing and on around you. controlling, a group of people or a state. Another reason you should care about politics is because you should have a DEFINITION OF GOVERNANCE say in what will happen. Governance is commonly defined as the You should care about politics because exercise of power or authority by the decisions people make will affect political leaders for the well-being of many lives. their country’s citizens or subjects. It is the complex process whereby some WHY ARE POLITICS IMPORTANT IN THIS sectors of the society wield power, and SOCIETY? enact and promulgate public policies Because politics affects our daily life more than which directly affect human and we know. Politics is the science of optimum institutional interactions, and economic allocation of resources for the betterment of and social development. everyone. It requires great understanding and skills. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 1. Participatory Common man too needs to have a basic grasp 2. Rule of Law of politics especially in a democracy - which is 3. Effective and Efficient essentially a system of checks and balances. A 4. Transparent democracy is not run by the government alone 5. Responsive but by both the citizens and the government. 6. Equitable and Inclusive 7. Consensus-Oriented 1.5 MEANING OF GOVERNANCE 8. Accountability. The World Bank defines governance as They are inextricably related to each other. “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's PARTICIPATION economic and social resources for Good governance essentially requires development”…” participation of different sectors of the Governance has been defined as “the society. Participation means active rules of the political system to solve involvement of all affected and conflicts between actors and adopt interested parties in the decision (legality).” decision-making process. It requires an enabling environment ETYMOLOGY OF GOVERNANCE wherein pertinent information is The word “governance” came from the effectively disseminated and people Latin verb “gubernare,” or more could respond in an unconstrained and truthful manner. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 3 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES to information regarding It also means gender equality, decision-making process and the recognizing the vital roles of both men implementation of the same. and women in decision-making. In legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concern is made RULE OF LAW available to the citizens or those who Democracy is essentially the rule of law. will be directly affected. It is through the law that people express It also means that transactions involving their will and exercise their sovereignty. public interests must be fully disclosed That the government is of law and not of and made accessible to the people. It is men is an underlying democratic anchored on the democratic right to principle which puts no one, however information and right to access of the rich and powerful, above the law. same. Rule of law demands that the people and the civil society render habitual RESPONSIVENESS obedience to the law. It also demands Responsiveness means that institutions that the government acts within the and processes serve all stakeholders in limits of the powers and functions a timely and appropriate manner. prescribed by the law. The absence of It also means that actors and structures rule of law is anarchy. of governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of the EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY people. Good governance requires that the In other words, the interests of all institutions, processes, and actors could citizens must be well protected in a deliver and meet the necessities of the prompt and appropriate manner so that society in a way that available resources each of them can appreciate and take are utilized well. part in the process of governance. That the different actors meet the needs of the society means that there is EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS effective governance. Equity and inclusiveness mean that all That the valuable resources are utilized, the members of the society, especially without wasting or underutilizing any of the most vulnerable ones or the them, means that there is efficient grassroots level, must be taken into governance. consideration in policy-making. Effectiveness (meeting the needs) and Everyone has a stake in the society and efficiency (proper utilization of no one should feel alienated from it. resources) must necessarily go together Particularly, those who belong to the to ensure the best possible results for grassroots level must not only be the the community. subject of legislation but they must be given the opportunity to participate in TRANSPARENCY decision or policy making. Transparency, as an indicator of good governance, means that people are open ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 4 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES CONSENSUS - ORIENTED STATE BY JAMES W. GARNER Governance is consensus-oriented when A state is a community of persons, more or less decisions are made after taking into numerous, permanently occupying a definite consideration the different viewpoints of portion of territory, having a government of their the actors of the society. own to which the great body of inhabitants Mechanisms for conflict resolution must render habitual obedience, and enjoying freedom be in place because inevitably conflict from external control. will arise from competing interests of the actors. STATE BY ALISHA HOLLAND To meet the consensus, a strong, State is a numerous assemblage of human impartial, and flexible mediation beings, generally occupying a certain territory structure must be established. Without among whom the will of the majority or of an such, compromises and a broad ascertainable class of persons is by the strength consensus cannot be reached that of such a majority made to prevail against any of serves that best interest of the whole their members who oppose it. community. STATE BY JOHN WILLIAM BURGESS ACCOUNTABILITY State is a particular portion of mankind viewed Accountability means answerability or as an organized unit. responsibility for one’s action. It is based on the principle that every person or group is responsible for their STATE BY U.S PRES. WOODROW WILSON actions most especially when their acts State is a people organized for law within a affect public interest. definite territory. The actors have an obligation to explain and be answerable for the STATE BY ARISTOTLE consequences of decisions and actions State is a union of families and villages having they have made on behalf of the for its end a perfect and self-sufficing life by community it serves. which we mean a happy and honorable life. STATE BY ROBERT M. MACLAVER 2.0 STATE The state is an association which, acting MODERN TERM “STATE” through law as promulgated by a government The modern term “state” is derived from the endowed to this end with coercive power, word “status”. It was Niccolò Machiavelli maintains within a community territorially (1469-1527) who first used the term “state” in demarcated the universal external conditions of his writings. His significant work is titled social order. “Prince”. The state is the most universal and most STATE BY MAX WEBER powerful of all institutions. The state is a natural The state is an association that claims the institution. monopoly of the legitimate use of violence. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 5 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES ELEMENTS OF STATE resources therein, and the sea beyond the state’s coastlines, PEOPLE/POPULATION including its seabed and ○ People refers to the mass of subsoil. In the case of the population living within the archipelagic states this state. “People” answers the territorial sea stretches to 12 question, “who governs miles (19kms) from the whom?” coastlines to the open sea. ○ According to Plato, there is no ○ As in the case of the specific number requirement; population, there is no definite “…the state shall neither be size with regard to the extent too small nor yet one that of area of the state to be fixed. seems great but has no unity.” There are large and small Aristotle, on the other hand, states. However, territory says “the number should be should be permanent and neither too large nor too small; large enough to be It should be large enough to self-sufficing. Vatican is the be self-sufficing and small smallest with a total land area enough to be well governed.” of 0.44 km2; Russia is the largest with 17,098,242 km2 TERRITORY ○ Territory is the demarcated GOVERNMENT area that rightly belongs to the ○ There can be no state without population. “Territory” a government. Government is answers the question, the agency to which the will of “where?” It is a definite portion the state is formulated, of the surface of the earth expressed, and carried out. which is the subject of the ○ It is an institution or aggregate jurisdiction and sovereign of institutions by which an rights of a state in accordance independent society makes with international law. and carries out those rules of ○ There can be no state without action necessary to enable a fixed territory. People need men to live in a social state, or territory to live and organize those which are imposed themselves socially and upon the people by those who politically. Territory refers to possess the power or the terrestrial (land), authority of prescribing them. fluvial/maritime (water), and aerial (air-space) domains. SOVEREIGNTY ○ The territorial domains are: ○ Sovereignty is the supreme a. terrestrial (land) power of the state to b. fluvial (water) command and enforce which includes obedience to its will from the maritime and people within its jurisdiction, c. aerial (air). and corollarily, to have ○ It consists of the land within freedom from foreign control. its boundaries, the airspace ○ The word “sovereignty” means above the land, the inland supreme and final legal waters and all the natural ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 6 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES authority above and beyond NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY which no legal power exists. Necessity or force theory maintains Sovereignty has two aspects: that the state must have been created Internal sovereignty as a product of the existence of the which means that the strong and the weak in society, and as State is supreme over a result of their struggle against each all its citizens, and other wherein those who are strong associations; are able to dominate and impose their External sovereignty will upon the weak. which means that the The creation of the state through the state is independent constant war and invasion of the great and free from foreign warriors in the ancient time dominated or outside control. the weak and later on formed a state. NATURAL OR INSTINCTIVE THEORY THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE The Natural or Instinctive Theory holds There are several theories that attempt that the state is founded out of man’s to explain the origin of the state, but natural instinct for association. The no single theory offers an adequate social urge of the human being to be explanation. These theories have been within a group of people in the formed and developed as a result of community as in sociology describes the political thought and philosophy in that “man is a social being.” the ancient time until the The social group provides the political Enlightenment period in Europe. development to stay and work together with a common goal in the DIVINE RIGHT THEORY community and later on transforms The Divine Right Theory holds that the into a state. state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the PATRIARCHAL THEORY people. Reference has been made by The Patriarchal theory attributes the advocates of this theory to the laws origin of states to the enlargement of which Moses received at Mount Sinai. the family which remained under the The rulers of the past advocated the authority of the father. political dominance of authority and By natural stages, the family grew into power through their own ordained a clan, then developed into a tribe mandate that they represented the which broadened into a nation and the state as on the basis of the divine right nation became a state. (as God created the state). It was in this nature that the divine rights of SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY kings have the absolute power and Social contract theory asserts that the influence over their subjects. early states must have been formed by This is the oldest theory concerning deliberate and voluntary compact the origin of state. According to this among the people to form a society theory, the state is established and and organize government for their governed by God himself by an agent common good. or vice regent or vicar of God. The This theory justifies the right of the chief exponent of this theory in early people to revolt against a bad ruler. times were the Jews and supporters were the early church fathers. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 7 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES HISTORICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE The Historical or Evolutionary theory explains that “the state is the product POLICE POWER of growth, a slow and steady evolution Police power is the power of the extending over a long period of time government to enforce obedience and ultimately shaping itself into the from the people in the promotion of complex structure of a modern state.” public health, morals, or safety, and This theory is more scientific. the general well-being of the The state is neither the handiwork of community. God, nor the result of superior physical It is the inherent power of government force, nor the creation of evolution or to enact and enforce laws for the convention, nor a mere expansion of promotion of general welfare. the family. The state is not a mere POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN artificial mechanical creation but an Power of Eminent Domain is the institution of natural growth or power possessed by the state over all historical evolution says professor property within the state, specifically Garner. its power to appropriate property for a public purpose. This is the power of the state to take DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION private property for public use with just compensation. COMPARISON BY DEFINITION State is a community of persons POWER OF TAXATION occupying a definite territory, having a Power of Taxation is the inherent government of their own, and enjoying power of the sovereign, exercised freedom from external control. through the legislature, to impose A nation is a society of inhabitants of burdens upon subjects and objects a specific geographic region united within its jurisdiction for the purpose and bound together by a common of raising revenues to carry out the racial ancestry, the same language legitimate objects of the government. and culture, historical past, laws and a shared interests and sentiments over the passing of many years. 3.0 POLITICAL POWER COMPARISON BY DESCRIPTION MEANING AND NATURE OF POWER The state is a political concept, while Power may be explained in different nation is an ethnic or racial concept. ways because its meaning is within the A state is not subject to external context of human relations. We are control while a nation may or may not encountered with many different be independent of external control. explanations in various disciplines. Even A state cannot become a state without a nation or nations that consists of its within a single social discipline, power is people. defined in several different ways. A single state may consist of one or Some social scientists define it as the more nations or peoples and use of force whereas many others conversely, a single nation may be explain it as the capacity to secure the made up of different states. desired goals through the use of force ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 8 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES or threat of use of force or even by nation is in securing them. exercising influence. National Power is simply the According to Morgenthau “Power is the ability or capability of a nation power of man on others” and as a to secure the goals and “man’s control over the minds and objectives of its national actions of other men.” interests in relation with other nations. It involves the capacity to use force or threat of use of force or influence over others MEANING OF POWER for securing the goals of Another definition is from national interest. Schwarzenberger who views power as In this way, we can define “the capacity of one to impose his will National Power as “the ability on others by reliance on effective to control the behavior of other sanctions in case of non-compliance.” states in accordance with one’s own will.” National Power is the Charles P. Schleicher defines power as currency of international “the ability to exercise such control as to relations. make others do what they otherwise would not do by rewarding or promising to reward them, or by depriving or 3.2 NATURE OF NATIONAL POWER threatening to deprive them of something they value.” NATIONAL In Social Science and Politics, Power is National means pertaining to the nation the ability to influence or outright control making national power the power of a the behavior of people. It is authority nation. However, in the context of when the power is perceived as national power the term ‘nation’ does legitimate by the social structure. Power not mean the same as in Political may also be seen as evil or unjust, but Science. the exercise of power is accepted as In the context of national powers, nation reserved only to humans as social stands for the power of the group of beings. decision makers and authorities who exercise power on behalf of the nation. 3.1 NATIONAL POWER: DIMENSIONS, It is the power of the decision-makers FEATURES, AND EXERCISE who formulate and implement the National Power is the foreign policy of the nation and thereby “combination of power and capability of a state which the attempt to secure national goals. state uses for fulfilling its national interests and goals” POWER according to Paddleford and For understanding the nature of power Lincoln. in the context of National Power, it is To Hartman, national power necessary to distinguish between Power denotes the ability of a nation and Force, and Power and Influence. to fulfill national goals, how powerful or weak a particular ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 9 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES POWER & FORCE achieving the objective of security of the Force means physical force, violence in nation. For every nation, security is the the form of police action, imprisonment, most vital element of its national punishment or war. interest. It is the primary concern of Power means a psychological every nation to work for her security. relationship of control which is backed by the use of force, or threat of use of Military power is as such a vital part of force. national power. The role and importance When physical force, war and other of a state in international relations means involving the use of military depends upon its military power. No power or police power are actually used state can get recognition as a super to secure certain objectives, power power without being militarily superior. stands replaced by force. II. ECONOMIC POWER POWER & INFLUENCE Economic power is the second Both involve the ability to produce an important dimension of national power. intended change or effect in the It is constituted by the ability of a nation behavior of others. However, the two are to satisfy its own needs and to control not the same. Power involves a use of the behavior of other states by affording force or threat of use of force. Political or denying access to economic goods Power or Legal Power is backed by and services. authority or sovereignty of the state. Influence involves the attempt to The economic means of foreign policy change the behavior of others through are today the most vital means which a persuasion and not by threats or force. state can use for influencing the actions The scope of influence is wider than the and behavior of other states. No state scope of power and it is more can become a military power without democratic than power. having adequate economic power. 3.3 DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL POWER Economic power is used by rich and The three forms of national power are developed nations to influence other inseparable from each other. Without economic states by granting them economic aid power no nation can develop its military power, and loans, and try to secure their and without the latter no nation can play an interests in international relations. It is active role in international relations. used as a means to induce as well as to Psychological power can be enduringly and coerce a desired change in the behavior really effective only when it is backed by of other states. economic and military power. III. PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER I. MILITARY POWER Psychological power means the power Military power is an important of opinion and image of the nation. The dimension of national power. It is role of propaganda and persuasive regarded as absolutely essential for negotiations in international relations ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 10 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES have been used by the states for The lease of territories or a military securing an intended change in the bases or equipment—industrial or behavior of other states. military, transit and trade facilities and grant of right to allow passage of ships By the use of psychological and cultural are some of the other forms of rewards means a nation always tries to influence which a state can offer to other states the people and leaders of other nations. for securing a desired change in their The ability to influence others through behaviors. systematic publicity and educational and cultural relations constitutes the PUNISHMENT psychological part of the national power A powerful nation can inflict punishment of a nation. on an offending or unhelpful state by imposing economic sanctions or norms 3.4 METHODS OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER or policies or placing trade restrictions or ensuring a denial of a possible PERSUASION reward. Denial or reduction in foreign aid The art of persuasion consists in or loan or refusal to export certain items defining and logically explaining a or technology can be used by a powerful particular problem or issue or dispute to nation for inflicting a punishment or other nations or any other nation. An pressure on other nations. attempt is made to persuade other The most effective punishment is the nations to adopt a particular and desired one which secures the desired objective view or perception of the nature of of a state without the actual infliction of issues involved in any bilateral or punishment on other states. Threat of multilateral problem, dispute or issue. punishment is a better method of Persuasion is widely used by diplomats exercise of national power than its and statesmen for securing the desired actual infliction. and defined objectives of the foreign policy. But success in persuasion can be FORCE OR PHYSICAL VIOLENCE achieved only when it is supplemented By the use of military power or physical by other methods and when it is force, a powerful nation can compel a supported by a strong national power desired behavior of another nation. As a and effective foreign policy. method of exercising power, force is related to punishment. REWARDS When punitive action is taken against The offering of rewards can be material another nation, it becomes a case of use or economic or psychological. A nation of force. However, when only the threat can give material help to another nation of punitive action is given without the in times of crisis or in other ways. actual use of physical violence against The practice of giving economic aid and the other state, it becomes a case of easy loans or grants-in-aid is another exercise of power through the use of method of winning support and inducing punishment. As such the difference a change in the behavior of other states. between force and punishment is in the ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 11 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES actual use of force versus the threat of Traditional authority is legitimated by use of force. the sanctity of tradition. Physical force or violence can be used The ability and right to rule are passed by resorting to war or acts of reprisals down, often through heredity. It does by a powerful state. Resort to war is the not change overtime, does not facilitate extreme form of exercise of force in social change, tends to be irrational and international relations. It is a risky and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status dangerous method, which can damage quo. the national power of the state which Traditional authority is typically resorts to war. This consideration embodied in feudalism or makes the resort to war as a method of patrimonialism. In a purely patriarchal last resort. structure, “the servants are completely and personally dependent upon the 3.5 NATURE AND DEFINITION OF AUTHORITY lord”, while in an estate system (i.e., feudalism), “the servants are not AUTHORITY personal servants of the lord but Authority is “the right or the capacity or independent men” (Weber 1958, 4). But, both to have proposals or prescriptions in both cases the system of authority or instructions accepted without does not change or evolve. recourse to persuasion, bargaining or force”. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY The Oxford Dictionary of Politics defines Charismatic authority stems from an authority as “the power or right to give individual’s extraordinary personal orders and enforce obedience, the qualities and from that individual’s hold power to influence others based on over followers because of these recognized knowledge or expertise.” qualities. “Authority can most simply be defined Such charismatic individuals may as legitimate power. Authority is, exercise authority over a whole society therefore, based on an acknowledged or only a specific group within a larger duty to obey rather than on any form of society. coercion or manipulation. In this sense They can exercise authority for good authority is power cloaked in legitimacy and for bad, as this brief list of or rightfulness”. charismatic leaders indicates: Joan of Arc, Adolf Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi, TYPE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY Martin Luther King Jr., Jesus Christ, TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY Muhammad, and Buddha. Each of these Traditional authority is power that is individuals had extraordinary personal rooted in traditional, or long-standing, qualities that led their followers to beliefs and practices of a society. admire them and to follow their orders It exists and is assigned to particular or requests for action. individuals because of that society’s Charismatic authority is found in a customs and traditions. leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 12 PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES extraordinary characteristics of an the increasing bureaucratization of individual. Weber saw a charismatic economic enterprise. leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers, such as a religious prophet. Weber seemed to favor charismatic authority, and spent a good deal of time discussing it. LEGAL - RATIONAL AUTHORITY Legal-Rational authority derives from law and is based on a belief in the legitimacy of a society’s laws and rules and in the right of leaders to act under these rules to make decisions and set policy. This form of authority is a hallmark of modern democracies, where power is given to people elected by voters, and the rules for wielding that power are usually set forth in a constitution, a charter, or another written document. Legal-rational authority is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles. Weber thought the best example of legal-rational authority was a bureaucracy (political or economic). This form of authority is frequently found in the modern state, city governments, private and public corporations, and various voluntary associations. In fact, Weber stated that the “development of the modern state is identical indeed with that of modern officialdom and bureaucratic organizations just as the development of modern capitalism is identical with ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 13