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I. CULTURE 13. Margaret Mead - Cultures emphasize certain aspects of human A. Definition of Culture from Reputable People...

I. CULTURE 13. Margaret Mead - Cultures emphasize certain aspects of human A. Definition of Culture from Reputable People potential at the expense of others. 1. Mary Douglas 14. Carlos P. Romulo - Culture is the shared symbols, meaning, and - He emphasized the importance of cultural values that shape human behavior and society. pride and nationalism in the Philippines, 2. Bronislaw Malinowski particularly in the context of the country's - Culture is a mental phenomenon which colonial history and independence journey. consist of an abstract pattern and 15. Bienvenida Lumbera organization, inherited or invented, the product - Popular culture is not created by individuals, of which is observable in the behavior of but rather by communities. individuals. 16. Ambeth Ocampo 3. F. Sionil Jose - His work has significantly contributed to the - Culture is the embodiment of the soul of a public's understanding and appreciation of people. Philippine history and culture. He uses history 4. Clifford Geertz as a tool to explore and explain cultural - Culture is the fabric of meaning in terms of identity, aiming to instill a sense of pride and which human beings interpret their experience awareness in his readers. and guide their action. 5. Geert Hofstede B. Elements of Culture - Culture is the collective programming of the Non-Material Culture mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. 1. Types of Social Norms 6. Edward Sapir A. Folkways - Culture is the social heritage that the individual - Commonly known as customs, acquires from his group. It comprises the traditions and conventions of society. accumulated learning of his ancestor stripped B. Mores of its biological roots. - Special folkways which are important to 7. Marshall Mcluhan the welfare of the people and their - Culture is the medium in which we exist and cherished values. through which we understand and interpret the C. Laws world. - Formalized norms enacted by people 8. Lamberto Avellana who are vested by political and legal - Culture is the mirror that reflects the values authorities designated by the and aspirations of a nation. government. 9. Nick Joaquin D. Taboo - Culture is the expression of a people’s soul. - Strong negative norm; violating it results 10. Napoleon Abueva in extreme disgust. - Culture is the wellspring of creativity and Type Definition Enforcement Examples identity. Everyday Informal, mild Manners, 11. Ruth Benedict norms for disapproval dress codes - Culture, like an individual, is a more or less Folkways casual consistent pattern of thought and action. behavior 12. Edward Tylor Norms Informal, strong Honesty, essential to disapproval fidelity - Culture is the complex whole which includes Mores societal knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, welfare and any other capabilities acquired by man as Formal Formal, legal Traffic laws, a member of society. Laws rules sanctions criminal enacted by laws authorities  Strong Severe social Incest, culturally, they only gain meaning when the prohibitions condemnation cannibalism people in a culture agree on their use. It may Taboos against not have the same meaning with different abhorrent behaviors groups. 4. Culture is integrated 2. Values - Various parts of culture are interconnected. All - These are abstract standards that persist aspects are related to one another. To truly over time and serve as guides to what is right understand a culture, a person most learn and proper for people in society. about all of its part, not only a few. 3. Knowledge 5. Culture is dynamic - The total range of what has been learned or - Culture interacts and change. Various culture perceived as true. This could be natural, exchange ideas and symbols, because most supernatural, and magic knowledge. culture are in contact with one another. 4. Symbols Cultures are integrated, if one part in the - These are the things that hold meaning for a system changes, it is expected for the whole group of people. system to adjust. 5. Beliefs 6. Culture is compulsory - These are the ideas and convictions that - It fundamentally shapes our identities, people hold to be true. Beliefs can be influences our interactions, and is embedded religious, philosophical, or political in nature. in every aspect of societal functioning. They can also be based on personal experiences or observations. II. UNDERSTANDING THE PHILIPPINE CULTURE Material Culture A. Elements of Philippine Culture 1. Artifact 1. Folk Music, Dance, Arts and Literature - Refers to any object or physical item that is - Undeniably, Filipinos are very fond of music, created, modified, or used by humans and dances, arts, and literature. holds cultural, historical, or artistic significance. Artifacts are tangible and can 2. Filipino Food include a wide range of items, such as tools, - Filipinos are big eaters, even though it is not obviously seen in their petite bodies. The weapons, pottery, artwork, clothing, jewelry, Philippines is known as Asia's melting pot manuscript, architectural structures, and because of the uniqueness and variety of their everyday objects. food. C. Characteristics of Culture 3. Religion - Most Filipino people practice the Christian 1. Culture is learned religion. Spain highly influenced the people to - Because it is nor inherited biologically but it is the extent that the Philippines became one of socially by man in a society. It is now an inborn the two predominantly Christian nations in the tendency but acquired by man from the Asia Pacific, the other being East Timor. association of others. 4. Languages 2. Culture is shared - There are 175 estimated languages spoken in - Because we share culture with other members the Philippines. Almost all are classified as of our group, we are able to act in socially Malayo-Polynesian languages. Among those appropriate way as well as predict how others languages, there are 13 indigenous languages will act. with nearly 1M speakers. The present 3. Culture is based on symbols constitution names Filipino and English as joint - A symbol is something that stands for official languages. something else. It is arbitrary and differ cross- 5. Filipino Values Different Definitions of Popular Culture by A. Positive Filipino Values John Storey ▪ Bayanihan System - Popular culture is simply a culture that is widely ▪ Damayan System favored or well-liked by many people; it has no ▪ Familism negative connotation. ▪ Fun Loving Trait - Pop culture can be defined as commercial ▪ Hospitality objects that are produced for mass ▪ Compassionate consumption by non-discriminating ▪ Regionalism consumers. ▪ Friendly - Popular culture is a tool used by the elites to ▪ Flexible suppress or take advantage of the masses. ▪ Remedyo Attitude ▪ Matiyaga B. Historical and Evolution of Pop Culture in the ▪ Utang na Loob Philippines B. Negative Filipino Values ▪ Spanish ▪ Bahala na Attitude ▪ American ▪ Colonial Complex ▪ Crab Mentality C. Examples of Popular Culture ▪ Filipino Time ▪ Popular Music ▪ Gaya-gaya Attitude ▪ Cyber Culture ▪ Jackpot Mentality ▪ Leisure ▪ Kapalaran System ▪ Print Media ▪ Ningas-cogon ▪ Entertainment ▪ Pakikisama ▪ Television ▪ Tsamba Attitude ▪ Extreme Personalism D. Folk and High Culture ▪ Kanya-kanya Syndrome 1. Folk Culture B. Characteristics of Philippine Culture - Represents a simpler lifestyle that is generally ▪ Philippine culture is social conservative, largely self-sufficient, and often ▪ Philippine culture is shared characteristic of rural life. ▪ Philippine culture is transmitted among 2. High Culture members of society - Not mass produced, nor meant for mass ▪ Philippine culture is gratifying and idealistic consumption. It belongs to the social elite; the ▪ Philippine culture varies from one society to fine arts, opera, theatre, and high another intellectualism are associated with the upper ▪ Philippine culture is learned socioeconomic class. ▪ Philippine culture is cumulative and continuous IV. THEORIES OF POPULAR CULTURE III. POPULAR CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES A. Mass Culture Theory A. Defining Popular Culture - Is a collection of cultural norms, phenomena, - Popular culture is the set of practices, beliefs, and artistic forms that have emerged and and objects that embody the most broadly spread thanks to contemporary shared meanings of a social system. communication and informational - Popular culture is usually associated with either technologies. mass culture or folk culture and differentiated B. Marxism and Popular Culture from high culture and various institutional - Through the Marxist lens, popular culture can cultures. be understood as a reflection of the dominant economic and social structures within a capitalist society. - Marxism is a social economic theory that focuses on the role of social classes as well as  the unequal distribution of resources and B. OPM Rock power. - OPM rock, or Original Pinoy Music rock, is a C. Frankfurt School and Popular Culture genre of music in the Philippines that - According to the Frankfurt school, the culture incorporates elements of Western rock industry manipulates the needs and desires of music with local Filipino influences. individuals, leading to the creation of false - It emerged in the 1970s and has since needs that serve the interests of capitalism. become a significant part of the country's D. Feminism and Popular Culture musical landscape. - Feminism intersects with popular culture in - OPM rock is characterized by its energetic complex ways focusing on examining gender guitar-driven sound, passionate vocals, and roles, representations and power dynamics in lyrics that often touch on personal, social, mainstream cultural contexts. and political themes relevant to Filipino E. Hegemony and Popular Culture culture and society. - Refers to the ways in which the ruling class secures consent and maintains dominance C. OPM Ballad not through coercion alone, but through - OPM ballad, or Original Pinoy Music ballad, is cultural and ideological means. a genre of music in the Philippines known for F. Post- Modernism and Popular Culture its heartfelt and emotional storytelling - Refers to a movement that emerged in the mid- through song. 20th century as a response to and departure - Ballads in OPM often feature lush from modernism. It is characterized by a arrangements, soulful vocals, and poignant skepticism towards grand narratives, a lyrics that explore themes of love, heartbreak, questioning of established norms and nostalgia, and personal reflection. traditions, and an embrace of pluralism, fragmentation, and irony. D. OPM Folk - OPM folk, or Original Pinoy Music folk, V. FORMS OF POPULAR CULTURE IN THE represents a genre deeply rooted in Philippine PHILIPPINES culture and traditions. - It draws inspiration from indigenous music, A. PHILIPPINE MUSIC rural life, and storytelling traditions. 1. Original Pilipino Music (OPM) - The lyrics of OPM folk songs typically reflect - Refers to Philippine pop songs, often in the themes such as love for the homeland, Filipino language, created by Filipino artists. nature, family values, and social issues. - The term emerged in the 1970s to distinguish locally produced pop music from foreign 2. Contemporary Filipino Artists influences. - The Philippines has a rich and diverse music - During this era, OPM was heavily influenced by scene that spans various genres, from Western rock and pop but gradually developed mainstream pop and rock to indie and its distinct sound, incorporating traditional alternative music Filipino musical elements. ▪ Mainstream Artists OPM Genres ▪ Independent Artists A. OPM Pop 3. Music Festivals - The OPM pop genre, which stands for Original - The Philippines has a vibrant and varied music Pinoy Music pop, is a dynamic and diverse scene that mirrors its rich cultural history and category within Filipino music. diverse ethnic backgrounds. - OPM pop songs are known for their catchy - Music festivals play a big role in this, featuring melodies, often sung in Tagalog or English, different genres and giving opportunities to and cover a wide range of themes such as both famous and new artists. These festivals love, friendship, heartbreak, and social celebrate not just music, but also arts and issues. community, often including other cultural activities. A. Wanderland Music Festival 4. Current trends in Philippine Music - Launched in 2013, most prominent indie music Traditional Music: Revitalization and Modern festivals. It is organized by Karpos Multimedia Interpretations Inc. - The festival is usually held in Filinvest City Event A. Preserving Heritage Grounds, Alabang, Metro Manila. - Traditional Philippine music, like "kundiman" - It focuses on indie music, featuring local and and "harana, " is undergoing a revival, with international artists like Kodaline, Death Cab for artists and organizations dedicated to Cutie, The Temper Trap, Reese Lansangan, and preserving its heritage. Urbandub. B. Modern Interpretations - Highlights visual arts with live installations and - Contemporary artists are reinterpreting interactive spaces, creating a complete cultural traditional music, blending it with modern experience. genres to create unique and compelling - It attracts a youthful crowd, boosting the sounds. This fusion of old and new music popularity of indie and alternative music in the demonstrates the adaptability and resilience Philippines. of Philippine musical heritage. C. Global Recognition B. Malasimbo Festival - Traditional Philippine music is gaining - Started in 2011, known for blending music, arts, international recognition, with artists like "The and environmental advocacy. Organized by Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Volume Unit Entertainment and the D’Aboville Company" performing globally, showcasing Foundation. the beauty and complexity of these musical - Moved from Mount Malasimbo to White Beach, traditions. Puerto Galera. - The festival features jazz, soul, and world Pop Music: From OPM Classics to Modern Hit music, with artists like Robert Glasper, Jose A. OPM Classics Gonzalez, Jimmy Cliff, and Filipino talents - OPM Classic refers to the music from the 1970s Grace Nono and Joey Ayala. to the 1990s that laid the foundation for Filipino - Highlights visual and performing arts with popular music. This era features a rich blend of installations across the venue and traditional Filipino music, folk, rock, and early performances by local indigenous groups. pop influences. The themes often revolve - Draws diverse crowd, promotes sustainability around love, patriotism, societal issues, and and cultural heritage. everyday life, capturing the essence of Filipino culture and emotions. C. Rakrakan Festival B. Modern Pop Stars - First held in 2013 known for music festival that - Modern Pop Stars emerged from the early 2000s celebrate filipino rock. Organized by rakista to the present, representing a new wave of studio. Filipino musicians who blend traditional OPM - Typically held in Metro Manila, with venues sounds with contemporary pop, R&B, hip-hop, varying over the years. and electronic music. This era is characterized - Rakrakan features rock, metal, punk, and indie by highly produced tracks with polished, bands with over a hundred acts across multiple international influences. The themes reflect stages, including Slapshock, Parokya ni Edgar, modern relationships, personal growth, and the and Urbandub. complexities of contemporary life. - The festival includes elements of street art and C. Contemporary Hits skateboarding, creating a vibrant, urban festival - Contemporary Hits represent the most current atmosphere. music trends, typically from the past few years. - It draws rock fans nationwide, spotlighting both This category includes a diverse range of genres established and emerging bands, fostering such as pop, hip-hop, R&B, EDM, indie, and community and showcasing Filipino talent. alternative. The production techniques are cutting-edge, often influenced by global music trends. The themes are relevant to today’s  social, political, and personal issues, navigating through bamboo poles to the resonating strongly with the experiences of melodious sounds of kulintang and agung, today's youth. celebrating courtship and romance while reflecting Maranao resilience and cultural The Rise of Digital Platforms: Streaming and pride. Social Media C. Cariñosa A. Streaming Services - Originating from Panay Island and influenced - Spotify, Apple Music, and itunes Music have by Spanish colonial culture, features become major platforms for Filipino musicians, flirtatious movements and traditional attire providing global reach and revenue streams. like the "Maria Clara" dress and "Barong B. Social Media Impact Tagalog," symbolizing courtship and - Social media platforms like TikTok, youtube, reflecting the Philippines' history of cultural Instagram, and Facebook have become vital for blending. promotion, connecting artists with fans and fostering communities. 2. Modern Dance Groups C. Independent Release - The Philippines has a rich cultural heritage that - Digital platforms have empowered independent blends Asian, Spanish, American, and artists, allowing them to release music directly indigenous influences, which is reflected in its to audiences without relying on traditional vibrant dance scene. record labels. A. Ballet Philippines - Ballet Philippines (BP) is the leading B. PHILIPPINE DANCE professional classical and contemporary 1. Traditional Folk Dances dance institution of the Philippines. - Philippine folk dances are integral to the - It is the only dance company in the country country's cultural heritage, embodying a blend that is accredited by the Philippine Council of indigenous, Spanish, and other Asian for NGO Certification (PCNC), a testament influences. These dances serve various to its 50 years of service to the country’s art purposes: they celebrate religious events, mark and culture. significant life milestones, depict daily life - Through its constant, contemporary activities, and express social relationships. evolutions, Ballet Philippines stands out on Each dance carries unique movements, music, the international dance stage as one of the costumes, and narratives that reflect the few companies to successfully synthesize diversity and richness of Filipino culture. diverse dance and movement forms Characteristics of Philippine Folk Dances combined with a seamless integration of modern and traditional Filipino and global ▪ Movement and Choreography identities. ▪ Music and Instruments B. Philippine All Stars ▪ Costumes and Attire - Established in 2005, is a group renowned for its high-energy street dance routines that Specific Folk Dances blend traditional Filipino dance moves with hip-hop and contemporary dance styles. A. Tinikling - Performed in numerous international - Originating from the Visayan islands of Leyte, events, including the NBA Finals half-time is a traditional dance where performers show, the World Expo in Dubai, and various gracefully maneuver between rhythmically global festivals, spreading Filipino culture clapped bamboo poles, symbolizing the and joy around the world. tikling bird's agility and resilience, often showcased during celebrations and festivals. 3. Dance Competitions B. Singkil A. It’s Showtime’s Dance Kids - Originating from the Maranao people of Lake - A segment of the popular Filipino noontime Lanao in Mindanao, draws inspiration from variety show “It’s Showtime”. This the epic tale of Darangen. Dancers skillfully competition showcases talented young  dancers from across the Philippines. challenges provide a platform for dancers of Participants compete in various dance all skill levels to showcase their talent. styles. B. World of Dance Philippines C. PHILIPPINE CINEMA - Features dancers from all over the world 1. History of Philippine Cinema competing in various dance styles. 1897 - Early 1920s C. Hip Hop International Philippines - Film screenings debuted in the Philippines on - A global dance competition. It focuses on January 1, 1897, featuring shorts like "Un hip-hop and street dance styles, bringing Homme Au Chapeau" and "Une scene de together dance crews from around the danse Japonaise." These were showcased at world to compete for the title of world the Salon de Pertierra in Manila using a champion. Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector. That year, Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier, also 4. Current trends in Philippine Dance introduced the Lumiere Cinematograph in the A. Pinoy Hiphop country. - Pinoy Hip-Hop has grown in popularity, José Nepomuceno particularly among the youth. It is showcased - Known as the "Father of Philippine Cinema", in dance battles, competitions, and street released Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in performances across the Philippines. Dance 1919, marking the start of cinema as an art crews like the Philippine All-Stars have form in the Philippines. gained international recognition, bringing Pinoy Hip-Hop to a global audience. Transition to Talkies - The early 1930s saw the transition from silent B. Cheerdance films to talkies (sound films). The first Filipino - Cheerdance has become a significant part of talkie, Ang Aswang (The Aswang), was released Philippine sports culture, especially in in 1932. However, moviegoers attested to it not universities and high schools. The UAAP being a complete talkie film. Cheerdance Competition is a highly - On March 9, 1933, Jose Nepomuceno’s Punyal anticipated event, drawing large audiences na Guinto (Golden Dagger) premiered at the and intense competition among schools. Lyric Theater. Punyal na Guinto was credited as C. Festival Dances the first locally made film completely with - Festival dances are integral to Philippine sound or talkie. culture, drawing millions of participants and spectators each year. They are celebrated not Establishment of Major Studios only locally but also attract international - Several major film studios were established tourists. during this period, including LVN Pictures, Sampaguita Pictures, and Premiere D. K-POP Productions. These studios played a crucial - The influence of K-Pop has significantly role in the production and distribution of films, impacted the Philippine dance scene as K- contributing to the industry's growth and Pop dance covers have become a stability widespread phenomenon, particularly - The studio system became prominent, where among the youth. Dance studios, school actors, directors, and technicians were groups, and online communities regularly contracted exclusively to a studio. This model organize K-Pop dance cover competitions. facilitated the mass production of films and E. Viral Social Media Dance Moves helped cultivate stars who became household - Dance challenges on social media platforms names. like TikTok involve users performing short, choreographed routines to popular music as Genres and Themes dance challenges have become a major - The 1930s saw the exploration of various film trend, with millions of Filipinos participating genres, including drama, romance, comedy, and sharing their performances online. These and musicals. Films often reflected societal issues, cultural norms, and historical events,  providing entertainment while also production outfits. This era was commenting on contemporary life characterized by rampant commercialism - Many films during this period dealt with themes with James Bond and Western knockoffs, and of nationalism and identity, reflecting the in the latter 60s, the so-called bomba (soft country's struggle for independence from porn) pictures. American colonial rule. These films helped 1970 foster a sense of national pride and unity - In the early 1970s, propaganda films became among Filipinos rampant as the Marcos regime strove to retain control and power over the country. Notable Filmmakers Despite censorship and political repression, filmmakers used their craft to subtly critique A. Carmen Concha the regime and express dissent. - The first female director in the country, also ventured into filmmaking, and she directed 3. Contemporary Filipino Filmmakers Magkaisang Landas and Yaman ng Mahirap A. Filipino Directors in 1939 under Parlatone, and Pangarap in 1. Lav Diaz 1940 under LVN. - Born in 1958 - Renowned for earning prestigious B. Julian Manansala international film awards - The second producer to establish his film - Style: Black-and-white films with long, production since Jose Nepomuceno. He is slow-paced shots called the “Father of Philippine Nationalist - Themes: Social and political issues in Films”. His film Patria Amor (Beloved the Philippines Country) was almost suppressed because - Silver Bear Alfred Bauer Prize at Berlinale of its anti-Spanish sentiments. for "Hele sa Hiwagang Hapis" - Golden Lion at Venice for "Ang Babaeng Postwar Recovery and Themes Humayo" - Many films produced in the late 1940s dealt - Golden Leopard at Locarno for "Mula sa with themes related to the war, including the Kung Ano ang Noon" struggle against Japanese occupation, the heroism of guerrilla fighters, and the aftermath 2. Jerrold Tarog of war. These films served both as a form of - Born in 1977 catharsis for the Filipino people and to - Renowned for being a multi-talented document and reflect upon recent history. Filipino filmmaker, composer, writer, and - The late 1940s also saw the emergence of editor. social realism in Philippine cinema. - Style: Blending various genres and Filmmakers began addressing social issues innovative storytelling techniques such as poverty, inequality, and the struggles of - Themes: History, identity, socio-political ordinary Filipinos. This was partly influenced issues, and human psychology. He is by the desire to rebuild society and address the known for his critical take on Filipino disparities highlighted by the war. society and history. - Best Director and Best Film awards from 2. Golden Age of Philippine Cinema various local award-giving bodies for 1950 "Heneral Luna" and its sequel "Goyo: Ang - Regarded as the first golden age of Philippine Batang Heneral" (2018) cinema, major Philippine productions - Recognition from international film studios produced a slew of artistic and festivals for his work as a composer and notable films in the 1950s, some of which filmmaker. have been internationally acclaimed. 1960 B. Filipino Actors - Filmmaking through monopolized studio 1. Piolo Pascual systems saw its end during the 60s as the era - Born in 1977 gave way to new and independent film  - Renowned for being a a highly acclaimed - (FAMAS) and the Metro Manila Film Filipino actor, singer, model, and Festival (MMFF). producer. - Style: Capable of handling both dramatic 2. Vilma Santos and romantic roles with depth and - Born in 1953 charisma. - Renowned as a highly respected Filipina - Themes: Love, identity, family, and actress, producer, and politician. She is societal issues. often referred to as the "Star for All - Best Actor awards from various local Seasons" for her versatility and longevity in award-giving bodies. Philippine cinema. - International recognition for his roles in - Style: Naturalistic acting style, capable of Lav Diaz's portraying a wide range of characters with - films. depth and authenticity. - Box office awards for his mainstream - Themes: Love, family dynamics, social romantic films. issues, and personal growth. - Recognition for his contributions to - Multiple Best Actress awards from Philippine cinema as a producer. prestigious award-giving bodies such as the FAMAS and the Gawad Urian Awards. - The FAMAS Lifetime Achievement Award in 1989, recognizing her outstanding 2. John Lloyd Cruz contributions to Philippine cinema. - Born in 1983 - Renowned for his work as an actor in 4. Film Festivals Philippine cinema and television, known for his versatility and depth in both Cultural Significance of Film Festivals in the dramatic and romantic roles. Philippines - Style: Naturalistic acting style, which allows him to portray a wide range of - Serve as platforms for filmmakers to showcase characters with authenticity and their work. emotional depth. - These events celebrate Philippine culture, - Themes: Love, identity, family, and history, and identity. societal issues. - Multiple Best Actor awards from the Film Festivals in the Philippines Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and 1. Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) Sciences Awards (FAMAS) and the Gawad - One of the oldest and most prestigious film Urian Awards. festivals in the Philippines. - Recognition as one of the Philippines' - Held annually from December 25th until most talented and versatile actors. January 7th of the following year. - Antonio J. Villegas, the late mayor of Metro C. Filipina Actresses Manila, inaugurated the “Manila Tagalog Film 1. Marian Rivera Festival” in 1966. - Born in 1984 - The Gabi ng Parangal serves as the awarding - Renowned as a Filipina actress, model, ceremony for participating films in the Metro and television personality, known for her Manila Film Festival. beauty, talent, and presence in Philippine - Several awards includes Best Picture, Best entertainment. Director, Best Actor/Actress, Best - Style: Versatility in acting, often portraying Cinematography. roles that blend drama, comedy, and romance. 2. Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film - Themes: Love, relationships, and comedy. Festival - Multiple Best Actress awards from the - Supports Filipino filmmakers by providing Filipino financial grants to produce up to ten full-length - Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences feature films. Awards  - Entries are featured at the Cultural Center of people laugh, and changing trends that influence the Philippines (CCP) every August, competing public opinion. for the Balanghai Award. 1. Television Shows - Aims to strengthen the presence of Filipino - Philippine Television shows stand out as a independent films in foreign festivals and unique and captivating realm, offering a rich competitions, encouraging Filipino filmmakers tapestry of entertainment that reflects the to participate in the international film circuit. heart and soul of the Philippines. - The festival includes a variety of film-related events such as book launches, talkbacks with A. Soap Operas (Teleseryes) filmmakers, and "Cinemalaya Conversations," - Teleseryes are aired in prime-time five days a week, and often replays during 3. QCinema International Film Festival weekends. - Created in 2013 by the Quezon City Film - They attract a broad audience which Development Foundation (QCFDC), a Quezon crosses age and gender lines, and they City governmental commission that supported command the highest advertising rates the city's filmmakers. in Philippine television. - This annual film festival is designed to serve as Maria Clara the lens which the public will get to appreciate Darna the active role of Quezon City in Philippine filmmaking. B. Variety Shows - Variety shows are composed of many 4. Pista ng Pelikulang Pilipino portions (from the name itself, variety) - A nationwide week-long celebration of Filipino such as musical, comedy and dance cinema. performances and is normally - The festival is organized by the Film introduced by a host; entertainment at Development Council of the Philippines its fullest is their main goal. (FDCP) in partnership with the theaters and - Filipino variety shows are usually aired in public and private partners. the afternoons. - The Main Competition features 8 Full Feature - Sounds that will make you dance-to-the- films and the Short Film Competition (Sine beat, colorful set design and lights, Kabataan) 8 films. games that entices the audience and lots of surprises. Eat Bulaga 5. Current trends in Philippine Cinema It’s Showtime A. The Boom of Streaming Platforms - Increased Accessibility C. Talk Shows - New avenues for filmmakers - Philippine talk shows are a dynamic B. Rise of Independent Films and Young reflection of the country's vibrant Filmmakers television landscape, blending - Boundary-pushing storytelling entertainment, celebrity culture, and - Recognition and Awards social commentary into engaging C. International Market Valuation broadcasts. - Quality and Consistency - These shows typically feature - Global Showcasing charismatic hosts who skillfully navigate D. Challenges and Future Prospects between light-hearted banter and - Pandemic Impact serious discussions, creating an - Government Support inclusive atmosphere that appeals to a - New Golden Age wide audience. - They often include segments such as D. PHILIPPINE ENTERTAINMENT celebrity interviews, where stars share Philippine entertainment is a colorful tapestry personal stories and promote their latest composed up of popular television dramas, an off- screen celebrity culture, amusing shows that make  projects, alongside games and musical performances that add a festive flair. C. Social Media Influencers Gandang Gabi Vice (GGV) - Social media influencers are a new The Buzz breed of celebrities brought about by the growth of digital platforms. D. Reality Shows - These people, who range from bloggers - Philippine reality shows are popular TV to YouTube celebrities, have enormous programs that feature contestants facing fan bases because of their interesting challenges or living together in unique content, which frequently focuses on settings. personal experiences, fashion, beauty, - These shows follow participants as they and lifestyle. compete for prizes or aim to achieve Anne Curtis personal goals, showcasing their Heart Evangelista journeys and relationships. Catriona Gray - They offer a mix of drama, Vicki Belo, M.D. entertainment, and personal stories that capture the audience's interest. Impact on Society 2. Celebrity Culture Celebrities in the Philippines have not only A. Actors and Actresses entertained but also significantly influenced - Celebrities from this industry are not various aspects of society, from fashion and only honored for their roles; they are also language to mental health advocacy and honored for their public personas, economic contributions. private lives, and charitable contributions. - These individuals have a profound effect 3. Comedy and Stand-Up on language, fashion, and even political A. Old-School Filipino Comedians discourse. - The Pre-Millennial Generation in the Ai-Ai delas Alas Philippines marked a significant era in Alex Gonzaga the development of comedy, Coco Martin characterized by its deep roots in Ding Dong Dantes tradition, its adaptation of foreign Enrique Gil influences, and its role as a mirror Kathryn Bernardo reflecting the nation's joys, struggles, Kris Aquino and aspirations. - This period laid the groundwork for the B. Singers subsequent generations of Filipino - These musicians, who are well-known comedians, who continue to draw for their upbeat songs and moving inspiration from the rich tapestry of ballads, are essential in forming the comedic traditions and innovations that musical landscape of the nation. preceded them. - Their songs are essential to Filipino Dolphy celebrations, ranging from graduations Rene Requiestas to birthdays, as they function as Babalu anthems for different life stages and Richie D’Horsie emotions. Redford White Lea Salonga Regine Velasquez B. Millennial Generation Comedians Sarah Geronimo - The comedy of the Millennial Generation Gary Valenciano in the Philippines represents a dynamic Martin Nievera and interconnected era, where digital Charice Pempengco technologies, globalization, and societal KZ Tandingan  shifts significantly influenced the talent and creativity to reach a wide creation and consumption of comedy. audience. - This period saw the rise of digitally savvy comedians who leveraged social media B. Live Streaming and Interactive Content to engage with audiences, blend global - Beyond mere consumption, live streaming and local humor, and promote social encourages interaction, fosters consciousness through their work. community building, and provides a Michael V. platform for live selling. Vice Ganda - This interactive format is leveraged by Pokwang brands and creators to engage with their John Lapus audience in real-time, enhancing the Ruffa Mae Quinto sense of community and trust. Eugene Domingo C. Korean Wave Influence - The Korean Wave, or Hallyu, has had a C. Social Media Generation Comedians substantial impact on Philippine pop - The emergence of Social Media culture. Generation Comedians in the - Korean dramas, music (K-pop), and Philippines from 2015 onwards marks a movies have captivated Filipino significant shift in the entertainment audiences, leading to a surge in interest in industry, driven by the rapid growth of Korean fashion, food, and language digital platforms and social media. learning. - This generation of comedians has - This trend highlights the global nature of capitalized on the accessibility and pop culture and its ability to transcend immediacy of these platforms to create, borders. share, and distribute comedic content directly to their audience, bypassing D. Music Streaming and Indie Artists traditional media gatekeepers. - The music industry has seen a shift Alex Gonzaga towards digital platforms, with streaming Cong TV services like Spotify becoming the primary Davao Conyo way Filipinos consume music. Esnyr - This trend has also paved the way for indie Sassa Gurl artists to gain recognition, offering a Fonz platform for diverse musical styles and 4. Current trends in Philippine Entertainment voices outside the mainstream. From traditional forms of storytelling like theater E. Reality Television and Talent Shows and literature to modern platforms such as - Reality TV and talent shows remain television, film, and digital media, Philippine popular, with programs like "Pinoy Big Entertainment has consistently evolved to reflect Brother" and "The Voice Philippines" its audience's changing tastes and aspirations. attracting large audiences. - These shows not only entertain but also A. Digital Content Creation serve as platforms for discovering new - With the rise of social media platforms, talents, influencing trends in music, digital content creation has become a fashion, and lifestyle. significant trend. - Influencers, vloggers, and online E. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE personalities have gained massive followings, influencing fashion, lifestyle, Philippine literature refers to the body of literary and consumer behavior. works produced by Filipino authors, whether in the - Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Philippines or abroad, encompassing various genres, Instagram have democratized forms, and languages. It reflects the country's rich entertainment, allowing anyone with cultural diversity, historical experiences, and social issues, spanning from pre-colonial times to the - Novels are long, fictional narratives that present day. explore complex characters, intricate plots, and various themes. They are written in prose 1. History of Philippine Literature and are distinguished by their length, depth, A. Pre-colonial Period (before 1521) and ability to delve into the inner lives of - Oral traditions, including myths, legends, characters and the broader social, cultural, fables, and folk songs, were the primary and historical contexts in which they live. forms of literature. These were passed down C. Short Stories through generations and reflected the - Short stories are brief fictional narratives that beliefs, customs, and traditions of various focus on a specific incident or series of linked ethnic groups. events, featuring a limited number of B. Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898) characters and aiming to create a single - The arrival of the Spanish in 1521 marked a effect or impression. Unlike novels, short significant change. Literature during this stories are concise, often emphasizing the period was heavily influenced by Spanish economy of language and a tight, focused culture and religion. Notable works included plot. religious prose and poetry, as well as literary D. Poetry forms such as the pasyon, a narrative poem - Poetry is a form of literary expression that about the passion of Christ. emphasizes the aesthetic and rhythmic C. American Colonial Period (1898-1946) qualities of language to evoke emotions, - The American occupation introduced the convey ideas, and create vivid imagery. English language and American literary Unlike prose, poetry often relies on meter, forms. This period saw the rise of Filipino rhyme, and various stylistic devices such as writers who wrote in English, such as Jose metaphor, simile, and alliteration to enhance Garcia Villa and Nick Joaquin. It also fostered its meaning and impact. the development of modern short stories, E. Legends essays, and novels. - Legends are traditional stories or groups of D. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) stories told about a particular person or - During World War II, literature took on themes place. Often rooted in historical events, of nationalism and resistance. Writing in legends typically involve a mix of fact and English was discouraged and works in fiction, with an emphasis on the Tagalog and other native languages extraordinary or supernatural. flourished. Themes of survival, heroism, and patriotism were prevalent. How does Philippine Literature contribute to E. Postwar and Contemporary Period (1946- Popular Culture? present) - After gaining independence, Philippine - It has provided a platform for Filipino writers to literature continued to evolve. Writers express their ideas, emotions, and experiences, explored various themes, including social which in turn have resonated with the masses issues, identity, and the Filipino experience. and influenced various aspects of pop culture The diversity of languages (Filipino, English, including music, film, fashion, and television. and regional languages) remained a significant feature of the literary landscape. 3. Contemporary Filipino Writers 1. Prominent Writers in English 2. Philippine Literary Classics 1. Miguel Syjuco A. Epics - Syjuco's debut novel, "Ilustrado" (2008), - Are long narrative poems or stories that garnered international acclaim, winning recount heroic deeds, adventures, and the prestigious Man Asian Literary Prize. significant events of legendary or historical The novel's innovative structure and figures. These epics are passed down through exploration of Filipino identity resonated generations by word of mouth before being with readers worldwide. transcribed into written form. B. Novels  2. Merlinda Bobis "ABNKKBSNPLAko?!" and "Bakit Baliktad - Bobis is a multi-awarded writer whose Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino?" have works span poetry, fiction, and plays. Her captured the hearts of Filipino readers. writing often explores themes of diaspora, cultural identity, and the female 3. Themes and Styles experience. She has received numerous Identity: Many writers explore the awards, including the Philippine National complexities of Filipino identity, particularly in Book Award and the Christina Stead Prize the context of globalization and diaspora. for Fiction. 3. Gina Apostol History and Politics: Several writers delve - Apostol's novels, such as "Gun Dealers' into Philippine history and politics, Daughter" (2012) and "Insurrecto" (2018), challenging readers to confront difficult truths delve into the complexities of Philippine about the country's past and present. history and politics. Her works challenge Social Issues: Many works tackle pressing readers to confront difficult truths about social issues such as poverty, inequality, and the country's past and present. gender discrimination. 4. Elaine Castillo - Castillo's debut novel, "America Is Not the Family and Relationships: Some writers Heart" (2018), tells the story of a young explore the dynamics of family and Filipina immigrant in the United States. relationships in Filipino society. The novel's raw and honest portrayal of the immigrant experience resonated with readers and critics alike. 4. Literary Festivals Significance of Literary Festivals 2. Prominent Writers in Filipino 1. Carla M. Pacis Promotion of Literature - Pacis is a celebrated fictionist known for Educational Opportunities her short stories and novels. Her works Cultural Exchange and Community Building often explore themes of family, Networking and Professional Growth relationships, and social issues. She has received numerous awards, including the Literacy Festivals Palanca Awards and the National Book Award. 1. Manila International Literary Festival (MILF) 2. Edgar Calabia Samar - Organized by the National Book Development - Samar is a prolific writer whose works Board (NBDB), this festival features local and include poetry, fiction, and essays. His international authors, panel discussions, book writing often tackles social injustices and launches, and literary workshops. It aims to political issues. He is a recipient of the promote Filipino literature and encourage Palanca Awards and the National Book reading among Filipinos. Award. 2. Philippine International Literary Festival 3. Lualhati Bautista (MILF) - Bautista is a renowned novelist and - Also organized by the NBDB, the PILF is another screenwriter known for her socially major event that brings together authors, conscious works. Her novels, such as publishers, and readers. The festival includes "Dekada '70" and "Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka lectures, book signings, and discussions on Ginawa?" have become classics in various literary topics. Philippine literature. 4. Bob Ong 3. Iloilo Mega Book Fair - Ong is a popular anonymous author - Held in Iloilo City, this event includes book known for his humorous and satirical sales, storytelling sessions, writing workshops, works. His books, such as and author meet-and-greets. It aims to promote  a love for reading and writing among the local - E-Literature and Digital Publishing: E-books, community. online magazines, multimedia elements. - Graphic Novels and Comics: Growing 4. Mindanao Book Festival popularity and visual storytelling. - This festival is held in various locations across D. Globalization and Cross-cultural change Mindanao and features a wide range of - International Influences: Mixing local and activities including book fairs, author talks, and global themes. literary performances. It seeks to highlight the - Translation and Localization: Efforts to literary talents of Mindanaoan writers. translate Filipino literature and inspiration from foreign literature. 5. Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (UWRF) - Philippine Edition VI. RELATIONSHIP OF POPULAR CULTURE WITH - Though originally based in Ubud, Bali, this OTHER SCIENCES festival sometimes holds events in the Philippines. It brings together writers, artists, A. Popular Culture and Politics and readers from around the world for a series - Popular culture provides a mirror through of literary and cultural events. which we can gauge societal attitudes, concerns and aspirations often serving as a 6. Cebu Literary Festival catalyst for political discourse and change. - Held in Cebu City, this festival includes book - Music as political expression fairs, poetry readings, writing workshops, and - Film as political commentary panel discussions. It celebrates Cebuano and - Television as a political platform Filipino literature and provides a platform for - Helps shape collective identities and political local writers to showcase their work. values. 7. Pasinaya Open House Festival B. Popular Culture and Media - Organized by the Cultural Center of the - Media is the channel in which popular culture Philippines (CCP), Pasinaya is a multi-arts is consumed. festival that includes literary events such as - Media is not only an observer but an active poetry readings, storytelling sessions, and book participant in shaping, reflecting the popular fairs. It aims to make art and literature culture. accessible to a wider audience. - These trends in popular culture influences how people think, eat, listen, drink etc. 8. San Pablo City Literary Arts Festival - This festival features a variety of literary C. Popular Culture and Economics activities, including book launches, poetry - Popular culture shapes consumer readings, and writing contests. It promotes the preferences, brand choices, and consumption literary arts within the local community and patterns through media, celebrities, and provides opportunities for budding writers to influencers, driving demand for specific showcase their talents. products and trends. - The music, film, fashion, and gaming industries 5. Current trends in Philippine Literature significantly contribute to national and global A. Diversification of themes economies through sales, streaming, live - Social Issues: Climate change, gender events, merchandise, and job creation. equality, mental health, technology. - Festivals, conventions, and tourism related to - Cultural Identity and Heritage: Indigenous popular culture generate substantial revenue stories, Spanish colonization. for local economies, create temporary and B. Inclusion and Representation permanent jobs, and boost related sectors - Diverse Voices: LGBTQ+ and disabled such as hospitality and retail. representation. - Brands leverage popular culture to enhance - Historical Reimagining: New perspectives on their market presence by collaborating with historical events and figures. cultural icons and integrating into media, C. Digital and Multimedia Integration  leading to increased consumer loyalty and - There can be a lack of support and resources sales. from both government and private sectors to - Popular culture attractions and events drive promote and protect indigenous heritage. tourism, which can lead to sustained economic benefits for regions by attracting C. GENDER visitors, increasing spending, and promoting 1. Portrayal of Women local culture. - Women in Philippine media and advertising are often depicted in ways that emphasize physical appearance and sexual attractiveness, leading VII. ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE to their objectification. This portrayal can A. RACE undermine women's value and contributions 1. Colorism in Philippine Media beyond their looks. - In Philippine popular culture, lighter skin tones - Media representations frequently reinforce are often more prominently featured in media, traditional gender roles, depicting women such as television, movies, and primarily as caregivers, homemakers, or in advertisements. This preference perpetuates submissive roles. This perpetuates stereotypes the notion that lighter skin is more desirable, and limits the perception of women's marginalizing those with darker complexions. capabilities and aspirations. - The preference for lighter skin in media can negatively impact the self-esteem of individuals 2. LGBTQ+ Representation with darker skin tones. Constant exposure to - LGBTQ+ characters and themes are becoming these beauty ideals can lead to feelings of more prominent in Philippine films, television inferiority, reduced self-worth, and internalized shows, and music. This increased visibility colorism, affecting mental health and social helps in normalizing LGBTQ+ identities and interactions. experiences, contributing to greater awareness and understanding. 2. Racial Stereotyping - Some media productions are making strides in - The use of racial stereotypes in popular culture portraying LGBTQ+ individuals more can hinder intercultural understanding by authentically and respectfully, moving away promoting inaccurate and biased from stereotypical or comedic depictions. This representations of different races and ethnic progress reflects a growing acceptance and groups. This can lead to misunderstandings, recognition of LGBTQ+ rights and identities in prejudice, and a lack of appreciation for cultural society. diversity among audiences. - Despite advancements, challenges remain in - Stereotypical portrayals can perpetuate social achieving full inclusivity. Stereotypical divisions and reinforce existing prejudices, portrayals and discriminatory attitudes persist affecting social harmony. By normalizing in some media, and LGBTQ+ individuals often discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, these face backlash and prejudice. Continued efforts portrayals can contribute to a culture of are needed to promote diverse and positive exclusion and inequality, undermining efforts to representations and foster a more inclusive promote inclusivity and mutual respect in cultural landscape. society. D. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM B. ETHNICITY 1. Western Influence in Philippine Popular 1. Indigenous Representation Culture - Modernization and globalization pose - Western music, fashion, and media have a significant challenges to the preservation of significant presence in the Philippines, often indigenous cultural heritage. Younger overshadowing local cultural products. This generations may be less inclined to learn and dominance can lead to the widespread continue traditional practices, leading to the adoption of Western lifestyles and values, erosion of cultural knowledge. sometimes at the expense of traditional Filipino customs and practices.  - The pervasive influence of Western culture contributes to cultural homogenization, where global cultural products and practices become more standardized, reducing the distinctiveness of local cultures. This can dilute the unique aspects of Philippine cultural identity and heritage. - While Western influence brings new ideas and diversity, it also creates tensions regarding cultural preservation. There is a growing movement to balance global influences with efforts to promote and protect local traditions, arts, and languages. Initiatives such as promoting Filipino artists, supporting local fashion designers, and creating media that highlight Philippine culture are crucial in maintaining cultural identity amidst global influences. E. CENSORSHIP 1. Media Regulation - The Philippine media is subject to various forms of censorship and content restrictions, including film ratings and moral guidelines set by regulatory bodies. These regulations aim to protect societal morals and prevent the dissemination of content deemed inappropriate, but they can also limit the range of topics and perspectives that artists and creators can explore. 2. Online Censorship and Digital Media - The rise of digital media platforms has led to increased concerns about online censorship and the spread of fake news. Efforts to regulate content can sometimes result in the suppression of legitimate discourse and dissenting opinions, complicating the balance between maintaining accurate information and preserving free speech.