PP2-Midterms-Reviewer PDF

ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES rights and obligations of both the Architect and the client. From the UIA Accord:  The SPP replaced the 1979 UAP  Architects, whether self-employed or...

ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES rights and obligations of both the Architect and the client. From the UIA Accord:  The SPP replaced the 1979 UAP  Architects, whether self-employed or Documents 201 through 210. employees are generally controlled by a 1. SPP 201: Pre-Design Services regulating body in charge of ensuring that 2. SPP 202: Regular Design Services laws, decrees, and professional standards 3. SPP 203: Specialized Architectural are applied and observed by all members of Services the profession. 4. SPP 204a: Full-Time Supervision  In many countries, professional bodies have Services also been established for the advancement 5. SPP 204b: Construction Management of architecture, for the promotion of Services knowledge, and to protect the public interest 6. SPP 205: Post Construction Services by ensuring that their members perform to a 7. SPP 206: Comprehensive Architectural known standard. Services  Before defining what an architect’s 8. SPP 207: Design-Build Services professional body should be it is necessary 9. SPP 208: Architectural Design to recall the context of globalization and the Competition guiding principles of the General Agreement 10. SPP 209: Professional Architectural on Trade Services (GATS). The fundamental Consulting Services objectives of GATS are the same as those of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) PROFESSIONAL ETHICS objectives for goods - to ensure the balance of world trade through the liberalization of Professional responsibility is the area of practice markets and to build the process of that encompasses the duties of architects to act liberalization on solid foundations. in a professional manner, obey the law, avoid conflicts of interest, and put the interests of PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF clients ahead of their own interests. ARCHITECTURE From the UIA Accord: Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for  A code of ethics and conduct establishes a architects in the Philippines is a requirement for professional standard of behavior that the renewal of the Professional Identification guides architects in the conduct of their Card (PIC) by the Professional Regulation practices. Architects should observe and Commission (PRC). follow the code of ethics and conduct for each jurisdiction in which they practice. INTEGRATED & ACCREDITED  Rules of ethics and conduct have as their PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION OF primary object the protection of the public, ARCHITECTS caring for the less powerful and the general social welfare, as well as the advancement RA 9266 mandated the integration of the of the interests of the profession of architecture profession into one national architecture. organization. When RA 9266 took effect in  I shall work with this general objective – that 2004, the United Architects of the Philippines my duty is not only to myself, but also to my (UAP) was the existing duly accredited Country and God. organization & remains so until today.  I shall uphold the ideals and follow the norms of conduct of a noble profession and PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF endlessly endeavour to further its just end. ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES  I shall humbly seek success not through the measure of solicited personal publicity, but  RA 9266 Section 41 mandated the adoption by industrious application to my work, strive & promulgation of Standards of Professional to merit a reputation for quality of service and Practice (SPP). for fair dealing.  The SPP is a document that defines all  I shall ask from all, fair remuneration for my aspects of professional service, prescribes services while expecting and asking no minimum basic fees, and establishes the profits from any other source.  I shall hold the interest of my Client over and 1. The architect’s responsibilities in relation above any self-interest for financial returns. to the people  I shall exercise my professional prerogatives − The Architect is engaged in a profession always with impartiality and which carries with it civic responsibilities disinterestedness. towards the public, whether such  I shall avoid any private business responsibilities are the natural outcome investments or venture which may tend to of good citizenship or of his professional influence my professional judgment to the pursuit or whether they partake of detriment of the trust placed upon me. informative and educational matters or of  I shall inspire by my behaviour the loyalty of his normal, good public relations. my associates and subordinates and take upon me the mentorship of aspirants to the a. Civic and Urban Responsibility – The profession. Architect shall seek opportunities to be  I shall confine my criticisms and praises of constructive service in civic and urban within constructive and inspirational limits affairs and to the best of his ability and never resort to these means to further advance the safety, health and well- malicious motives. being of the people and the community  I shall dedicate myself to the pursuit of as well as the promotion, restoration or creative endeavour towards the goal of preservation of the general amenities enlightened Art and Science, generously and examples of historic and sharing with colleagues, friends and architectural heritage of the nation. strangers alike the benefits of my experience b. Promote the Profession – The and experiments. Architect shall promote the interest of his professional organization and do his CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT full part of the work to enhance the objectives and services of the The professional of Architecture calls for men of organization. He should share in the the highest integrity, judgment, business interchange of technical information and capacity and artistic and technical ability. experience with the other design professions and the building industry. An Architect’s honesty of purpose must be c. Follow the Law and Ethical Standards above suspicion; he acts as professional – The Architect as a good citizen shall adviser to his client and his advice must be abide and observe the laws and unprejudiced; he is charged with the exercise of regulations of the government and judicial functions as between client and comply with the standards of ethical contractor and must act with entire impartiality; conduct and practice of the profession in he has moral responsibilities to his professional the Philippines. He shall at no time act associates and subordinates; and he is in a manner detrimental to the best engaged in a profession which carries with it interest of the profession. grave responsibilities to the public. d. Avoid Paid Self-Promotion – The Architect shall not use paid These duties and responsibilities cannot be advertisement nor use self-laudatory, properly discharged unless his motives, exaggerated or misleading, publicity. conduct, sense of moral values and ability are However, the presentation of factual such as to command respect and confidence. materials, verbal or visual of the aims, standards and progress of the In order to promote the highest standards of profession through literature or by ethical conduct in the practice of Architecture, industrious application of his work and the United Architects of the Philippines, with the services which tend to dignify the approval of the Board of Architecture and the professional or advance public Professional Regulation Commission, has knowledge of the Architect’s function in codified and formulated the following principles society may be presented through any for adoption and compliance of the Architect. public communication media. e. No Solicitation for Publication Costs 5 PRINCIPLES OF CODE OF ETHICAL – The Architect shall not solicit nor CONDUCT: permit to solicit in his name, advertisements or other support towards the cost of any publication presenting  his work. He should refrain from taking being of the public and the community as part in paid advertisement endorsing a whole and to endeavour to meet the any materials of construction or building aesthetic and functional requirements of equipment. the project commensurate with the f. Truthful Advertising – The Architect Client’s appropriation. shall not mislead the public through f. Fair Professional Fees – The Architect advertisements, signs or printed matter shall charge his Client for services citing his professional specializations rendered, professional fee unless such qualifications are well commensurate with the work involved known facts or sanctioned by and with his professional standing and professional consensus and years of experience based upon the Basic experience. Minimum Fee prescribed under the “Standards of Professional Practice” of 2. The architect’s responsibilities in relation the “Architect’s National Code”. to his client g. No Fixed-Price Construction − The Architect’ s relation to his client is Contracts – The Architect shall not dependent upon good faith. To insure the undertake, under a fixed contract sum continued existence of such state of good agreement, the construction of any relationship, the Architect’s position project based on plans prepared by him. carries with it certain moral obligations to He may in certain cases, undertake the his Client and to himself. construction of a project even when the plans were prepared by him provided it is a. Introducing Services Professionally – undertaken in conformity with the The Architect may introduce to a condition set forth under sections prospective Client the professional covering “Constructing Services”, services he is able to perform provided it “Comprehensive Services” or “Design- is limited to presentation of examples of Build Services” of the document on his professional experience and does not “STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL entail the offering of free preliminary PRACTICE”. sketches or other services without the h. Compensation Solely from Clients - benefit of an agreement with the Client The Architect shall be compensated for for legitimate compensation. his services solely through his b. Clear Scope and Fees – The Architect professional fee charged directly to the shall acquaint or ascertain from the Client Client. He shall not accept nor ask for any at the very inception of their business other returns in whatever form from any relationship, the exact nature and scope interested source other than the Client. of his services and the corresponding i. Transparency in Financial Interests - professional charges. The Architect shall be free in his c. Advising on Project Feasibility – The investments and business relations Architect shall advice a Client against outside of his professional from any proceeding with any project whose financial or personal interests which tend practicability may be questionable due to to weaken and discredit his standing as financial legal or arresting or exigent an unprejudiced and honest adviser, free conditions, even if such advice may to act in his Client’s best interests. If the mean the loss of a prospective Architect has any business interest which commission to the Architect. will relate to, or affect the interest of his d. Honesty in Cost Estimates – The Client, he should inform his Client of such Architect shall explain the conditional condition or situation. character of estimates other than j. Arbitration in Agreements – The estimates submitted in the form of actual Architect shall include in his agreement proposals by contractors and in no case with the Client a clause providing for shall be guarantee any estimates or cost arbitration as a method for settlement of of the work in order to secure a disputes. commission. k. Timely Professional Work – shall carry e. Balancing Client and Public Interests out his/her professional work without – The Architect shall consider the needs undue delay and within an agreed and stipulation of his Client and the reasonable time limit. effects of his work upon the life and well-  l. Ongoing Client Communication – shall supply and handle building materials or keep the Client informed at all times of equipment is necessary and therefore the progress of the work undertaken on encouraged and commended. the Client's behalf and of any issue that may affect project quality and cost. a. Avoiding Compromised Technical Services – The Architect shall not avail 3. The architect’s responsibilities in relation or make use of engineering of other to the contractor technical services offered by the − The Contractor depends upon the manufacturer, or suppliers of building Architect to safeguard fairly his interests materials or equipment which may be as well as those of the client. accompanied by an obligation a. Clarity in Contract Documents – The detrimental the best interest of the Client Architect shall give the Contractor every or which may adversely affect the reasonable and to enable him to fully Architect’s professional opinion. understand the contents of the Contract b. No Acceptance of Gifts or Documents by furnishing clear, definite Commissions – The Architect shall not and consistent information in all pertinent at any time receive commissions, contract documents to avoid discounts, fees, gifts or favours from unnecessary mistakes that may involve agents or firms handling building extra costs to the Contractor. materials or equipment which may place b. Fairness in Correcting Errors – The him in a reciprocal frame of mind. He may Architect shall not knowingly call upon however, accept market discounts which the contractor to correct or remedy shall be credited to the Client. oversights or error in the Contract Documents to the Contractor’s financial 5. The architect’s responsibilities in relation disadvantage. to his colleagues and subordinates c. Immediate Rejection of − The Architect has moral responsibilities Nonconforming Work – The Architect towards his profession, hi colleagues and shall immediately upon his personal his subordinates. The Architect has knowledge and inspection, reject or moral responsibilities towards his condemn materials, equipment or profession, his colleagues and his workmanship which are not in conformity subordinates. with the Contract Documents in order not to cause unnecessary delay and a. Professional Service Agreement – The additional expense of the Contractor. Architect shall not render professional d. No Acceptance of Favors or Gifts – services without a professional service The Architect shall not, et any time or agreement. He/she shall neither offer nor circumstance, accept free engineering provide preliminary services on a services, or receive any substantial aid, conditional basis prior to definite gifts, commissions, or favours from any agreement with the Client for the Contractor or sub-contractor which will commission of the project. tend to place him under any kind of moral b. Adherence to Minimum Fees – The obligation. Architect shall abide by the Basic e. Timely Inspection and Payment Minimum Fee prescribed under the Certification – The Architect shall upon "Standards of Professional Practice". request by the Contractor promptly He/she shall not use donation of inspect each phase of the work professional services as a device for completed and if found according to the obtaining competitive advantage except terms of the Contractor Documents issue for worthy civic or religious projects. the corresponding Certificates of Neither shall he/she submit solicited or Payment and the Final Certificate of unsolicited sketches or drawings in Completion, respectively, to the competition with other Architects unless Contractor. such competitive arrangements are 4. The architect’s responsibilities in the conducted substantially under the terms relation to manufacturers, dealers, and of me Architectural Competition Code. agents c. The Architect shall not, in any case, enter − An exchange of technical information as competitor in any Architectural between Architects and those who Competition when he/she has direct  involvement in the formulation of the himself/herself or the architectural Program thereof, or when he/she has profession. been engaged to act as Professional i. Supervision of Work - The Architect Adviser or Juror for such competition. shall not affix his/her signature and seal Neither shall the Architect accept and act to any plans or professional documents as professional adviser or juror in any prepared by other persons or entities and architectural competition when he/she not done under his/her direct personal has had any information or has reviewed supervision. or assisted in the preparation of such j. Support for Employees – The Architect competition. Nor shall be retained as a shall provide employees and professional adviser in a competition, subordinates with a suitable work accept employment as an Architect for environment, compensate them fairly, the competition project, except as and facilitate their professional Consulting Architect. advancement. He/she shall tutor and d. The Architect shall not, under any mentor the young aspirants towards the circumstances or through any means, ideals, functions, duties, and solicit any project already known to responsibilities leading to the ethical him/her as previously committed to practice of the architectural profession. another Architect, whether such a k. Sharing Knowledge – The Architect commitment is still in the process of shall unselfishly give his/her share in the negotiation or has already been definitely transfer of technical knowledge and agreed upon. experience to his/her colleagues and e. Notification of Prior Employment – young aspirants and do his/her part in The Architect shall not undertake a fostering unity in the furtherance of the commission for which he/she knows that profession. another Architect has been previously l. Commitment to Professional employed unless he/she notifies me Organizations – shall unselfishly give other Architect of the fact in writing and his/her time and effort to the has conclusively determined that the advancement of the profession thru original employment has been his/her active and personal commitment terminated and duly compensated for. and involvement with the Integrated and f. Notification for Renovation Projects – Accredited Professional Organization of The Architect shall not undertake a Architects (IAPOA) and in undertaking commission for additions, rehabilitation, specific advocacy work to ultimately or remodeling of any erected structure benefit the architectural profession. undertaken previously by another m. Efficient Practice Management – The Architect without duly notifying him of the Architect shall ensure that the conduct of contemplated project even when the his/her professional practice abides by Client/Owner is no longer the same. appropriate and effective internal When the greater mass, area, or design procedures, including monitoring and of the original structure is substantially review processes, as well as sufficient maintained, the new Architect should qualified and supervised staff to enable limit his/her advertisement or claim only the firm to function efficiently. to the extent of the specific work he/she n. Respect for Intellectual Property – The has done to me structure. Whenever the Architect shall neither appropriate the nature of work involved examples of our intellectual property of, nor unduly take architectural heritage, the Architect must advantage of the ideas of another look at all possibilities of restoration. architect without express authority from g. Professional Courtesy – The Architect the originating architect. shall not maliciously, or unfairly criticize, o. Building a Reputation on Merit – The or discredit another Architect or the Architect shall build his/her professional latter's work. reputation on the merits of his/her own h. Association with Ethical Enterprises – service and performance and shall strive The Architect shall refrain from to continuously update his/her associating himself/herself with, or professional know-how. He/she shall allowing the use of his/her name by any recognize and give credit to others for enterprise that may negatively affect professional work performed. p. Fee Proposals as Independent status, religion, or any disability which Consultants – The Architect shall not, would hinder the performance of his/her when offering services as an professional work. independent consultant, quote a fee without first receiving an official invitation for him/her to do so. The Architect must THE ARCHITECT'S REGULAR have sufficient information on the nature SERVICES and scope of the project to enable him/her to prepare a fee proposal clearly THE CLIENT’S SUPPORT CIRCLE (aka. PRE- indicating the services covered by the fee DESIGN SERVICES) in order to protect the Client and the public from under-resourcing or Scope: underpricing by some unscrupulous  Economic Feasibility Study – A study to parties. determine the viability of a project such as its q. Clear Terms of Agreement - The cost development versus its potential return Architect shall not undertake to the Owner. A detailed cost-benefit professional work unless the parties shall analysis can guide the client and the have clearly agreed in writing to the architect in selecting a more viable terms of the architectural commission, to alternative plan. wit:  scope of work,  Project Financing – Architect assists in the  delineation of responsibilities, determination of requirements of lending  any limitation of responsibilities, agencies, income- expense relationship and  fee or method of calculating it, relative demand for different building types  mode of alternative dispute in actual negotiations. resolution, and  any provision for termination  Architectural Programming – A systematic r. Raising Standards in the Profession – approach to finding, analyzing, and The Architect shall continue to raise the elaborating on the underlying needs of a standards of aesthetic excellence, design project. The architectural program functional logic, architectural education, lays the groundwork for a unique, research, training, and practice. meaningful, and ultimately practical s. Promoting Allied Arts – The Architect architectural solution. shall, as appropriate, promote the allied arts and contribute to the knowledge and  Space Management/Planning – A vital part capability of the construction industry. of the schematic design process, and it is t. Reporting Violations – If the Architect used to create a geometric layout of a space possesses substantial information which that meets the needs of the project. Space leads to reasonable belief that another programming/planning is, by its very nature, Architect has committed a violation of this an iterative process that evolves in response Code, shall file a formal complaint with to the needs of the client. the designated body. u. Confidentiality of Materials – If the − Bubble Diagram – a very simple (hand) Architect is leaving his/her Architect- drawing that consists of roughly drawn Employer shall not, without the bubbles (representing spaces) permission of the latter, take with him/her connected by solid lines, broken lines or designs, drawings, data, or other relevant wavy lines etc. to specify the type of materials even if personally performed by relationship between the spaces. him/her. On the other hand, the Architect- Employer shall not unreasonably The main purpose of the bubble diagram withhold such permission, except when is to help you translate the program into some confidentiality of any such a strategy or form. Bubble diagrams documents must be reasonably simplify this step by graphically depicting protected. the program and allowing for quick v. Non-Discrimination – The Architect expressions, multiple layouts, and shall not discriminate on grounds of race, revisions. national origin, age, gender, marital  The bubbles can be used to represent step. The main purpose of a TOWS different kinds of spaces in a plan, Analysis is to: varying in shape to represent features of  Reduce threats greater or lesser importance and size.  Take advantage of opportunities The bubble diagram can create a rough  Exploit strengths sense of flow which is used to develop a  Remove weaknesses more refined plan. A bubble diagram floor plan, for example, can represent the flow A well thought out TOWS can not only of a space and provide information about provide you with detail of your SWOT, but the sizes of rooms relative to each other. also some data to make a decision about your overall direction.  Site Selection and Analysis – Assisting the client in locating sites for the proposed − What is the difference between SWOT project and evaluating their adequacy with and TOWS? regards to topography, subsurface conditions, utilities, development costs, The big difference between a TOWS and climate, population, legal considerations and a SWOT is the relationships between the other factors. internal and external factors, examining how they link up, impact and influence − SWOT analysis – in Site Selection and each other… Analysis is used to evaluate the suitability of a site for a specific project. Here’s how  Strengths to Opportunities: The S- it applies: O focuses on leveraging the site's strengths (e.g., good location,  Strengths: Advantages like location, infrastructure) to maximize good topography, and available opportunities, such as urban infrastructure. development or proximity to  Weaknesses: Issues such as amenities, enhancing the value or environmental constraints, poor utility of the site. accessibility, or zoning limits.  Strengths to Threats: The S-T  Opportunities: Future development examines how strengths can be used potential, sustainability options, or to mitigate threats to the site, such as government incentives. environmental risks or competition  Threats: Risks from environmental from nearby developments, ensuring factors, regulatory changes, or the site remains viable. competition.  Weaknesses to Opportunities: The W-O considers how opportunities can By analyzing these factors, architects be utilized to address weaknesses and developers can make informed (e.g., poor accessibility or limited decisions about site viability and potential infrastructure) and improve the site's challenges. potential for successful development.  Weaknesses to Threats: The W-T − TOWS Analysis – an extension of the highlights how weaknesses may SWOT Analysis framework that identifies increase existing threats (e.g., your Strengths, Weaknesses, environmental hazards or zoning Opportunities and Threats but then goes restrictions) and identifies strategies further in looking to match up the to mitigate these risks while planning Strengths with Opportunities and the the project. Threats with Weaknesses. It’s a great next step after completing your SWOT  Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies – and allows for you to take action from the The detailed analysis of the site involves the analysis. identification of a site’s development potentials through the proper utilization of Adding the relationship between the land. The analysis covers the context of the internal and external factors makes site as well as that of its surrounding TOWS a much more useful matrix than a environment and the development controls standalone SWOT and an obvious next that apply to the site and its environs.  Promotional Services – Projects may thorough and detailed evaluations before require promotional activities in order to a project begins. They typically include develop and generate financial support and site analysis, urban scale analysis, acceptance from governing agencies or from sociocultural factors, and physical the general public. In such cases, Architect conditions such as climate and can act as the agent of the Owner by geography. Environmental producing and coordinating the additional considerations are also part of the board, activities necessary to complete the providing a holistic view of the context. services. In all such activities, the Architect This information serves as a foundation must maintain his professional status as the for developing the project concept, representative of the Owner. ensuring that all relevant aspects are thoroughly examined. Subfunctions:  Presentation Boards – Presentations are THE DESIGN SERVICES visual tools that represent a projects and works in architecture. Architectural An architect is more than a designer of presentations are designed both for juries buildings. He or she is a highly trained, licensed and submissions during student years and professional who provides important for customers in professional life. Architects professional services that benefit both his or her present their projects of different scales as clients and the general public at large. architectural presentation boards.  Pre-Design Services Types of Architectural Presentation 1. The Architect can render the services in Boards a manner of: − Conceptual Board – Concept boards − Architect’s Own Staff are essential for initiating an architectural − By Association or Consultation project, focusing on key elements such 2. Pre-Design Services as analysis, theoretical concepts, − Economic Feasibility Study problem analysis, and proposed − Project Financing solutions. They evaluate the project's − Architectural Programming context and requirements while exploring − Space Management/Planning design theories that inform the direction. − Site Selection and Analysis By identifying challenges within the − Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies scope, concept boards enable architects − Promotional Services to develop effective strategies to address these issues, forming a comprehensive  Design Services foundation for the design process that Regular Services – sequence of 4 phases: guides subsequent stages of − Schematic Design Phase development. − Design Development Phase − Contract Document Phase − Technical Drawing Board – − Construction Phase Architectural technical drawings are crucial for representing the  Specialized Allied Services comprehensive details of a project, − Interior Design Services including architectural, structural, − Acoustic, Communication and Electronic electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and Engineering Services other systems. For student and − Landscape Design Services application projects, these drawings − Physical Planning Services should be presented on technical − Comprehensive Planning Services drawing boards, showcasing the complete plans and necessary detail  Construction Services drawings to effectively communicate the 1. Four Principal members in Design and project's scope and construction Building Construction requirements. − Owner − Architect and Engineers − Analysis Board – Analysis boards are − Contractor critical tools for architects, showcasing  − Individual or group of individuals who responsibilities, and relationships between all assist in the supervision and delivery parties involved in an architectural project. This of work framework outlines how the architect, client 2. Full-Time Supervision (owner), contractors, and other stakeholders 3. Construction Management interact and collaborate throughout the design − Construction Manager and construction process. The Architectural − Functions of a Construction Manager Contractual Framework is essential for ensuring − Legal Responsibility of the clear communication, project coordination, and Construction Manager legal compliance among all parties. The − Other Contracting Concepts framework helps mitigate risks, manage disputes, and ensure that all parties are aware  Post Construction Services of their obligations under the law and the project 1. Post-Construction Services requirements. − Building and Equipment and Maintenance DELIVERY APPROACHES − Building and Grounds Administration − Post-Construction Evaluation  Design-Bid-Build (DBB) – This method is a traditional project delivery approach that  Comprehensive Architectural Services separates design and construction 1. Scope of Comprehensive Architectural processes. While it is familiar and can Services theoretically reduce costs, it often leads to − Pre-Design Services increased project expenses due to conflicts − Design Services between design documents and on-site − Specialized Allied Services constructability. Additionally, selecting the − Construction Services lowest bidder can compromise quality, as − Post-Construction Services contractors may need to cut corners to 2. Project Management maintain profitability within a tight budget. a. Basic Function of a Project Manager − Pre-Construction Phase  Design-Build (DB) – This method allows for − Construction Phase quick project delivery by splitting components into packages, enabling  Design-Build Services simultaneous design and construction to − Design-Build Services by Administration meet deadlines. Owners can set a maximum − Design-Build Services on a Guaranteed price early on, providing significant cost Maximum Cost control. This method is effective for projects with clearly defined requirements and is DESIGN PROCESS particularly advantageous when schedules are tight, as it eliminates delays typically The architectural design process involves associated with the bidding and procurement developing and analyzing a construction project processes. in 6 organized phases. This structured approach ensures effective management and  Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) – a communication of design intent, minimizing modern project delivery method where the risks associated with costly delays. Given the owner selects a Construction Manager complexity and regulations in building based on criteria beyond just cost, such as construction, it's crucial to avoid design quality, experience, and project approach. In revisions once construction begins, as this method, design and construction are significant changes would require demolition. By contracted separately, allowing for a focus providing clear phases, the process facilitates on schedule adherence and project efficient information production and helps execution. The CM is responsible for maintain transparency throughout the project. overseeing the construction while mitigating risks throughout the project lifecycle. CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK  Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) – a An Architectural Contractual Framework refers relatively new construction method that has to the structure and arrangement of legal gained traction in the past decade. In IPD, agreements that define the roles, the owner selects an architect/engineer  (A/E) and construction manager (CM) before DESIGN DOCUMENTATION design begins, leading to a joint contract among the three parties after collaboratively The architect creates the architectural design setting goals and objectives. This method document to document the design factors and encourages early contractor involvement, the specific choices that have been made to resulting in streamlined designs aligned with satisfy those factors. The document serves as a project objectives. The owner plays a vital way for the architect to show his work when role in the team, and IPD promotes cost making design decisions. The architecture minimization and efficiency through design document includes the conceptual, collaboration. logical, and physical designs. − It is important to note that the owner, A/E, and CM are legally bound into a single entity Design documentation is a collection of so risk that is normally assigned to one party documents and resources that covers all is now spread to all parties, which is aspects of your product design. Documentation uncomfortable for many owners. However, should include information about users, product the increased collaboration among the features, and project deadlines; all essential parties is thought to reduce the overall risk. implementation details; and design decisions that your team and stakeholders have agreed  Public-Private-Partnership (3P) - P3 or on. PPP, a delivery model involves a contract between a government entity and a private Example of Design Documentation: corporation to fund, construct, renovate, and  Printed Complete set of plan or PDF copy maintain public infrastructure. While more  Minutes of every meeting common internationally, it is gradually being  Site Pictures adopted in certain U.S. public projects. The  Construction Logbook private entity receives income generated  Compilation of Schematic Designs from the project over a set period to repay and profit from its investment. For instance, a private company might finance a city's light rail system in exchange for a share of the revenue from ridership fees. − Benefits of Public-Private Partnerships (3P) 1. Cost Relief for Taxpayers: PPPs can alleviate some or all of the funding burdens on taxpayers for public projects. 2. Expertise and Efficiency: Private entities often bring greater expertise and efficiency in construction and operation, driven by profit motivations. 3. Regulatory Oversight: Public entities maintain regulatory control over infrastructure operations, ensuring proper management while allowing private involvement. − Utilizing a P3 model requires public entities to accept certain risks. While profit- driven efficiency from private corporations can lead to shortcuts in operation and maintenance, potentially causing long-term issues, public entities must find a balance between budget constraints and the control they relinquish to private partners. Eventually, public entities will need to manage the infrastructure operations themselves after contracts end or seek new bidders for continued services.