Mood Disorders PowerPoint Slides PDF

Chapter 8 MOOD 1 Mood Disorders: General Characteristics Much more serious than typical emotional states that everyone feels Involve significant disturbances in mood, including extreme sadness (depression) or elation/irritability (mania) Are disabling...

Chapter 8 MOOD 1 Mood Disorders: General Characteristics Much more serious than typical emotional states that everyone feels Involve significant disturbances in mood, including extreme sadness (depression) or elation/irritability (mania) Are disabling Are often associated with other serious psychological problems: ◦ Panic attacks ; Anxiety; Substance abuse; Personality disorders; (Flett et al., 2017) Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons 2 An Overview of Depression and Mania Depression Mood disturbances o An emotional state marked by great sadness o Feelings of worthlessness and guilt Cognitive disturbances ◦ self-criticism, self-blame ◦ Indecisiveness, slowed thinking, thoughts of death/suicide Physiological and behavioural disturbances ◦ loss or excess of sleep, appetite ◦ loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. (Flett et al., 2017) Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons 3 1  An Overview of Depression and Mania Mania A period of abnormal elevated or irritable mood lasting for at least one week or requires hospitalization. Extreme pleasure in every activity Individual must possess three or more of the following: (a) inflated self esteem (b) decrease need for sleep (c) talkativeness (d) flight of ideas (e) distractibility (f) increased goal-directed activity (Beidel et al., 2022) Copyright © 2022 PEARSON CANADA. 4 An Overview of Depression and Mania Hypomanic episode: not as severe as a manic episode ◦ No marked impairment in social or occupational functioning Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 5 The Structure of Mood Disorders Depressive Disorders-- Marked by low mood only ◦ Major depressive disorder ◦ Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder ◦ Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia) ◦ Premenstrual dysmorphic disorder Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 6 2  The Structure of Mood Disorders Bipolar and related disorders-- Characterized by both highs and lows in mood ◦ Bipolar disorder ◦ Bipolar I ◦ Bipolar II ◦ Cyclothymic disorder Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 7 Depressive Disorders Major depressive disorder: presence of severe depression, absence of mania; severe enough to impair a person’s interest in or ability to engage in normally enjoyable activities Recurrent or single episode Recurrent- two or more major depressive episodes separated by at least two months of euthymia Age of onset- Mid and late 20s. Most common psychiatric disorder worldwide Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 8 Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder - Presence of 5 of the following symptoms for at least 2 weeks. Note: Depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure must be 1 of the 5 symptoms Sad, depressed mood, most Loss of energy, great fatigue of the day, nearly every day Loss of interest and pleasure Negative cognitive appraisal in usual activities Difficulties in sleeping Difficulty in concentrating Shift in activity level Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Changes in appetite & weight (Beidel et al., 2022) Copyright © 2022 PEARSON CANADA. 9 3  Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Duration of episodes is variable – two weeks to several years; average duration of first depressive episode : 2- 9 months. Median duration of recurrent major depressive episode: 4 - 5 months Median lifetime number of depressive episodes: 4 to 7 Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 10 Depressive Disorders Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia): depression relatively unchanged over long periods Chronic depression; the symptoms are the same as those of major depression, but fewer in number. Lasting two or more years and an individual is never without symptoms for more than two months Persistent depressive disorder may last 20–30 years Double Depression Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 11 Depressive Disorders Additional Defining Criteria for Depressive Disorders Specifiers, or symptoms, that may or may not accompany a depressive disorder Clinicians use eight specifiers 1. With psychotic features (mood-congruent or mood- incongruent) ◦ Generally, do not respond to the usual drug therapies 2. With anxious distress 3. With mixed features 4. With melancholic features Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 12 4  Depressive Disorders Specifiers (contd.) 5. With atypical features 6. With catatonic features 7. With peripartum onset 8. With seasonal pattern −Accompanies episodes during certain seasons − Depressive episode: Begins in the late fall; ends with the start of spring (for at least 2 years) − Bipolar: Depression – Winter; Mania - Summer −Condition: seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 13 Depressive Disorders Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Physical symptoms, severe mood swings, and anxiety Decreased interest in usual activities; difficulty in concertation; lack of energy; hypersomnia or insomnia; changes in appetite; interference with work, relationships Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 14 Depressive Disorders Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Common in children ◦ Chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, frequent temper tantrums that are grossly out of proportion to the situation ◦ Different from ADHD Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 15 5  Depressive Disorders Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Supporters: too many children diagnosed with bipolar, need this diagnostic category Critics: don’t think temper tantrums should be considered mental illness; labeling Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 16 Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder – major depressive episodes alternate with full manic episodes Diagnosis of a manic episode requires the presence of elevated or irritable mood and increased activity level (this requirement was added in DSM-5) + 3 additional symptoms – 4 symptoms if mood is only irritable (lasting at least one week): ◦  in goal-directed activity at work, socially, or sexually or psychomotor agitation Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 17 Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder Diagnosis of a manic episode (contd.) ◦ Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech ◦ Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing ◦ Less than the usual amount of sleep needed ◦ Inflated self-esteem ◦ Distractibility ◦ Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 18 6  Bipolar Disorders Additional Defining Criteria for Bipolar Disorders Rapid-Cycling Specifier Moving quickly in and out of depressive and manic episodes at least four manic or depressive episodes within a year ◦ Rapid switching or rapid mood switching – the direct transition from one mood state to another ◦ Ultra rapid cycle – cycle lengths that only last for days to weeks ◦ Ultra-ultra-rapid cycle – cycle lengths are less than 24 hrs. Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 19 Bipolar Disorders Bipolar II Disorder A pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but the episodes are less severe than the manic episodes in bipolar I disorder Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 20 Bipolar Disorders Onset and Duration Average age of onset: ◦ Bipolar I disorder: 15 to 18 years ◦ Bipolar II disorder: 19 to 22 years ◦ Develop more suddenly as compared to depressive disorders ◦ Rare to develop bipolar disorder after the age of 40 ◦ High risk of suicide Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 21 7  Bipolar Disorders Cyclothymic disorder A chronic condition characterized by fluctuations that alternate between hypomanic symptoms and depression Episodes not intense enough or do not last long enough to qualify as hypomanic or depressive episodes. Persist for at least two years Copyright © 2024 by Cengage Learning 22 Comorbidity and Bipolar Disorders Often occurs with other physical disorders ◦ Thyroid disorder, migraine headaches, heart disease, diabetes, obesity ◦ may self medicate for these illnesses triggering mania or depression Often occur with other mental disorders ◦ Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, ADHD, substance use (Beidel et al., 2022) Copyright © 20212 BY PEARSON CANADA. 23 References Barlow, D.H., Durand, V.M., Hofmann, S.G., & Lalumière, M.L. (2024). Psychopathology: An integrative approach (7th Canadian ed.). Cengage Learning Beidel, D. C., Stanley, M. A., Bulik, C.M. , & Taylor, S. (2022). Abnormal psychology (2nd Canadian. ed.). Pearson Canada. Flett, G. L., Nancy, L. K., Davidson, G. C., & Neale, J. M. (2017). Abnormal psychology. (6th Canadian ed.). Wiley 24 8