Power Sharing Notes with PYQ.pdf

www.padhle.in @padhle.in Power Sharing CH 1 Civics | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in....

www.padhle.in @padhle.in Power Sharing CH 1 Civics | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in. We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. These notes have been downloaded without compulsorily signing up, or submitting your personal details. Enjoy yourselves! To help us in maintainig this, you can contribute to Padhle. Even a small amount can do wonders. Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in You can contribute a little to our efforts. Even a small amount can do wonders. Scan the Code in any UPI App OR Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm Now... Padhle!  POWER {HARING * An intelligent sharing of power among legislature , executive and judiciary is very important to design of democracy. * Case of Belgium : Small country in Europe.. Population is about 9 crore. Shames border with France , Netherlands Germany , Luxemburg. * Ethane composition of Belgium : → 59% Dutch live in Flemish region. → 40% French live in Wallonia. * Population composition in Brussel.se : Dutch majority in country but minority in → - capital. → French - were rich and powerful which was resented by Dutch speaking community. → In 9950 , - 60 - tension between these communities were severe in Brussels. * Ease of Sri Lanka : a Island nation on the south coast of Tamil Nadu. 4 Population is about 2 crore.  4 It has diverse population. * Tamil Population : 4 Two sub-groups which were : Religious Composition v v v Sinhala Tamil Speaks speakers speakers both (Buddhist) ( 74%) ( Hindu Muslim ) and thy;D;ian) * Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka : 4 Emerged as an independent country in 9948. Leaders of the Sinhala community dominated the government. a Results : Democratically elected government adopted a series MAJORITARIAN of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. * Steps Taken by Government : 49956 : Sinhala become the only official language , Tamil thus disregarding. 4 Government jobs and universities position were given to them. 4A new constitution stipulated that the state shall and protect foster Buddhism. * Reaction of Tamils : Launched panties and struggle for : Recognising Tamil e. as official Language.  e. Regional autonomy. e. Equal opportunities. * However the demands of Tamils were not considered and make them feel like outsiders. * Result of this civil war , in which 9000, of people were killed. * Accommodation in Belgium : They recognised the existence of cultural and regional difference. Ammended the constitution 4 times to resolve this problem. * Elements of Belgium model : Both French and Dutch got equal representation in central government. Many powers of central government have been given to state government. Separate Government in Brussels with equal representation of both the community. * What did we learned ? Belgium - Sri Lanka Unity in the country - the possible only by respecting Country 's unity get feelings and interests. crippled - majority community forces its dominance and Result - Mutually acceptable refuses to share power. arrangements for power sharing. * Why is power sharing desirable ? Prudential Reason Mal Reason → Helps to reduce the → Power sharing is the possibility of conflict very spirit of Democracy. between social group. * Forms of Power Sharing : Horizontal Distribution Vertical Distribution Among different Political parties and social groups pressure groups  1 Mark Questions 1. Define Majoritarianism. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A1. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a. country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the. wishes and needs of the minority. 2. Define Ethnicity [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A2. A social division based on shared culture/ people belonging to. same ethnic group believes in their common descent. 3. Correct the following statement and rewrite: In Srilanka, an Act was passed in 1956 to recognise Tamil as the only official language, disregarding Sinhala.  [1M, 2020] A3. In Srilanka, an Act was passed in 1956 to recognise Sinhala. as the only official language, disregarding Tamil. 4. Correct the following statement and rewrite: Belgium is a small country in Europe and share borders with France, Italy, Germany and Luxembourg [1M, 2020] A4. Belgium is a small country in Europe and share borders with. France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. 5. Recognize the form of power sharing which is represented by the Community Government in Belgium [1M, 2019] A5. Power sharing among different social groups like the religious. and linguistic groups  6. How did the feeling of alienation develop among the Sri Lankan Tamils? [1M, 2019] A6. The measures of the act of 1956 introduced by Sinhalese. Government made the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated. They. felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist. Sinhalese were sensitive towards their language and culture.. They also felt that the constitution and policies of the. government denied them equal political rights, discriminated. against them in terms of jobs and other opportunities by. ignoring their interests. 7. After independence, Sri Lanka witnessed the supremacy of which community? [1M, 2015] A7. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948 and the. democratically elected government adopted a series of. measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. 8. What is meant by the system of ‘checks and balances’? [1M, 2015]  A8. The horizontal distribution of power ensures that power is shared among different organs of government—the legislature, executive and judiciary. It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. The horizontal distribution of power is also called a system of checks and balances. This system ensures that none of these organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the other. 9. What measure was adopted by the democratically elected government of Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala Supremacy? [1M, 2014] A9. In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs. 10. What is the language spoken by the people residing in the Wallonia region of Belgium?  [1M, 2014] A10. People residing in Wallonia region of Belgium speak French. 3 Mark Questions 11. What is majoritarianism? Is it wrong if a majority community in a country rules? Give reasons to justify your answer. [3M, 2018] A11. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a. country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes. and needs of the minority is majoritarianism. Yes, it is wrong if a majority community in a country rules. The very idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. A positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it, is good for democracy. Power in the hands of one community will make the other community feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated. 12. Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan government. [3M, 2013] A12. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The. democratically elected government adopted a series of. majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala Supremacy. Consequences of these majoritarian policies: 1. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them. 2. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the constitution denied them equal rights in politics, in getting jobs and ignored their interests. The relation between the Tamil and Sinhala communities became extremely strained as a result. 3. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field. 13. How far do you agree with the statement that power sharing is keeping with the spirit of democracy?  [3M, 2012] A13. Power sharing is desirable in democracy because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Conflict between social groups leads to violence and political instability. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of majority community over others, in the long run may undermine the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. Prudential reasons stress that power sharing brings out better outcomes whereas moral reasons emphasize the act of power sharing as valuable. 14. Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the problem of cultural diversity. [3M, 2012] A14. Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies, yet they have.. dealt with the problem of cultural diversity very differently. Belgium: 1. Leaders realised that for the unity of the country it is important to respect the feelings and interests of different communities. The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking people shall be equal in the Central Government. 2. Both Dutch and French communities share power on an equal basis at the Centre. Along with the State Government, both communities have a third kind of Government called ‘Community Government’ which decides on cultural, education and language related issues. 3. Between, 1970 and 1993, the Constitution was amended four times to enable all linguistic groups to live together within the same country. Sri Lanka: 1. In Sri Lanka, there are two major communities, the Sinhalese speaking (74%) and Tamil speaking (18%). The majority community, the Sinhalese have forced their domination over Tamils, refusing to share power. 2. Both communities have lived in tension as the Sinhalese have denied political, educational, religious, employment and economic rights to the Tamils leading to Civil War. 3. In 1956, the Government passed an Act to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.  5 Mark Questions 15. ‘Power sharing is the essence of a democratic government.’ Examine the statement. [5M, 2021 Sample Paper] A15. (i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary also called as Horizontal power sharing. Example – India (ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example – India (Union Government & State Government) (iii) Community government – Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example – Belgium (iv) Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. (v) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. 16. Explain with examples the accommodative experience of Belgium for peace and harmony [5M, 2020] A16. i. Dutch and French speaking ministers got equal in the central govt. ii. Many Powers of the central government have been given to state government iii. The state Government was not subordinate to the Central Govt. iv. Brussels has a separate Govt. in which both the communities have equal representation. v. There is a third kind of Govt. called community Govt. elected by the people belonging to Dutch, French and German no matter where they live. 17. ‘Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation’. Examine the statement. [5M, 2020] A17. i. Democracy gives importance to deliberation and public opinion.  ii. The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. iii. Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective. iv. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. v. Transparency as Persons have the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. vi. It follows procedures and is accountable to the people. 18. ‘Respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society’. Examine the statement. [5M, 2020] A18. i. Economic independence or access to an inherited or self- generated income is considered to be the major means of empowering women. ii. Equal political and civil rights as men iii. Ways of autonomy and freedom. iv. Distributive justice to reduce inequalities in resources and power.  v. Love, universal brotherhood, sincerity, honesty and integrity of character, firm attitude of rendering help vi. Removing social evils including violence, torture, humiliation etc. 19. Compare the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size and cultural aspects. [5M, 2019] A19. 20. How does the idea of power-sharing emerge? Explain different forms that have common arrangements of power-sharing. [5M, 2019] A20. Power-sharing has emerged as a strong substitute to the. idea of undivided political power, which believed in giving. power to one person or group of people located in one place.. The core principle of power sharing is that people are the. source of all political powers. Common forms of power-. sharing are: Vertical division of power: The sharing of power can be done at the different levels of the govt. – a central govt, for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. This type is usually called the federal government. Horizontal division of power: In this form, the power is divided among different organs of govt, such as the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. It places different organs of the government at the same level. Power is also shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups eg: community govt. Various power-sharing arrangement can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. 21. “Power Sharing is the very spirit of democracy”. Justify the statement. [5M, 2015] A21. 1. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise. Power sharing ensures that people have the right to be consulted and have equal participation in the government. 2. In a democracy, each individual has a say in governance through their elected representatives. This is the essence of power sharing that grants equal rights to each citizen. 3. Sharing of power ensures that respect for diversity and desire for living together becomes a shared ideal amongst different communities in a country. It actually makes the country united and the administration easier. 4. Prudential reasons stress that power sharing would bring out better outcomes by helping to reduce the possibility of any conflict between the social groups. 5. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order through unity of the nation. 22. Analyse how majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils?  [5M, 2014] A22. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The. democratically elected government adopted a series of. measures to establish Sinhala supremacy: 1. In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language. 2. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs. 3. The Constitution provided for State protection and fostering of Buddhism. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field. Therefore, the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy led to distrust between the two communities which turned the widespread conflict into a Civil War.