A Survey to Study Medical and Dietary Approaches for Recurring Kidney Stones in General Population PDF

# A Survey to Study Medical and Dietary Approaches for Recurring Kidney Stones in General Population **Authors:** * Abhiram U.V Bhat* * Viresh K Chandur * A.R.Shabaraya **Affiliation:** Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Farangipete post, Mangalore- 574413, Karnataka, India ## Introduction...

# A Survey to Study Medical and Dietary Approaches for Recurring Kidney Stones in General Population **Authors:** * Abhiram U.V Bhat* * Viresh K Chandur * A.R.Shabaraya **Affiliation:** Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Farangipete post, Mangalore- 574413, Karnataka, India ## Introduction Kidney stones are hard deposits of salts that form inside the kidneys. Approximately 2 million people in India suffer from kidney stones every year. The recurrence rate of kidney stones after a first occurrence is approximately 75% over a period of 20 years. A high-protein, low-fibre diet, kidney or urinary infections, or past history of kidney stones and certain drugs such as ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, guaifenesin can increase the risk of recurrent kidney stones. Treatments like thiazide diuretics, potassium citrate therapy, allopurinol and cysteine-binding thiol drugs have been shown to reduce recurrence rates. Following a strict diet also helps prevent recurrent kidney stones. Urinary stone formation occurs mainly due to intake of tamarind in regular diet. Without proper knowledge of kidney stones, medications and diet adjustments, kidney stones may recur. ## Objective * To check the knowledge of people regarding kidney stones formation. * To find the management models to prevent kidney stone formation. * To find the reasons for recurring kidney stone formation. ## Need for the Study Approximately 2 million people in India suffer from kidney stones every year. The recurrence rate of kidney stones after a first occurrence is approximately 75% over a period of 20 years. In South India, urinary stone formation occurs mainly due to intake of tamarind in regular diet. An online survey was conducted to check the knowledge of people on recurring kidney stones and their awareness to prevent kidney stone formation. ## Methodology * **Study Design:** A prospective observational study. * **Study Population:** General population of Dakshina Kannada. * **Study Duration:** 1 month * **Sample Size Obtained:** 100 * **Source Of Data Collection:** An online survey was conducted with the help of questionnaire in order to collect the data on people's knowledge of kidney stone formation, its management and recurrence. The data obtained from this survey was analyzed, assessed and interpreted. * **Data Analysis:** The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2021. ## Results In this survey 31.8% (n=32) were afflicted with kidney stones out of which 43.60% (n=15) followed protein diet, 24.40% (n=11) followed calcium rich diet, 12.80% (n=6) consumed low sodium diet. The survey results suggested that 28% (n=28) drank less than 1 litre of water in a day which on the long run may lead to the formation of kidney stones. 23.6% (n=24) of the people surveyed sensed pain while urinating. Pain usually arises as a sign of kidney stone formation or Urinary tract infections. 31.3% (n=10) of people had been taking calcium supplements for a long duration which may lead to formation of calcium stones. 38.6% (n=14) of the kidney stone afflicted patients were given medications to prevent recurrence of kidney stones. Recurring kidney stones are also prevented by consuming thiazide drugs (prevents calcium stones), Allopurinol (prevents uric acid stone formation). Citrate prevents kidney stone formation. Kidney stone formation can be managed by drinking more than 2 litre of water everyday. People afflicted with kidney stones must avoid chronic consumption of calcium supplements and reduce protein in their diet. Low sodium is the best diet a kidney stone patient should follow to prevent recurrence of kidney stones. ## Future Prospective Public health authorities must conduct appropriate information campaigns to promote and spread awareness on drinking plenty of water to avoid kidney stone formation and also on the importance of following a controlled diet to prevent recurrence of kidney stone formation. The study was completed with limited sample size and time, hence the study can be further continued with larger population and at multiple centres. ## Conclusion This survey concluded that drinking plenty of water is the most essential part of preventing kidney stone formation and it's recurrence. Avoiding protein rich and high sodium diet is also important in preventing recurrence of kidney stones. 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