Portuguese Midterm Notes PDF

Lec 1 - Lusophone Portuguese-speaking artist presentation - Readings questions answered on the discussion forum Palop - Portuguese-speaking African countries - Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, S. Tomé and Príncipe, Lusophone Culture Article Lec 2 Lusofonia - the...

Lec 1 - Lusophone Portuguese-speaking artist presentation - Readings questions answered on the discussion forum Palop - Portuguese-speaking African countries - Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, S. Tomé and Príncipe, Lusophone Culture Article Lec 2 Lusofonia - the culture space of portuguese speaking peoples (Lang, history, culture) History - Roman empire 218 BC - Galician-Portuguese - Hispania (Land of Rabbits) - Latin language - Lusos son of bachus - Germanic invasion - The muslim period Lec 5 Portuguese speaking countries Brazil - Population 215 million - Capital: Brasilia - 80+ Amerindian languages Portugal - Population 10.4 million - Capital: Lisbon Cape Verde - Population: 593,149 - Capital: Praia - Languages: Portuguese, Cape Verdean Creole Guinea-Bissau - Population: 2.1 million - Capital: Bissau Sao Tome - Population: 235,536 - Capital: Sao Tome - Languages: Portuguese Angola - Population: 38 million - Capital: Luanda - Languages: Kimbundu, Umbundu, Kikongo Mozambique - 35 million - Capital Maputo - Languages: Portuguese, Bantu Equatorial Guinea - Population: 1.75 million - Capital: Malabo - Languages: Spanish, French, Portuguese Macau - Population: 720,262 - Languages: Macanese Portuguese - Cantonese East Timor - 1.4 million - Capital: Dili Class 1-2 Drawing on the role of language in community building, a multilateral forum named Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP; Community of Portuguese Language Speaking Countries) was created in July 1996 to promote cooperation among its members. Initially the CPLP consisted of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe. East Timor joined in 2002, and more recently, Equatorial Guinea became a member in 2014. History of Portugal Roman empire 218 BC Galician-Portuguese Hispania Latin language Muslim period(711-1492) One of the oldest Documents Will of King Afonso II (1214) Actual Oldest: "deal of homes pais and ramiro pais" (1175) Birth of Portugal Treaty of Zamora 1143 Portuguese Language 1290 : Portuguese established by King D. Dinis as the language of instruction in 1st Portuguese university Class 3 The end of Portuguese Empire 3 important moments - The Iberian Union (1580-1640) - Independence of Brazil (1822) - Decolonization in Africa and Asia (1974) The Carnation Revolution (April 25, 1974) Salazar arrives at the government in 1928 as Finance minister; in 1932 is President of the cabinet of ministers 1933-1974: 41 years of dictatorship were just starting The state becomes a nationalist, conservative, and corporate state; no elections or they are fixed Salazar President of the Cabinet (19332-1968) Under Salazar regime  - Nationalist - Conservative - Antiliberal - Colonial regime Who, what, when, where, why An underground group of military officers known as the Armed Forces Movement, tired of Portugal's raging war in the African colonies and of the way the regime conducted business, led the coup. The April 25 revolution would come to be known as the "Carnation Revolution" due to the flowers soldiers wore at the tips of their G3s after overthrowing the government of Marcelo Caetano, dictator Antonio Oliveira de Salazar's successor. Decolonization 1974: Guiné-Bissau 1975: Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola CPLP GOALS Dialogue & agreement between members to reinforce international presence Cooperation between members in all domains of education, science and technology, administration, culture, etc. Establishment of projects to promote and advance the knowledge of the Portuguese language Early Expansion (15th Century) Portugal was one of the pioneers of European exploration during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century. Under the leadership of figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorers began charting the coasts of Africa and establishing trading outposts. Key early events include: 1415: Portugal’s conquest of Ceuta (North Africa), marking the start of its overseas empire. 1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to Asia. 1498: Vasco da Gama reached India, establishing a direct sea route to the East, which allowed Portugal to dominate the spice trade. Formation of a Global Empire (16th Century) By the early 1500s, Portugal had established itself as a major colonial power with territories spanning across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Key developments include: Brazil: In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil, which would become Portugal’s largest and most profitable colony. Africa and Asia: Portugal built trading posts along the African coast (such as Angola and Mozambique), as well as in India (Goa), Southeast Asia (Malacca), China (Macau), and Japan (Nagasaki). These outposts helped Portugal dominate the spice, gold, and slave trades. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): This treaty, negotiated with Spain and sanctioned by the Pope, divided the world into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence, granting Portugal control over Africa, Brazil, and parts of Asia. Challenges and Decline (17th–19th Century) From the 17th century onward, Portugal’s colonial power began to decline due to competition from other European powers (like the Dutch, British, and French), internal political instability, and economic challenges. Dutch and British Rivalries: Portugal lost key Asian territories, such as Malacca and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), to the Dutch. The British also began to dominate trade in India and Africa, eroding Portugal’s influence. Brazilian Independence: Portugal’s most important colony, Brazil, declared independence in 1822, significantly weakening Portugal’s colonial empire. Scramble for Africa (Late 19th Century) In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, Portugal reasserted its colonial ambitions in Africa, focusing on Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau. Despite its weakened state, Portugal clung to its African territories well into the 20th century. Berlin Conference (1884–85): Portugal secured formal recognition of its African colonies during this meeting of European powers that divided Africa into colonial territories. Colonial Wars and the End of Empire (20th Century) Portugal was one of the last European countries to relinquish its colonies, largely due to the rigid policies of the Estado Novo regime under António de Oliveira Salazar. The refusal to decolonize led to protracted and costly colonial wars: Colonial Wars (1961–1974): Anti-colonial uprisings in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau led to a series of brutal wars that drained Portugal’s economy and military. Carnation Revolution (1974): The peaceful revolution in Portugal overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship, and one of the first acts of the new democratic government was to grant independence to the African colonies. Post-Colonial Era By the mid-1970s, Portugal had relinquished its remaining overseas colonies. The most significant of these were: Angola and Mozambique (1975): Gained independence after lengthy wars. East Timor (1975): Declared independence, but was invaded by Indonesia shortly after. Macau: Remained a Portuguese territory until 1999, when it was handed over to China. Legacy of Portuguese Colonialism Portuguese colonialism left a lasting cultural and linguistic legacy. Portuguese is still the official language in former colonies like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and East Timor. The Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) world is tied together by historical, cultural, and economic connections that endure to this day. Brazil Historical Periods Precolonial Brazil (before 1500) Colonial Brazil (1500-1822) independence from Portugal Imperial Brazil (1822-1889) First Republic (1889-1930) Vargas and the New State (1930-1945) Democracy (1945-1964) Military Regime (1964-1984) Democratic Experiment (After 1984) Colonial Brazil (1500-1822) 1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil Governance and society: authority, social inequality, slavery instituted as a labour strategy Main products and industries: sugar and minerals (gold) 16th-17thcenturies: territorial organization and mapping, botanical accounts, agricultural and mineral prospection and exploration Bandeirantes expeditions 1648-49: the Dutch are expelled from Brazil, after the Battle of Guararapes, known as the Pernambuco Insurrection (against Dutch presence, for Portugal) 1789: Inconfidência Mineira: an independence movement originated in Minas Gerais (land owners, clergy, intellectuals, etc. wanted separation from Portugal) 1808: the Portuguese Royal family arrives in Brazil, fleeing the Napoleonic invasion 1817: Pernambuco Revolution: aimed at creating an independent state in the Brazilian northeast 1820: Constitutional revolution in Portugal – Liberal Ideology 1821: King João VI leaves Brazil for Portugal 1822: Prince D. Pedro declares the independence of Brazil from the Kingdom of Portugal Colonial Brazil (1500-1822) Midterm Review Questions The language question: Portuguese in the world and in the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP) Drawing on the role of language in community building, a multilateral forum named Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP; Community of Portuguese Language Speaking Countries) was created in July 1996 to promote cooperation among its members. Initially the CPLP consisted of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe. East Timor joined in 2002, and more recently, Equatorial Guinea became a member in 2014. What are the Portuguese-speaking countries and capital cities? See above The oldest documents written in Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil Will of King Afonso II (1214) Actual Oldest: "deal of homes pais and ramiro pais" (1175) Key moments discussed in class about Portuguese history: first people in the Iberian peninsula, the creation of the kingdom of Portugal (when?), the construction of an empire (official start date: Ceuta) The earliest inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula were the Iberians, followed by Celtic tribes who intermingled with them. Later, the region saw invasions and settlements by Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. The Romans arrived in the 3rd century BCE, conquering and colonizing the Iberian Peninsula, including what would become modern-day Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was officially established in 1139, following the Battle of Ourique, where Afonso I (Afonso Henriques) declared himself the first King of Portugal. The kingdom gained formal recognition with the signing of the Treaty of Zamora in 1143, but full independence from the Kingdom of León was achieved with papal recognition in 1179 by Pope Alexander III. The Portuguese Empire is considered to have officially started in 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, a city in North Africa. This marked the beginning of Portuguese exploration and expansion into overseas territories. Portugal later became a significant global maritime power, establishing colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas during the Age of Discovery. Key explorers included Vasco da Gama, who discovered the sea route to India in 1498, and Pedro Álvares Cabral, who reached Brazil in 1500. Sebastianism myth Sebastianism is a Portuguese myth rooted in the disappearance of King Sebastian I of Portugal, who vanished during the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578. The myth arose because his body was never found, and there was no direct heir to the throne, which led to a dynastic crisis. The core of the myth is the belief that King Sebastian would one day return to Portugal in its time of greatest need to restore the country's lost glory. This belief, known as Sebastianism, turned the missing king into a messianic figure, and it became part of Portuguese national identity, especially during periods of crisis, occupation, or decline. Dictatorship and Salazar: the nationalist, conservative, antiliberal, colonial regime Key aspects of the Estado Novo under Salazar: 1. Nationalism: The regime promoted an idealized vision of a united, proud, and disciplined Portugal, deeply tied to its rural and Catholic roots.  2. Conservatism: It maintained strict control over social and cultural values, emphasizing family, religion, and traditional gender roles. Women were largely excluded from public life. 3. Antiliberalism: Salazar’s government rejected liberal democracy, freedom of the press, and political pluralism. It was a dictatorship, with heavy censorship, political repression, and secret police (PIDE) enforcing strict control. 4. Colonialism: The regime held onto Portugal’s overseas colonies, such as Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, despite growing pressure for decolonization during the 20th century. Colonial wars in Africa from the early 1960s onward drained Portugal's economy and morale. The pillars of the regime (3 Fs: fado, Fátima, futebol) Salazar’s regime is often summarized by the "3 Fs", which represented pillars of national identity and helped distract the population from political repression: The 1974 Carnation Revolution: when, who, why, how See Above Colonial history vs. postcolonial and decolonial thinking (know how to define these terms) Colonial history looks at the actual events and systems of power established during the colonial period, focusing on domination, exploitation, and control. Postcolonial thinking critically examines the lingering effects of colonialism, particularly how it shaped and continues to shape identities, societies, and global power structures even after formal independence. Decolonial thinking goes further by seeking to dismantle the deep-rooted structures of colonial power and knowledge that persist today. It emphasizes creating new, more equitable ways of understanding the world that go beyond the legacy of Western imperialism. Brief history of Portuguese colonialism See above End of colonialism and decolonization (dates and places) Music: fado as a genre and discussions of authenticity vs. tourism (know 2 fado singers) Cinema: the importance of Manoel de Oliveira Visual artists: artists and works (Paula Rego, Joana Vasconcelos, Tarsila do Amaral) Key points discussed about Brazilian history: colonial and postcolonialism, fights for independence, modernism movement, the “anthropophagism” manifest The Brazilian flag Know at least 1 artist (discussed in class) and 1 example of their work Midterm Review Answers - Ayesha’s version Music: Fado Fado is a Portuguese music genre that is intrinsically linked with Lisbon It is a genre with deep roots in Portugal’s cultural tradition and history, and it is regarded as an important symbol of the city of Lisbon Fado is often discussed in terms of identity and tourism. The genre is considered an important element of Portuguese cultural identity. However, with the rise of tourism in Portugal, fado has also become a significant tourist attraction The Language Question: Portuguese The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) is a group of countries where Portuguese is an official language. Portuguese literature continues to express, in many voices, the challenges, charms, and problems of Portuguese society, which has changed a great deal in recent decades. A list of the Portuguese-speaking countries and their capital cities: Angola - Luanda (population: 8.33 million) Brazil - Brasília (population: 216.4 million) Cabo Verde - Praia (population: 560,899) Equatorial Guinea - Malabo (population: 1.4 million) Guinea-Bissau - Bissau (population: 1.97 million) Mozambique - Maputo (population: 31.26 million) Portugal - Lisbon (population: 10.28 million) São Tomé and Príncipe - São Tomé (population: 219,161) East Timor - Dili (population: 1.34 million) Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), is a group that includes all of these countries. Oldest documents written in Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil Portugal: The "Deal of Gomes Pais and Ramiro Pais", dating back to 1175, is considered the oldest discovered document written in Portuguese. Brazil: The Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha, written in 1500, is considered the first document in Brazilian literature. Caminha, a scribe, wrote the letter to the Portuguese king, describing the discovery of Brazil. The letter praises the natural resources, the people, and even describes the "innocence" of the indigenous people, suggesting an absence of original sin. It's worth noting that: Brazilian literature evolved in distinct stages, with its origin tied to Portuguese literature.  "Quinhentismo," is a term referring to the literature of the 16th century, further emphasising the influence of Portuguese literature during Brazil's early colonial period. Key Moments in Portuguese History First people in the Iberian Peninsula: The provided sources do not explicitly state who the first people in the Iberian Peninsula were. However, sources provide maps showing the Roman Empire in 218 BC, suggesting Roman presence in the region, and a subsequent invasion by Germanic tribes between the 5th and 7th centuries. Creation of the Kingdom of Portugal: The Treaty of Zamora in 1143 officially recognized Portugal as an independent kingdom. Portugal became a unified kingdom after a period of conflict with the Kingdom of Leon. This was further solidified by the use of Portuguese as the language of instruction in the first Portuguese university established by King Dinis in 1290. Construction of an Empire: The construction of the Portuguese Empire officially began with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. The conquest of Ceuta marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion into North Africa, which would eventually expand to include territories in South America, Africa, and Asia. Portuguese explorations: A map from source LCM3120 Class 2.pdf illustrates the extensive reach of Portuguese maritime explorations, showcasing the routes and significant dates of arrival in various locations worldwide. These voyages led to the establishment of trade routes and the spread of the Portuguese language. This information offers a visual representation of the scope of Portuguese expansion, helping to understand the empire's vast geographical reach. Portuguese as a global language: Following these explorations, Portuguese evolved into a world language, becoming the third most spoken European language and the fourth most used language on Facebook and Twitter. The sources also note the formation of Creoles, languages that developed from  the mixing of Portuguese with indigenous languages in colonized regions, as a result of maritime travels. This emphasizes the lasting cultural impact of Portuguese colonialism on various parts of the world. The end of the Portuguese empire: The sources identify three significant moments marking the decline and eventual end of the Portuguese empire: ○ The Iberian Union (1580-1640) ○ Independence of Brazil (1822) ○ Decolonization in Africa and Asia (1974) Sebastianism Myth The sources touch upon Sebastianism, a Portuguese myth, in a few instances: *Amaral, Fernando Pinto * states that the novel A Noite e o Riso (1969) by Nuno Bragança attempted to re-think certain Portuguese myths like Sebastianism. *Amaral, Fernando Pinto * describes Sebastianism as one of the Portuguese myths included in the writing style of Nuno Bragança. The source emphasizes that the author's writing exhibits a blending of different linguistic styles, pulling towards "blind and hallucinatory places, where madness achieves a clinical clear-sightedness in the perception of the universe and its apparent absurdity." *LCM3120 Class 9* depicts a painting titled "Fernando Pessoa encontra D. Sebastião num caixão sobre um burro ajaezado à andaluza" (Fernando Pessoa Finds D. Sebastian in a Coffin on a Donkey Dressed as an Andalusian) by Júlio Pomar. The painting, included in a section on "Debunking National Myths: Sebastianism", suggests an attempt to deconstruct or challenge the myth through artistic representation. The Sebastianism Myth: Sebastianism is a Portuguese messianic myth centered around the belief in the return of King Sebastian I, who disappeared during the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578. The myth emerged from the social and political turmoil that followed the king's disappearance, leading many to believe he would return to save Portugal and restore its former glory. Key Elements of the Myth: Disappearance and uncertainty: King Sebastian's body was never found, fueling speculation and hope for his eventual return. Messianic expectations: The myth portrays Sebastian as a messianic figure who will return to usher in a golden age for Portugal. National identity and longing: Sebastianism became intertwined with Portuguese national identity, representing a longing for past greatness and a hope for future salvation. Significance of the Myth: Sebastianism has had a profound impact on Portuguese culture, literature, and art: Cultural influence: The myth has inspired numerous literary works, paintings, and musical compositions, reflecting the enduring fascination with King Sebastian's disappearance. Political implications: Sebastianism has been used to justify political movements and uprisings, with some claiming to be the returned king or acting in his name. Psychological impact: The myth has been seen as a coping mechanism for national trauma and a source of hope during periods of crisis. While the provided sources don't elaborate on Sebastianism, they hint at its significance as a national myth that has been both embraced and challenged by Portuguese artists and intellectuals. Understanding Sebastianism can provide deeper insights into the themes of national identity, longing, and the reinterpretation of history in Portuguese culture. Salazar's Regime and the Three Fs António de Oliveira Salazar led a nationalist, conservative, antiliberal, and colonial regime in Portugal known as the Estado Novo (New State) from 1933 to 1974. During this period, the regime utilized cultural symbols and practices to solidify its power and promote national unity. These included fado, Fátima, and futebol, often referred to as the "Three Fs." Fado Fado, a melancholic musical genre with roots in Lisbon's working-class neighborhoods, became a powerful symbol of Portuguese identity during Salazar's reign. Although some on the extreme left associated fado with the regime's ideology after the 1974 revolution, it gradually regained its prominence and experienced a revival in the 1990s. The Estado Novo actively promoted fado's folklorization as part of its cultural policy, which aimed to attract tourism and reinforce its nationalist agenda. The close relationship between fado and tourism persisted even in the post-dictatorship era. The establishment of the Fado Museum in Lisbon further solidified fado's status as a cultural heritage, culminating in its recognition by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2011. Fátima Fátima, a Catholic pilgrimage site, played a significant role in the regime's ideology, representing faith and tradition. The apparitions of the Virgin Mary to three shepherd children in 1917 made Fátima a focal point for Catholic devotion in Portugal. The Estado Novo embraced Fátima as a symbol of national unity and spiritual guidance, aligning itself with the Catholic Church and leveraging religious sentiment to reinforce its authority. Futebol Futebol, or soccer, held a prominent place in Portuguese society, offering a form of entertainment and national pride. The regime recognized the unifying power of sports and utilized futebol to promote national unity and distract from political issues. The success of Portuguese soccer clubs on the international stage further fueled national pride and provided a sense of collective identity, which the regime exploited to strengthen its hold on power. It's important to note that while these "Three Fs" were utilized by the Salazar regime to promote its agenda, their significance extends beyond the political context. They remain integral aspects of Portuguese culture, representing the country's history, traditions, and values. However, understanding their manipulation during the dictatorship period provides valuable insight into the regime's strategies for maintaining control and shaping national identity. The 1974 Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution, also known as the 25th of April Revolution, took place in Portugal on April 25, 1974. Context and Causes: Authoritarian Regime: Portugal had been under the rule of the Estado Novo, a nationalist, conservative, antiliberal, and colonial regime led by António de Oliveira Salazar since 1933. His successor, Marcello Caetano, continued this regime, characterized by political repression, censorship, and colonial wars in Africa. Colonial Wars: Portugal's involvement in prolonged and costly colonial wars in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau fueled growing discontent and opposition to the regime, particularly among the military. By 1974, political opposition to the regime and unrest in Portuguese colonies was growing. Economic Hardship: Economic stagnation and inequality contributed to social unrest, motivating people to seek political change. Who: The Armed Forces Movement (MFA): A group of leftist military officers orchestrated the coup, aiming to overthrow the dictatorship and establish a democratic government. How:  Military Coup: The revolution was a swift and relatively bloodless military coup. On April 25, 1974, MFA officers took control of key strategic points in Lisbon, including radio stations, the airport, and government buildings. Popular Support: The coup quickly gained widespread popular support, with citizens taking to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship. Why: Demand for Democracy: The primary goal of the Carnation Revolution was to end the dictatorship and establish a democratic system in Portugal. End Colonial Wars: The MFA sought to end the colonial wars, recognizing their unsustainable nature and the need for decolonization. Social and Economic Justice: The revolutionaries aimed to address social and economic inequalities that had persisted under the dictatorship. Symbolism: Carnations: The revolution earned its name from the carnations that people placed in the barrels of soldiers' rifles, symbolizing peace and the nonviolent nature of the uprising. Consequences: Transition to Democracy: The Carnation Revolution marked the beginning of a transition to democracy in Portugal. A new constitution was drafted, free elections were held, and civil liberties were restored. Decolonization: The revolution led to the rapid decolonization of Portugal's overseas territories, granting independence to Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Cultural Transformation: The fall of the dictatorship ushered in a period of cultural liberalization, with artists and intellectuals experiencing newfound freedom of expression. For example, in the visual arts, artists were able to move away from the constraints of the dictatorship, exploring international trends such as Italian transvanguardia and German and American new expressionisms. Long-Term Impacts: Democratic Consolidation: Portugal successfully transitioned to a stable democracy, becoming a member of the European Union in 1986. Economic Growth: Following a period of economic instability, Portugal experienced significant economic growth, particularly after joining the EU. Cultural Renaissance: The revolution fostered a cultural renaissance, with Portuguese artists and writers gaining international recognition. The Carnation Revolution represents a pivotal moment in Portuguese history, marking the end of decades of authoritarian rule and the beginning of a new era of democracy, freedom, and cultural expression. The sources provide valuable insights into the context, motivations, and consequences of this transformative event. Colonialism Understanding Colonial, Postcolonial, and Decolonial Thought The sources and our conversation history offer insights into the differences between colonial history, postcolonial thinking, and decolonial thinking. These terms are intertwined and often used in discussions about the legacies of colonialism and the ongoing efforts to challenge its impact. Colonial History: This refers to the historical period of European expansion and domination over other parts of the world, typically from the 15th century onwards. Colonial history encompasses the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of this domination. During this period, colonizers imposed their systems of governance, exploited resources, and sought to reshape the cultures and identities of colonized peoples. Colonialism also had significant and long-lasting cultural impacts. For example, in Brazil, the Portuguese colonizers imposed their language, religion, and cultural values on the indigenous population. Key features of colonialism:  ○ Political control: Colonizers established political institutions and systems of governance to maintain control over their colonies. ○ Economic exploitation: Colonies served as sources of raw materials, labor, and markets for the colonizing power. ○ Cultural imposition: Colonizers often sought to suppress indigenous cultures and languages, imposing their own values and beliefs. ○ Racial hierarchies: Colonialism was often accompanied by the creation of racial hierarchies that privileged Europeans over colonized peoples. Postcolonial Thinking: Postcolonialism refers to the intellectual and cultural movements that emerged in the wake of colonialism, seeking to analyze and critique its legacies. Postcolonial thinking examines the ways in which colonialism has shaped the world we live in, particularly focusing on the perspectives and experiences of those who were subjected to colonial rule. Key aspects of postcolonial thinking: ○ Challenging Eurocentrism: Postcolonial thinkers question the dominant narratives of history and culture that center Europe and its experiences, aiming to decenter these narratives and highlight the perspectives of marginalized groups. ○ Examining Power Relations: Postcolonialism analyzes the ways in which power operates in society, particularly focusing on the legacies of colonial power structures and their ongoing influence. ○ Exploring Identity and Representation: Postcolonial thinkers examine the ways in which colonialism has shaped the identities and representations of both colonized and colonizer, exploring the complex dynamics of hybridity, mimicry, and resistance. ○ Analyzing Discourse and Language: Postcolonialism pays close attention to the role of language and discourse in shaping our understanding of the world, examining how colonial discourse has constructed categories of difference and reinforced power imbalances. Decolonial Thinking: Decolonialism goes beyond analyzing and critiquing the legacies of colonialism. Decolonial thinking seeks to actively challenge and dismantle colonial structures of power and knowledge. Decolonial thought is  characterized by: ○ Centering Indigenous Knowledge: Decolonial thinkers prioritize and value indigenous knowledge systems and ways of knowing, seeking to decenter Western epistemologies and create space for alternative perspectives. ○ Reclaiming Agency: Decolonialism emphasizes the agency and resilience of colonized peoples, highlighting their resistance to colonialism and their efforts to reclaim their own histories and identities. ○ Transforming Power Structures: Decolonial thought aims to transform existing power structures that perpetuate colonial legacies, advocating for social justice and equity for all. Examples of decolonial thinking in various contexts, such as: ○ Antropofagia Movement: This Brazilian modernist movement utilized the metaphor of cannibalism to symbolize the act of consuming and transforming European cultural influences, aiming to create a distinctly Brazilian cultural identity free from colonial constraints. ○ Decolonial Writing: Some writers, like Olinda Beja, engage in decolonial writing by challenging imperial narratives, reclaiming their own histories, and offering alternative perspectives on global spaces and identities. Portuguese Colonialism: A Brief History Early Expansion: Portuguese colonialism began in the 15th century with the exploration of the African coast, seeking trade routes to the East. Portugal established trading posts and colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America. Brazil: Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived in Brazil in 1500. The Portuguese initially focused on extracting brazilwood but later established sugar plantations, which relied heavily on enslaved African labor. Colonial Governance: The Portuguese crown established a system of governance in Brazil that included captaincies and a hierarchical society with  significant social inequality. Slavery was a central feature of the colonial economy and social structure. Cultural Imposition: Portuguese language, religion, and cultural values were imposed on the indigenous population of Brazil. The Catholic religion played a key role in shaping colonial society, and intermarriage between Portuguese men and indigenous women was common. Expansion and Exploitation: Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese continued to expand their colonial holdings, exploring for minerals, developing agricultural industries, and engaging in territorial mapping and botanical accounts. Resistance and Conflict: Resistance to Portuguese colonialism took various forms, including indigenous uprisings, slave revolts, and movements for independence. The bandeirantes, typically of Portuguese descent, explored the Brazilian interior in search of minerals and slaves, often clashing with indigenous populations. Independence Movements: As ideas of self-government and independence grew, intellectuals in Brazil began to challenge Portuguese rule. The Inconfidência Mineira of 1789 was an early example of a movement for independence. Brazilian Independence: Brazil gained independence from Portugal in 1822, marking a significant shift in the relationship between the two countries. Postcolonial Legacies: Portuguese colonialism left a lasting impact on Brazil and other former colonies, shaping their languages, cultures, societies, and economies. Decolonization in the 20th Century: Portugal's colonial empire began to crumble in the mid-20th century with growing independence movements in Africa and Asia. The Carnation Revolution of 1974 led to the end of Portugal's dictatorship and the rapid decolonization of its remaining colonies. Beyond Colonial History: Postcolonial and decolonial thinking has emerged as a framework for understanding the ongoing legacies of Portuguese colonialism. These perspectives challenge Eurocentric narratives, reclaim indigenous knowledge, analyze power dynamics, and explore the complexities of identity and representation in postcolonial societies. The sources highlight the importance of examining colonialism not just as a historical period but also as a system of power that continues to shape the world today. Dates and Places of Portuguese Decolonization Important Moments in Portuguese Colonial History: A chart in the sources (LCM3120 Class 11) shows that the Colonial Brazil period lasted from 1500 to 1822, culminating in Brazil's independence in that year. Another source lists three significant moments in the history of the Portuguese Empire: the Iberian Union (1580-1640), the independence of Brazil (1822), and decolonization in Africa and Asia (1974). Growing Discontent and Decolonization: Another source (LCM3120 Class 11) identifies the period between 1950 and 1974 as a time of "electoral farces," unrest in Portuguese colonies, and growing political opposition to the regime, culminating in the Carnation Revolution in 1974. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo regime and the rapid decolonization of the remaining Portuguese colonies. The Carnation Revolution and Its Aftermath: In 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Portugal marked a pivotal moment in the dismantling of the Portuguese empire. The revolution, driven by popular discontent, unrest in the colonies, and political opposition, led to the collapse of the Estado Novo regime, which had been in power for decades. The new democratic government in Portugal quickly granted independence to its remaining colonies in Africa and Asia. Impact on Portuguese Society: The return of Portuguese citizens from the former colonies in the wake of decolonization, referred to as retornados, contributed to social and cultural changes in Portugal. Places Affected by Decolonization: Brazil: While Brazil gained independence in 1822, its colonial past under Portuguese rule (from 1500 to 1822) has left a lasting impact on its language, culture, and society.  Africa and Asia: The final wave of Portuguese decolonization in 1974 primarily affected colonies in Africa and Asia. This included countries such as Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe in Africa, and Timor-Leste, Macau, and Goa in Asia. Understanding the Process: The end of colonialism and decolonization is a complex historical process. It involves not just political independence but also a cultural and intellectual shift in how former colonies and colonizers understand their relationship and the legacies of colonial rule. Postcolonial Thinking: The importance of postcolonial perspectives, which examine the ongoing impact of colonialism on the identities, cultures, and societies of both the colonized and the colonizers. This involves challenging Eurocentric narratives, analyzing power dynamics, and exploring the complexities of hybridity and representation. Decolonial Thinking: Decolonial thought, goes beyond analysis and seeks to actively dismantle colonial structures of power and knowledge. Decolonial thinkers prioritize indigenous knowledge, reclaim agency for colonized peoples, and advocate for social justice and equity. Colonialism in Brazil is marked by racialized inequality and exclusion, which continue to be important spheres of political action in post-dictatorship Brazil. Postcolonialism is the period after colonialism, while decolonial thinking is a critical approach that seeks to challenge and dismantle the legacies of colonialism.8 Colonial, postcolonial, and decolonial thought are each significant approaches to thinking about historical periods and power structures, but the provided sources offer little information on how to define these terms. Understanding Fado Through Authenticity and Tourism Defining Fado: Fado, meaning "fate" in Latin, is described as a melancholic, urban musical expression deeply connected to the Portuguese identity and the feeling of saudade (a melancholic longing). It originated in 19th-century Lisbon, specifically in working-class neighborhoods like Alfama and Mouraria.  The Evolution of Fado: Over time, fado evolved from spontaneous street performances in ruas and tascas (streets and taverns) to a more codified genre performed in formal settings like casas de fado (fado houses). This shift coincided with fado's rise to national prominence, particularly during the Salazar dictatorship. Globalization and Tourism: As Portugal opened up internationally after the 1974 Carnation Revolution and joined the EEC in 1986, fado's global recognition grew, particularly through the World Music circuit. This exposure, further amplified by its UNESCO Intangible World Heritage designation in 2011, significantly increased fado's tourist appeal. The Rise of Tourist-Oriented Fado: This globalization led to a surge in venues offering fado performances, often catering to a tourist audience unfamiliar with the genre's nuances. The lectures note the proliferation of casas de fado, some offering a more simplified and "commercial" fado experience alongside traditional Portuguese cuisine. The Fado Museum: The establishment of the Fado Museum in 1998, coinciding with Lisbon's hosting of the International Exposition, is symbolic of fado's institutionalization as a cultural and tourist attraction. The museum aims to celebrate fado's historical and cultural significance, but its presence in Alfama, a historic fado neighborhood, also contributes to the area's touristification. Authenticity vs. Commodification: The lecture ]s raise concerns about the commodification of fado, questioning whether the tourist-oriented performances retain the genre's authentic spirit. Some argue that the emphasis on anecdotes, clichés, and simplified melodies caters to a less discerning audience, potentially diluting fado's emotional depth. Fado as a "Soundscape": Despite these concerns, the lectures acknowledge the persistence of an authentic fado experience, particularly in neighborhoods like Mouraria, where the connection to the local community and its culture remains strong. This duality suggests the existence of a fado soundscape, encompassing both the authentic and the commodified, reflecting the complex interplay between identity, tourism, and the evolution of a musical genre. Two Fado Singers: The sources prominently mention two influential fado singers: Amália Rodrigues: Widely considered the "Queen of Fado," Rodrigues played a crucial role in popularizing the genre both nationally and internationally. Her image, alongside that of poet Fernando Pessoa, is often used to market fado to tourists. The Amália Rodrigues House Museum, dedicated to her life and legacy, further solidifies her status as a cultural icon. Mariza: A contemporary fado singer, Mariza is often seen as the heir to Rodrigues' legacy. Her success on the World Music scene highlights fado's continued evolution and global appeal. There is ongoing tension between preserving the authenticity of fado and harnessing its potential as a tourist attraction. While the commercialization of fado raises concerns about its commodification, the genre's enduring popularity and the persistence of authentic performances suggest that it can navigate this complex landscape and retain its cultural significance. Manoel de Oliveira: A Figure in Portuguese Cinema A Limited Cinematic Landscape: The lectures describe Portuguese cinema as operating within a limited landscape, particularly in the decades following the 1974 Carnation Revolution. One source notes that state funding for filmmakers was limited, and the industry faced challenges in competing with foreign productions, especially from Hollywood. Television, however, emerged as a more accessible platform for Portuguese filmmakers, with channels like SIC co-producing and distributing Portuguese films, contributing to their wider reach. Manoel de Oliveira's Longevity and Recognition: Manoel de Oliveira, known for his exceptionally long and prolific career, stands out in this context. Information outside the provided sources indicates that he directed films from the 1930s until his death in 2015, making him one of the world's oldest active  filmmakers. His work often explored Portuguese history, literature, and identity, gaining international recognition and awards at film festivals. A Contrast to Commercial Trends: The lectures highlight the rise of "light or pop literature" and "novels for easy consumption" at the turn of the century. This trend, likely mirrored in cinema, further emphasizes the significance of Manoel de Oliveira's commitment to a more artistic and thematically complex style of filmmaking, often drawing on literary adaptations and historical narratives. Parallel to Visual Arts: The lectures also discuss the evolution of Portuguese visual arts, noting the emergence of various artistic movements and the influence of international trends like post-conceptualism. The comparison to visual arts suggests a parallel trajectory in cinema, with filmmakers like Manoel de Oliveira potentially engaging in similar artistic dialogues and stylistic explorations. Understanding Manoel de Oliveira's Significance: A Champion of Portuguese Cinema: In a landscape marked by limited funding and the influence of foreign productions, Manoel de Oliveira's longevity, prolific output, and international recognition solidify his position as a central figure in Portuguese cinema. His commitment to a more artistic and thematically complex style distinguishes him from commercial trends, aligning him with the broader artistic landscape described in the sources. A Bridge Between Eras: Oliveira's career spanned from the pre-revolution era to the post-revolution period and into the 21st century, bridging different political and cultural contexts. His work, therefore, offers a unique perspective on the evolution of Portuguese society and its artistic expressions. A Contribution to National Identity: Oliveira's exploration of Portuguese history, literature, and themes of saudade contributed to a broader artistic dialogue about Portuguese identity and its representation in the wake of colonialism and decolonization. Three Visual Artists: Paula Rego, Joana Vasconcelos, and Tarsila do Amaral Paula Rego Early Career: Rego was part of a group of Portuguese artists who gained recognition in the 1960s by combining Anglo-American pop art with elements of European nouveau réalisme. Later Recognition: Rego's career continued to flourish in the 1980s and beyond, and her work was featured in major exhibitions, including a retrospective at the beginning of the 21st century. Style and Themes: Rego's art is known for its luxuriant figuration, often exploring themes of sensuality, violence, and luxury. "Salazar Vomiting the Homeland": One of Rego's paintings, titled "Salazar Vomiting the Homeland," is featured in the sources. This work, created during the Salazar dictatorship, likely reflects the political and social tensions of that era. The "Abortion Series": Another significant body of work by Rego is the "Abortion Series," exploring the controversial topic of abortion, which was illegal in Portugal at the time. Joana Vasconcelos Style and Approach: Vasconcelos is a contemporary Portuguese sculptor known for her bold and playful use of materials and forms. Her work often incorporates everyday objects, textiles, and craft techniques, challenging traditional notions of sculpture. Balancing Kitsch and Critique: Vasconcelos's sculptures strike a "tense and difficult balance between kitsch playfulness and a criticism of taste". This suggests that her work engages with popular culture and aesthetics while simultaneously questioning societal norms and values. Notable Works: The sources showcase three of Vasconcelos's sculptures: "Ambrósio" (2007), "Marilyn" (2009), and "Solitaire" (2018). These works exemplify her use of diverse materials and her exploration of themes related to femininity, consumerism, and identity. Tarsila do Amaral Contextualizing the Artists Understanding these artists requires considering the historical and cultural context of Portuguese art, as discussed in the lectures: Impact of the Carnation Revolution: The 1974 Carnation Revolution marked a turning point in Portuguese society and its art. The sources describe a shift towards a more open and experimental artistic climate, with artists engaging with international trends and exploring new forms of expression. The Rise of Contemporary Art: The lectures note the development of a more robust contemporary art scene in Portugal in the decades following the revolution, with the establishment of new museums, galleries, and art institutions. This growth provided a platform for artists like Rego and Vasconcelos to gain recognition and contribute to a more diverse and dynamic artistic landscape. Themes of Identity and Representation: The works of Rego and Vasconcelos, though stylistically distinct, both engage with themes of identity, gender, and societal norms, reflecting broader artistic trends in Portugal and beyond. Their exploration of these themes likely connects to the legacies of colonialism, the changing social landscape of post-revolution Portugal, and the ongoing dialogues about representation and power in art. Brazilian History: From Colonialism to Modernism Colonialism and its Enduring Impacts Early Colonialism: The lectures describe the initial phase of Portuguese colonization in Brazil, marked by a focus on exploiting natural resources, particularly Brazilwood, and interactions with Indigenous populations. The arrival of Europeans drastically altered the existing social and ecological landscapes, leading to the displacement and exploitation of Indigenous communities.  Slavery and Racial Inequality: The lectures highlight the central role of slavery in shaping Brazilian society and its lasting consequences. The transatlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to Brazil, creating a deeply stratified society based on race and power. The sources explore the brutal realities of slavery and its impact on Afro-Brazilian communities, noting the persistent struggles for equality and recognition. Colonial Discourses and Stereotypes: The lectures examine how European perceptions of Brazil and its inhabitants were shaped by colonial discourses and stereotypes. The idea of Brazil as an exotic and sensual land, often associated with primitivism and a lack of civilization, persisted in European narratives. These stereotypes, often intertwined with racist and classist biases, continue to influence perceptions of Brazil and its culture. Independence as a Continuation: The lectures suggest that Brazilian independence in 1822 did not necessarily mark a clean break from colonial structures and mentalities. The continued reliance on slave labor and the persistence of racial inequality demonstrate the enduring legacies of colonialism in shaping the nation's social and economic fabric. Postcolonialism and the Search for Identity "Ideas Out of Place": SILVA cites Roberto Schwarz's concept of "ideas out of place" to explain the contradictions inherent in postcolonial Brazil. Schwarz argues that the adoption of European Enlightenment ideals clashed with the reality of slavery and social inequality, creating a disjuncture between rhetoric and lived experiences. National Identity Formation: The lectures emphasize the ongoing quest to define a distinct Brazilian identity in the wake of colonialism. This struggle involved navigating the legacies of European influence, the diverse cultural contributions of Indigenous and African populations, and the desire to assert a unique national character.  The Role of Culture: The lectures suggest that cultural expressions like music, literature, and visual arts played a vital role in shaping national identity and challenging colonial discourses. The Modernism Movement and "Anthropophagism" Challenging European Aesthetics: The lectures describe the Modernism movement in Brazil as a deliberate effort to break free from traditional European aesthetics and embrace a more authentically Brazilian artistic expression. This involved incorporating elements of Brazilian culture and history into art, music, and literature, challenging the dominance of European models. The "Anthropophagism" Manifesto: The "Anthropophagism" movement, spearheaded by writers like Oswald de Andrade, emerged within Modernism and advocated for a radical approach to cultural production. The term "anthropophagism," meaning "cannibalism," metaphorically represented the idea of consuming and digesting European culture, transforming it into something distinctly Brazilian. Reinterpreting History: "Anthropophagism" encouraged a critical reinterpretation of Brazilian history, challenging colonial narratives and celebrating the contributions of marginalized groups. The sources explore how "anthropophagists" like Oswald de Andrade and Mário de Andrade used literature and art to deconstruct colonial stereotypes and present a more nuanced and inclusive vision of Brazilian identity. The "Cannibal" Trope: The "cannibal" trope, central to "anthropophagism," was not simply about appropriating European culture but rather about critically engaging with it, deconstructing its power structures, and transforming it into something new. Navigating the Complexities Authenticity and Commodification: The lectures touch on the ongoing tensions between preserving cultural authenticity and the pressures of commodification, particularly in the context of tourism. This dilemma is evident in discussions of music genres like fado and funk, where the popularity of  these styles has led to debates about their commercialization and the potential dilution of their original meanings. The Ongoing Struggle: The lectures suggest that the quest for social justice and equality in Brazil is an ongoing process, deeply intertwined with the legacies of colonialism and the enduring impacts of slavery and racial discrimination. The fight for rights and recognition by marginalized communities, including funk musicians in contemporary Brazil, highlights the persistent challenges faced by those seeking full inclusion and participation in society. Additional Insights from Conversation History The Role of Music: Our previous conversations about fado and its evolution shed light on how music can reflect broader social and cultural transformations. The tensions between authenticity and tourism in fado mirror similar discussions about Brazilian music genres like funk, highlighting the impact of globalization and commercialization on cultural expressions. The Importance of Cinema: Our discussion of Manoel de Oliveira and his significance in Portuguese cinema underscored the role of film in exploring national identity and historical narratives. While not directly related to Brazil, Oliveira's work provides a parallel example of how artists can engage with complex themes of identity, memory, and representation in the aftermath of colonialism [conversation history]. Concluding Thoughts The lectures offer a rich and insightful exploration of key moments and movements in Brazilian history. They emphasize the enduring legacies of colonialism, the ongoing struggle to define a unique national identity, and the role of cultural expressions in challenging dominant narratives and shaping a more inclusive and representative vision of Brazil. The sources' focus on "anthropophagism" and its radical approach to cultural production provides a valuable lens for understanding how Brazil continues to grapple with its complex history and forge a path towards a more equitable and just future. Brazilian flag  The flag is green with a yellow diamond in the center. Within the yellow diamond is a blue circle with white stars and a white band containing the phrase "ORDEM E PROGRESSO." The colors of the Brazilian flag, green and yellow, represent the colors of the House of Braganza and the House of Habsburg, respectively. The sources do discuss colonialism and postcolonialism in Brazil. Colonialism has shaped the country's identity and culture, and the flag is likely a product of this history. The sources explore the influence of European aesthetics and the struggle to define a unique Brazilian identity in the wake of colonialism. They also highlight the complexities of cultural authenticity and commodification, particularly in the context of tourism. Here is information from the sources regarding your request: "Anthropophagism" is discussed as a key concept in Brazilian modernism [conversation history]. Oswald de Andrade is named as one of the leading figures in this movement [conversation history]. Oswald de Andrade wrote the "Anthropophagism" Manifesto in 1928, which advocated for absorbing and transforming European culture into something uniquely Brazilian [conversation history]. "Pau Brasil" is a poetry collection by Oswald de Andrade published in 1925. It's considered a key example of the "anthropophagism" aesthetic, utilizing fragmented language and incorporating historical texts to deconstruct colonial narratives. Therefore, Oswald de Andrade and his poetry collection "Pau Brasil" can be considered a relevant example of a Lusophone artist and their work, as discussed in the context of Brazilian modernism and "anthropophagism." MC Galo and Early Funk Carioca The sources provide a detailed look at the history and evolution of funk carioca in Brazil, highlighting its origins, influences, and key figures. One musician mentioned in the sources who played a significant role in the early development of funk carioca is MC Galo. MC Galo is considered the first MC from a favela, marking a crucial moment in funk carioca's connection to marginalized communities and its emergence as a voice for the underrepresented. The sources describe how Grandmaster Raphael, another pioneer of funk carioca, sampled a samba by Bezerra da Silva for a song by MC Galo titled "Malandro". This example illustrates: ○ The importance of sampling as a core element in funk carioca production. ○ The connections between funk carioca and earlier Brazilian musical traditions like samba. ○ Grandmaster Raphael's creative process and his recognition of both Bezerra da Silva and MC Galo as "classic" figures. While the specific song title "Malandro" is mentioned as an example, the sources do not provide further information about MC Galo's musical work or other specific examples of his songs. The discussion of MC Galo and Grandmaster Raphael's sampling techniques highlights the complex relationship between funk carioca and copyright law, a recurring theme in the sources. Despite frequently violating copyright through sampling, funk musicians often expressed hope that copyright law could protect their work in the future. This tension between creative practices and legal frameworks is a key aspect of understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by funk carioca artists in Brazil. Diplo, an American DJ and music producer, has been criticized for profiting off of funk carioca while perpetuating harmful stereotypes about favelas. His work has sparked debate about cultural appropriation and the ethics of representing marginalized communities.  Brazilian funk music is often considered controversial because of its lyrics, and Diplo has been involved in this controversy.