Polity PDF

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KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr.........................................................................02 2. àñVmdZm...............................................................................07 3. g§KamÁ¶ d amÁ¶joÌ...................................................................09 4. 5. y ‘wb^yV h³H$...........................................................................12 ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËËdo........................................................................30 6. 7. em ‘wb^yV H$V©ì¶.........................................................................35 amîQ´>nVr d amÁ¶nmb...................................................................36 8. d amÁ¶nmb...............................................................................38 a 9. 10. 11. c n§VàYmZ................................................................................40 g§gX...................................................................................44 A amÁ¶ H$m¶Xo‘§S>i.......................................................................64 12. ^maVmMo {Z¶§ÌH$ d ‘hm boImnarjH$ GAG................................................ 70 13. va ^maVmMm ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr d amÁ¶mMm ‘hm{Yd³Vm.......................................71 14. 15. se amîQ´>nVr d ‘§Ìr‘§S>i, amÁ¶nmb d ‘§Ìr‘§S>i ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y.......................72 gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶......................................................................74 16. 17. ok CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶.........................................................................84 H|$Ðem{gV àXoe.......................................................................91 18. 19. 20. L H|$Ð-amÁ¶ g§~§Y.......................................................................93 KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am¶moJ......................................................................99 {~Ja KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am¶moJ............................................................. 102 21. AZwgyMr, gyMr....................................................................... 105 22. ‘hËËdmMr H$b‘o..................................................................... 105 23. J«m‘ àemgZ.......................................................................... 109 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 1 NOTES 6 1. KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zm, H$m¶Xm Am{U Ý¶m¶ ‘§Ìmb¶mer g§~§{YV- d¡Y{ZH$ {d^mJmH$Sy>Z àH$m{eV Ho$br OmVo. → (SM - 2019)  amÁ¶KQ>Zm åhUOo : * Á¶m‘Ü¶o emgZmMo ñdén VgoM ZmJ[aH$ Am{U emgZ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§YmMr {ZpíMVr Am{U dU©Z H$aÊ¶mè¶m H$m¶XçmMm Am{U {Z¶‘m§Mm g‘mdoe. * ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zm, H$m¶Xm Am{U Ý¶m¶ ‘§Ìmb¶mer g§~§{YV- d¡Ym{ZH$ {d^mJmH$Sy>Z àH$m{eV Ho$br OmVo. * Basic Fundamental Law. y  g§{dYmZ g^oMr ‘mJUr : amÁ¶ : H$m¶©H$mar,H$m¶Xo‘§S>i. em  emgZì¶dñWm (g§gXr¶) : H|$Ð : H$m¶©H$mar→ (AM - 2017), H$m¶Xo‘§S>i, Ý¶m¶‘§S>i. ad * 1922- ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr : ^maVr¶ OZVoÀ¶m BÀN>oZwgma Agob. (P-2012) * 1934 : g§{dYmZ g^oMr H$ënZm- gd©àW‘- eãXmoëboI H$ê$Z- ‘mZd|Ð ZmW am°¶. (gmå¶dmXr MidirMo AJ«Ur hmoVo.) Ac * {S>g|~a 1934 : àW‘M amîQ´>r¶ H$m±J«ogMr Am¡nMm[aH$ ‘mJUr. * 1938- Zohé : ñdV§Ì ^maVmMr KQ>Zm àm¡T> ‘VXmZmX²dmao {ZdS>Ê¶mV Amboë¶m g§{dYmZ g^oX²dmao (~mhç à^mdm{dZm) H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr. va * 1940 : bm°S>© {bZ{bWJmo : Am°JñQ> Am°’$a - ^maVmMr KQ>Zm : ‘w»¶V: ^maVr¶m§Zr V¶ma H$amdr. * 1942 : ñQ>°’$S>© {H«$ßg : nyU©V: ^maVr¶m§Zr V¶ma H$amdr. * eodQ>r ‘o. 1946 : H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ ßb°Z Omhra→ (‘wñbr‘ brJ d H$m±J«g EH$Ì Zmhr) e {Ì‘§Ìr ¶moOZm :→ 1. n°{WH$ bm°aoÝg- AÜ¶j. 2. ñQ>°’$S>© {H«$ßg 3. E. ìhr. Abo³Pm§S>a s ok {dO¶mbú‘r n§{S>V g§{dYmZ g^oVrb ‘{hbm - 15 ~oJ‘ agyb L gyMoVm H¥$nbmZr H$‘bm Mm¡Yar XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI ny{U©‘m ~°ZOu A‘w ñdm‘rZmWZ Xj¶Zr dobmì¶wXZ {bbm ao aoUyH$m ao amOHw$‘mar A‘¥Vm H$m¡a h§gm ‘ohVm gamo{OZr Zm¶Sy> ‘mbVr Mm¡Yar A°Zr ‘ñH$arZ 2 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir * VaVyXr : KQ>Zm {Z{‘©VrMr VaVyX. All India Federation Mr VaVyX. Interim Government - ñWmnZm : gßQ>|~a 1946. ¶mZwgmaM, aMZm- g§{dYmZ g^oV (389) gXñ¶ AgVrb : (292) → Elected ← (4)- ({Xëbr, AO‘oa-‘madmS>, (93)- Nominated (11 àm§VmVyZ) Hw$J© d ~by{MñVmZ) (g§ñWm{ZH$m§H$Sy>Z) ↓ y ♦ 3 JQ> : erI, ‘wñbr‘, gmYmaU ♦ bmoH$g^m : n{hbr ♦ 1935 : A°³Q> Owb¡-Am°JñQ> - 1946- Election (296 OmJm§gmR>r) ↓ ↓ em ♦ AàË¶j : EH$b g§H«$‘Ur¶ ♦ {ZemUr : hËVr ↓ 73 ‘yñbr‘ (5 dJiyZ) d 208 H$m±J«og (9 dJiyZ) a 15 Cd©[aV 296 n¡H$s :- 1. 2. 3. qhXþ ‘wñbr‘ 80 SC 31 ↓ 163 Ac 8 Anj ~r. Eb. {‘ËVa O¶nmbqgh ‘w§S>m àË¶oH$s EH$ gXñ¶ eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> ’o$S>aoeZ ¶w{Z{ZîQ> nmQ>u 4. va ST 06 Ádmbm àgmX lrdmñVd gpÀMXmZ§X {gÝhm S>r. nr. I¡VmZ ¶w{Z{ZîQ> ‘wñbr‘ ¶w{Z{ZîQ> eoS>çëw S> H$mñQ> H¥$fH$ àOm nmQ>u se AëbmXr H¥$îUñdm‘r Aæ¶a erI gmå¶dmXr nj k * ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr d ‘whå‘X Abr OrZm- dJiyZ gdmªZm gXñ¶Ëd. o L {~Ja H$m±J«og gXñ¶ (RM - 2015) gaXma hþHy$‘qgJ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ‘hmdra Ë¶mJr Ho$.Q>r. ehm R>mHy$aXmg í¶m‘màgmX ‘wIOu EZ Or Aæ¶§Jma E‘ Ama O¶H$a Hw§$Pê$ g{MVmZ§X {gÝhm EM.gr. ‘wIOu S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 3  g§{dYmZ g§^oMo H$m‘H$mO : 9 {S>g|~a 1946 11 {S>g|~a 1946 13 {S>g|~a 1946 ↓ ↓ ↓ * {R>H$mU : Zdr {Xëbr. * AÜ¶j : S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX * CX²Xoen{ÌH$m : (‘§Oyar 22 OmZo. (g|Q´>b hm°b) (H$m¶‘ñdénr) (↓) 1947) * AÜ¶j : S>m°. gpÀMXmZ§X {gÝhm * CnmÜ¶j : EM. gr. ‘wIOu gmd©^m¡‘Îd, ñdmV§Í¶, JUamÁ¶ * gXñ¶ : 211 (‘wñbr‘brJ ({¼íMZ g‘wXm¶mMo à{V{ZYr) (↓) J¡ahOa) * ¶wEgE, MrZ, Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m- g{XÀN>m * H$m¶Xoera gëbmJma : y ~r. EZ. amd (bm°S>© doìhob.....) ‘yi KQ>ZoV : gmd©^m¡‘ËËd, bmoH$emhr, JUamÁ¶ Agm ~Xb g§XoemMo dmMZ * CnmÜ¶j : ’«±$H$ A°ÝWmoZr * XmoZ CnmÜ¶j 1. EM. gr. ‘wIOu em Ho$bm. (↓) d Nominated 2. ìhr. Q>r. H¥$îU‘mMmar 42 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 1976 Z§Va : * Am‘§ÌU ~¡R>H$sMo : n§. Zohé * KQ>Zmg{‘VrMo g{Md = gmd©^m¡‘, g‘mOdmXr, Y‘©{Zanoj, AÜ¶j (CX²KmQ>Z) ca EM. ìhr. Ama. Aæ¶§Jma bmoH$emhr, JUamÁ¶.  amOgËVoMr ‘§Oyar A  g§{dYmZ g^oÀ¶m aMZoV ~Xb : ‘mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z ¶moOZoZwgma (3 OyZ. 1947 À¶m) - 5 Owb¡ 1947- 18 Owb¡ 1947. va * g§{dYmZ g^obm nyU©V: gmd©^m¡‘ ~ZdÊ¶mV Ambo. * g§{dYmZ g^obm H$m¶Xo ‘§S>imMm XOm© àmßV * ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ XmoZ amîQ´> {Z‘m©U Pmbr. (389 → 299) se ↓ g§{dYmZ g^oMr ~¡R>H$ ↓ g§{dYmZ g^m Oa ↓ 299 n¡H$s ok ↓ KQ>Zm {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~gV S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX - AÜ¶j H$m¶Xo‘§S>i åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~¡R>H$ ^aV Agob ↓ 229 ↓ 1. g§¶w³V àm§V = 55 70 ↓ 1. åh¡gya = 7 L AÜ¶j : Or. ìhr. ‘mdiUH$a 2. ‘Ðmg = 49 3. {~hma = 36 2. ÌmdUH$moa = 6 * 28 E{àb 1947 bm 6 g§ñWm{ZH$ KQ>Zm g{‘VrV gh^mJr Pmbo - Cd©[aV ~S>moXm, {~H$mZoa, O¶nya, n{Q>¶mbm, aodm, CX¶nya. 9011194443 4 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir * 22 Owb¡ 1947 : amîQ´>r¶ ÜdO pñdH¥$V - {S>PmB©Z - qnH$ëbr d¢H$æ¶m. * ‘o. 1949 : amîQ´>Hy$bmbm AZw‘moXZ. * 24 OmZodmar 1950 : amîQ´>JrV d amîQ´>JmU. * 24 OmZodmar 1950 : g§{dYmZ g^oÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m ~¡R>H$sV- 26 OmZo. 1950 nmgyZ → g§{dYmZ g^obmM VmËnwaVr g§gX. 24 OmZodmar 1950- {ZdS> : S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX ^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ´>nVr. ↓ ¶mM {Xder CnpñWV Agboë¶m 284 gXñ¶m§Zr KQ>Zoda ghçm Ho$ë¶m. (3)- nmD$g ew^g§Ho$V. ~¡R>H$sMm eodQ>- lr. ny{U©‘m ~°ZOu- OU-JU-‘Z, d§Xo‘mVa‘² : n§{S>V bú‘rH$m§V ‘¡Ì. y * KQ>ZoMr pñdH¥$Vr : 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 (1 àñVmdZm, 22 ^mJ, 395 H$b‘o, 8 AZwgyÀ¶m) (nU AmVm = 465 H$b‘, 25 ^mJ, 12 AZwgy{MV, 4A, 14A - 42dr K.Xþ. 1976, 9A - 74dr K.Xþ., 9B - 97dr K.Xþ.) ↓ em * A§‘b : 26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ (H$maU {S>g|~a 1929. bmhmoa A{YdoeZ...) ad ‘mÌ, KQ>ZoVrb 16 H$b‘m§Mm A§‘b 26 Zmoìh|~abmM : 1) 5 Vo 9 = ZmJ[aH$Ëdm g§~§{YV, 2) 60 = amîQ´>nVr enW, 3) 324 = {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJ, 4) 366+367 = ì¶m»¶m, AW©~moYZ, 5) 379 = VaVwXr g§gX, 6) 380 = amîQ´>nVrg§~§{YV VaVyXr, 7) 372, 388, 391 Vo 393. ‘gyXm g{‘Vr ↓ c * g§{dYmZ g^oÀ¶m g{‘Ë¶m (EHy$U = 22) : (H$emgmR>r - KQ>Zm {Z{‘©VrMr doJdoJir H$m¶© nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r.) A BVa ‘hËdnyU© g{‘Ë¶m ↓ AÜ¶jVoImbr. va * ñWmnZm : 29 Am°JñQ> 1947 : S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m * H$m¶©nX²YVr {Z¶‘, gwH$mUy, ñQ>m’$ Am{U {dËV, ÜdO, amÁ¶mgmo~V dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUmar S>m°. amO|oÐ àgmX. se * 7 gXñ¶ :- AÜ¶j : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a EZ. Jmonmb ñdm‘r Aæ¶§Jma - Oå‘y d H$mpí‘a, * g§KamÁ¶ KQ>Zm + g§KamÁ¶ A{YH$ma = n§{S>V Zohé. * Am°S>©a Am°’$ {~PZog H${‘Q>r/H$m‘H$mO g{‘Vr = Ho$. E‘. ok n§VàYmZ, 370 ‘gyXm. AëbmXr H¥$îUñdm‘r Aæ¶a - d{H$b, ‘Ðmg. Ho$. E‘. ‘wÝer- ~m°å~o àm§VmMo J¥h‘§Ìr. ‘wÝer. * J¥h g{‘Vr : nQ²>Q>m^r {gVmam‘æ¶m. * àm§{VH$ KQ>Zm g{‘Vr : gaXma nQ>ob. L EZ. ‘mYd amd ({‘ËVaÀ¶m OmJr) : åh¡gyaMo {XdmU Q>r. Q>r. H¥$îU‘mMmar : (EZ. nr. I¡VmZÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va) (141 {Xdg - H$m¶©, g§{dYmZ g^m = 166 {Xdg H$m¶©.) * ‘wb^yV h³H$ d Aëng§»¶mH$ g{‘Vr : gaXma nQ>ob. ↓ (‘wb^yV h³H$ Cng{‘Vr : Oo. ~r. H¥$nbmZr, Aëng§»¶m§H$ Cng{‘Vr - Eg. gr. ‘wIOu) gB©X ‘whå‘X gmXÿbm. * ZmJ[aH$ VËËdmdarb VXW© g{‘Vr : daX Mm[a¶ma. * g§{dYmZ g^oMr 11 gÌo Pmbr AmhoV : 1 bo : 9 Vo 23 {S>g|~a 1946. 5 do : 14 Vo 30 Am°JñQ> 1947. eodQ>Mm (11do) : 14 Vo 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 5 * IM© = 64 bmI, H$mbmdYr = 2 df}, 11 ‘{hZo, 17 {Xdg. * KQ>ZoMr hñV{b{IV : "ào‘ {~hmar Zmam¶U am¶OmXm' (251 nmZo.) 3.75 {H$bmo- 6 ‘{hZo bmdbo. {MÌén gOmdQ> = Z§Xbmb ~mog. * {Q>H$m : qhXþMr g^m- {dgH$mD§$Q>, H$m±J«ogMo dM©ñd - {dñQ>Z M{M©b.  KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço * gdm©V ‘moR>r {b{IV KQ>Zm : {b{IV - A{b{IV KQ>Zm ‘moR>r H$m Pmbr? {H$Vr ^mJ...? * {d{dY ñÌmoVmnmgyZ V¶ma Ho$bobr : 1935 À¶m A°³Q>‘YyZ : g§KamÁ¶r¶ ¶moOZm, Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm, bmoH$godm Am¶moJ, Am{U~mUrÀ¶m VaVyXr, amÁ¶nmbmMo nX, àemgH$s¶ Vn{eb, (75% ^mJ....) y * {~«{Q>e : g§gXr¶ emgZì¶dñWm, H°${~ZoQ> ì¶dñWm, {ÛJ¥hr g§gX, First- Past Post System, H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mMr nX²YV, H$m¶XçmMo amÁ¶, EH$M ZmJ[aH$Ëd, g§gXr¶ {deofm{YH$ma. em * A‘o[aH$m (We the People) : ‘wb^yV h³H$, CnamîQ´>nVr nX, Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWoMo ñdmV§Í¶, Ý¶m{¶H$ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z, amîQ´>nVr-‘hm{^¶moJ nX²YV, gdm}ÀM d CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶, Ý¶m¶mYremg nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMr nX²YV. * H°$ZS>m : à^mdr H|$Ð Agbobo g§KamÁ¶, eofm{YH$ma H|$ÐmH$S>o AgÊ¶mMr VaVyX, amÁ¶nmbmMr H|$ÐmMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$, gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo gëbmJma A{YH$majoÌ. ad * Am¶[ae KQ>Zm : amÁ¶ YmoaUmMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËËdo, amîQ´>nVr {ZdS>UwH$ nX²YV, amÁ¶g^oda H$mhr gXñ¶mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ. Ac * Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m : g‘dVu gyMr, g§¶w³V ~¡R>H$, ì¶mnma d dm{UÁ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶. * ’«$mÝgMr KQ>Zm : JUamÁ¶, àmñVm{dHo$Vrb ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVm ho AmXe©. * gmD$W Am{’«$H$m : KQ>ZmXþéñVr nX²YV, amÁ¶g^oÀ¶m gXñ¶mMr {ZdS>UyH$. * a{e¶m : ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o, àmñVm{dH$m- gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mMm AmXe©. va * OnmZ : H$m¶XçmZo àñWm{nV nX²YV. * O‘©Zr dm¶‘a : Am{U~mUrV ‘wb^yV h³H$ ñW{JV hmoUo. * e  g§KamÁ¶r¶ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm s VmR>aVm d bd{MH$Vm ¶m§Mo EH${ÌH$aU * g§gXr¶ gmd©^m¡‘Ëd d Ý¶m{¶H$ gdm}ÀMVm ¶m§Mo g§VwbZ * * * k ñdV§Ì d EH$mpË‘H$ Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm o ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ‘wb^yV H$V©ì¶o * ‘wb^yV h³H$ * Am{U~mUr{df¶H$ VaVwXr * gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> ‘VXmZ nX²YV- 61 dr KQ>ZmXþéVr, 1988 * L EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd * Y‘©{Zanoj amÁ¶.  6 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 2. àñVmdZm  àñVmdZm * A_o[aHo$À`m KQ>ZoV OJmV gd©àW_ àmñVm{dH$m XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VoWyZM AmnU hr Concept KoVbr Amho. * C{Ôï>m§Mm R>amd - n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr 13 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr _m§S>bo. Va Ë`mbm 22 OmZo. 1947 amoOr y _mÝ`Vm {_imbr. * ^maVr` amÁ` Ym{_©H$ Zmhr, AY_u Zmhr, Y_©{damoYrhr Zmhr, Y_©{Zanoj Amho. ^maVr` KQ>Zm Y_©{ZanojVoMr gH$mamË_H$ g§H$ënZm àX{e©V H$aVo. em * ^maV Agm n{hbm Xoe Amho - "n{hë`m {ZdS>UyH$m nmgyZM gd©M ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _Vm{YH$ma XoUmam.' * H$m±J«ogÀ`m 1955- ‘Yrb AmdS>r A{YdoeZmV = AÜ`j U.N. T>|~a - g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMo VÎd pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambo. * KQ>ZoV g_mOdmXr eãXmMm AW© ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. ad * ^maV JUamÁ` Amho. (H$maU ^maVmMo amï´>nVr d§ena§naoZo gÎmoda Z `oVm. {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao (AàË`j) gÎmoda `oVmV.)  c * àñVm{dH$m hr Oar KQ>ZoMr àñVmdZm Agbr Var g§nyU© KQ>ZoZ§Va Vr A{Y{Z`{_V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. A * àñVmdZm hr EH$_od ~m~ Aer Amho H$s Vr g§{dYmZ g^oV MMm© d _VXmZm{dZm nm[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMr àmñVm{dH$m va * Amåhr, ^maVmMo bmoH$, ^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡‘ g‘mOdmXr Y‘©{Zanoj bmoH$emhr JUamÁ¶ KS>dÊ¶mMm d Ë¶mÀ¶m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§g: se gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s¶ Ý¶m¶, {dMma, A{^ì¶³Vr, {dídmg, lX²Ym d CnmgZm ¶m§Mo ñdmV§Í¶, XOm©Mr d g§YrMr g‘mZVm, {ZpíMVnUo àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMm Am{U Ë¶m gdmª‘Ü¶o ì¶³VrMr à{VîR>m d amîQ´>mMr EH$Vm Am{U k EH$mË‘Vm ¶m§Mo AmídmgZ XoUmar ~§YwVm àd{Y©V H$aÊ¶mMm Jm§^r¶©nyd©H$ {ZYm©a H$ê$Z, Am‘À¶m g§{dYmZ g^oV AmO {XZm§H$ 26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr ¶mX²dmao ho g§{dYmZ A§JrH¥$V Am{U A{Y{Z¶{‘V o H$ê$Z ñdV:àV An©U H$arV AmhmoV. L * àmñVm{dHo$Vrb g‘mOdmXr, Y‘©{Zanoj Am{U EH$mË‘Vm ho eãX Z§Va "KQ>Zm (42dr XþéñVr) H$m¶Xm, 1976' Zwgma Q>mH$Ê¶mV Ambo. gaZmå`mV H«$_ Imbrb à_mUo bjmV R>odm. H«$‘mZo gd©àW_ `oVo 1) Ý`m` ñdmV§Í` g_mZVm ~§YwVm 2) {dMma A{^ì`º$s {dídmg lÕm CnmgZm (CnmgZobm nyOmXoIrb åhUVmV.) 3) gmd©^m¡_ g_mOdmXr Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$emhr JUamÁ`. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 7 CÔoen{ÌH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ Amho H$s Zmhr `m~Ôb 3 IQ>bo Pmbr d Ë`mVrb {ZU©` ~oé~mar `w{Z`Z Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr ^maVr` OrdZ {d_m IQ>bm 1960 IQ>bm 1973 IQ>bm 1995 `m IQ>ë`mV gdm}ƒ nyduMo _V \o$Q>mibo, àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm A{d^mÁ` Ý`m`mb`mZo àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm  àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ  ^mJ Agë`mMo ñnï> H$aÊ`mV ^mJ Zmhr Ago ñnï> Ho$bo. Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$bo Ambo KQ>Zm {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr hr àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ Agë`mMo _mZbo hmoVo. y àñVm{dHo$~Ôb : H$m`Xo_§S>imMm A{YH$mam§Mm ñÌmoVhr Zmhr d Vr Ë`mda à{V~§Yhr H$aV Zmhr. : àmñVm{dH$m Ý`m` à{dîQ>> Zmhr ↓ em (åhUOoM `mVrb VaVyXtMm ^§J Pmë`mg h¸$ åhUyZ Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oUma Zmhr.) d àmñVm{dHo$V H$b‘ 368 A§VJ©V KQ>Zm XwéñVr H$aVm `oVo. nU, KQ>ZoÀ`m _m¡{bH$ g§aMZobm hmV Z bmdVm (Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr IQ>bm 1973) a * * * * amOH$s` Hw§$S>br : Ho$. E_. _wÝer CËH¥$ï> JÚ-H$mì` : E_. ìhr. nm`br Ac H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr AM§~rV H$aUmar VÎdo : AmMm`© Oo. ~r. H¥$nbmZr Aem àH$maMm Ho$bobm EH$ gdm}Îm_ _gwXm : n§S>rV R>mHw$aXmg ^mJ©d va CÔoen{ÌHo$~Ôb , (darb 4 _Vm§Mr Imbr nwZamdVu ñnï>rH$aUmV Ho$br Zmhr.) AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ^mJ Ý`m. {gH«$s (_mOr gaÝ`m`mYre) se KQ>Zm H$Ë`mªMo _Z AmoiIÊ`mMr {H$„r KQ>ZoMo AmoiInÌ - (I-card) ~oé~mar g§X^© IQ>bm. ZmZm nmbIrdmbm. k Key-note o AZ}ñQ> ~mH©$a (_mJrb BVa narjoV {dMmabobo àmñVm{dHo$~ÔbMo _V EH$Ì H$ê$Z da XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.) L  8 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 3. g§KamÁ¶ d amÁ¶joÌ * g§K Am{U Ë`mMo amÁ`joÌ `m n{hë`m ^mJmV 1 Vo 4 H$b_o g_m{dîQ> AmhoV * H$b_ (1) (1) India that is Bharat shall be union of states (2) KQ>H$amÁ`o d H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMr Zmdo - n{hë`m AZwgy{MV {Xë`mà_mUo AgVrb. (3) amÁ`joÌ 3 ~m~rnmgyZ ~Zbobo Agob - 1) KQ>H$amÁ`o, 2) H|$Ðem{gV àXoe, 3) ^{dî`mV g§nm{XV àXoe H$b_ (2) H$b_ (3) y Z{dZ amÁ` g§KamÁ`mV g_m{dð> H$aUo. (amÁ`joÌmMm ^mJ Zgbobm ^mJ) Z{dZ amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aUo (amÁ`joÌm§VJ©V ~Xb) em Ago {dYo`H$ g§gXoV _m§S>Ê`m AJmoXa amï´>nVrMr nyd©g§_Vr ¿`mdr bmJob d amï´>nVr g§_Vr XoÊ`mAJmoXa Ë`m g§~§YrV amÁ`mMr g§_Vr KoVrb. nU amÁ`mMr g§_Vr amï´>nVr/g§gX ZmH$mê$/pñdH$mê$ eH$Vo. åhUOoM g§gX ^maVmÀ`m A§VJ©V ^mJmV H$moUVohr ~Xb H$ê$ eH$Vo. (åhUOoM ^maV ^§OH$ amÁ`mMm A^§OH$ g§K Amho.) H$b_ (4) ad H$b_ (2) d (3) A§VJ©V Ho$bobo ~Xb H$b_ 368 A§VJ©V KQ>ZmXwéñVr _mZbr OmUma Zmhr. 26 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr KQ>Zm bmJy Pmbr. Ë`mV 29 amÁ`o (4) JQ>mV {d^mOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. nU hr {d^mJUr H«$. 1) amÁ` Am§Y«àXoe ñWmnZm df© 1 Am°ŠQ>mo. 1953 c ^m¡Jmo{bH$, àemg{H$` d Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm A`mo½` hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^m{fH$ AmYmamda àm§VmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr Omoa Yabr hmoVr. Ë`mVM ^m{fH$ AmYmamda {Z_m©U Pmbobo n{hbo amÁ` åhUOo Am§Y«àXoe (1953) hmo`. A BVa 2) 3) 4) nwXwƒar _hmamï´> JwOamV va 1954 1 _o 1960 1 _o 1960 14 KQ>ZmXwéñVr, 1962 - H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMm XOm©. ~m°å~o nyZa©MZm H$m`Xm, 1960. ~m°å~o nyZa©MZm H$m`Xm, 1960. 5) 6) Xrd X_Z se XmXa ZJa hdobr 1961 1962 10 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr 1961 12 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr 1962 7) 8) 9) ok ZmJmb±S> h[a`mZm, M§{XJT>, n§Om~ {h_mMb àXoe 1963 1966 1970 ZmJmb±S> amÁ` A{Y{Z`_, 1962 emh Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$magrZwgma H|$Ðem{gV àXoemg amÁ`mMm XOm© 10) 11) 12) L _{Unya, {Ìnyam, _oKmb` {g¸$s_ {_Pmoa_ d AéUmMb àXoe 1972 1975 1986 B©emÝ` joÌ nwZa©MZm A{Y{Z`_ 1971, {VKm§gmR>r EH$M - 19 do _{Unya, 20 do {Ìnyam, 21 do _oKmb` 22 do {gp³H$‘ 23 {_Pmoam_, 24 AéUmMb àXoe 13) Jmodm 1987 25 do Jmodm. 14) _Ü`àXoe, CÎmaàXoe, {~hma ¶mÀ¶mda H«$‘ bmdm. {Z{‘©VrZwgma Ago àíZ amÁ¶godm ‘w»¶bm ~è¶mM doiog Ambobo AmhoV. N>ÎmrgJS>, CÎmamMb, PmaI§S> 2000 (26 do), (27 do) (28 do) Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 9 15) Vob§JUm 2 OyZ 2014 29 do amÁ`. (Am§Y«nwZa©MZm A{Y{Z`_ 2014 Ûmao...) 16) Oå‘y d H$mpí‘a Am{U bS>mI 31 Am°³Q>mo. 2019 XmoZ H|$Ðem{gV àXoe {Z‘m©U 17) XmXa-ZJa hdobr d X‘U Xrd 26 OmZo. 2020 XmoZ H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo EH${ÌH$aU Note: {g{¸$_ - 1947 n`ªV Mmo½`m§b amOdQ>rImbrb ^maVr` g§ñWmZ hmoVo. * ‘oKmb¶mbm nydu 22 dr 1947 bm ^maVmMo g§a{jV joÌ ~Zbo. KQ>ZmXþéñVr 1969 AÝd¶o 1974 "gh`moJr amÁ¶' ~Zbo (35 dr K. Xw. 1974) Amgm‘ amÁ¶mVrb EH$ 1975 - gmd©_V = nyU© amÁ`mMm XOm©. Cn amÁ¶ åhUyZ XOm© XoÊ¶mV (36 dr K. Xw. H$m`Xm 1975) d 371(F) Ambo. 1972 bm nyU© ho g‘m{dîQ> H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. amÁ¶mMm XOm©. y ^mfmdma amÁ`nyZa©MZogmR>r S.K. Xma Am`moJ 1948 Oo.ìhr. nr. g{_Vr 1949 em amÁ` nyZa©MZm Am`moJ, 1953 Kmo{fV Ahdmb 17 OyZ 1948 bm. {S>g|~a 1948 bm {S>g|~a 1948 1949 ad {S>g|~a 1953 gßQ>|~a 1955 AÜ`j gXñ¶ Ý`m`mYre) ñWmnZm S.K. Xma (Abmhm~mX Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo Zohê$, nQ>ob, nQ²>Q>m^r {gVmam_æ`m g§{dYmZ g^oÀ`m AÜ`jm§Zr Ac AÜ`j H$moUrM ZìhVo. VrZ gXñ` hmoVo : H$m±J«og njmZo Ho$br \$mOb Abr gXñ` - E_ nÊUrH$a, EM. Hw§$Pê$. H|$ÐgaH$maZo {e’$magr va amÁ` nwZa©MZogmR>r àemgH$s` ^m{fH$ AmYmamg AZwHy$bVm amÁ¶à‘wImMo nX g‘mßV H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo EH$ amÁ` EH$ ^mfm e gmo` hm à_wI {ZH$f Agmdm Xe©{dbr Zmhr. na§Vw ^mfm hm ApñdH$ma s (^mfm/g§ñH¥$Vr Zìho) amÁ¶mÀ¶m nwZa©MZoMm KQ>H$ Am§Y«àXoeMr {Z{_©Vr ^m{fH$ ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bm hmoVm. (Rm-18,19) ok AmYmamda H$aÊ`mg AZwH$y bVm Xe©dbr. (åhUyZ qhgH$ diU) Eg Ho$ Ya Am¶moJmZo ^mfm hm amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJ bdH$aM ñWmnZ Ho$bo OmB©b Ago AmídmgZ {Xbo {dX^m©Mo ñdV§Ì amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$amdo JwOamV, ‘amR>dmS>m, L amÁ¶m§À¶m nwZa©MZoMm KQ>H$ A‘mÝ¶ Ho$bm hmoVm. Am§Y«àXoeMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. (nmoÅ>r lram_by - Am§Y« Xoe^º$mMm 56 {XdgmÀ¶m CnmofUmA§Vr _¥Ë`y Ë`m_wio....) ↓ ‘hmamîQ´> ¶m§Mo Û¡^m{fH$ amÁ¶ H$amdo. _yi KQ>ZoVrb amÁ`m§Mo {d^mOZ aÔ H$ê$Z Ë`mOmJr 16 amÁ`o d 3 H|$Ðem{gV (Ë¶mgmR>r dm§ÀNy> g{‘Vr ñWmnZ) àXoe {Z_m©U H$amdo. (nU, actually 14 amÁ`o d 6 H|$Ðem{gV àXoe {Z_m©U H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.) 7th (Amd) 1956 AÝd¶o ‘yiMo 4 JQ>mVrb {d^mOZ aX²X H$ê$Z 14 amÁ¶o d 6 H|$Ð em{gV àXoe {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. 10 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir ~oê$~mar `w{Z`ZMm ^mJ nm{H$ñVmZbm ~hmb H$aVmZm - 9dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr 1960 H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 100 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr 2015 - ^maV-~m§½bmXoe-O{_Z hñVm§VaU H$ama.- ^maVmZo ~m§½bmXoebm 3 joÌo hñVm§V[aV Ho$br d ~m§½bmXoemZo ^maVmbm 51 joÌo hñVm§V[aV Ho$br. (~Xb - 1 n[a{eîQ>mV - Amgm‘, n§. ~§Jmb, ‘oKmb¶, {Ìnyam) {~«{Q>e ^maVmV EHy$U 562 g§ñWm{ZH$ hmoVo. Ë`mV 552 g§ñWm{ZH$ ^maVmV am{hbr. Ë`mn¡H$s 549 g§ñWm{ZH$ 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 À`m AJmoXaM ^maVmV {dbrZ Pmbr. Va Cd©[aV OyZmJT> - \o$~«wdmar 1948  gmd©‘VmÛmao Oå_y H$mpí_a - 26 Am°ŠQ>mo 1947 H$amamÝd¶o h¡Ðm~mX - 17 gßQ>|~a 1948 nmobrg H$amdmB© (Operation Polo) Polity À`m y Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ~{KVë`mg hr amÁ`o 2000 _Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV. (åhUOoM 9 ì`m `moOZoV. (1997-2002) gZ, 2000 _Ü`o {Z{_©Vr _Ü`àXoe  N>ÎmrgJT> em CÎmaàXoe  CÎmamI§S> {~hma  PmaI§S> A{Y{Z`_ (26 do.)  MP nyZa©MZm 2000 ad (27 do.)  UP nwZa©MZm 2000 (28 do.)  BH nwZa©MZm 2000 ZmdmV ~Xb :- 1950 1969 1973 g§`wº$ àm§VmMo - CÎmaàXoe Pmbo. _X«mgMo Zmd - V{_iZmSy> Pmbo. Ac åh¡gwaMo - H$Zm©Q>H$ Pmbo d b°H°$Xrd, {_{ZH$m°`, A{_Z Xrdr - ~oQ>o bj{Ûn Pmbo. 1991 2006 va 69th (Amd) 1992 - {X„r - NCT Mm XOm© {‘imbm. CÎmam§MbMo CÎmamI§S>, nm±S>oÀMarMo - nwXwƒar Pmbo. 2011 se Amo[agmMo Zmd Amo{S>em Ago Pmbo. Process ok L  Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 11 4. ‘wb^yV h³H$  ‘yb^yV h³H$ ^mJ-III (H$b‘- 12 Vo 35) (USA H$Sy>Z KoVbo.) * ^mJ-III bm ^maVmMr ‘°½ZmH$mQ>m© Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. (England - King John- 1215- gm‘§Vm {déX²Y. (Imp :- Magnacarta is the First writen document relating to the fundamental Rights of Citizens) * H$b‘- 12 : amÁ¶mMr ì¶m»¶m : amÁ¶g§ñWoV Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. y 1. ^maV gaH$ma 2. amÁ¶gaH$ma 3. g§gX 4. amÁ¶{dYr‘§S>io 5. ñW[ZH$ àm{YH$aUo 6. d¡Ym{ZH$ d Ad¡Ym{ZH$ àm{YH$aUo 7. gaH$mam§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m gd© g§ñWm, {d^mJ 8. gaH$mar H§$nÝ¶m 9. amÁ¶mÀ¶m dVrZo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m gd© ImOJr g§ñWm. em * H$b‘- 13 : Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z Am{U H$m¶XçmMr ì¶mIm : ad ¶m H$b‘mV H$m¶Xm åhUOo H$m¶ ¶mMr ì¶m»¶m {Xbobr Amho, Ë¶mV : 1. g§gX/amÁ¶ {d{Y‘§S>imZo Ho$bobo H$m¶‘ñdénr H$m¶Xo 2. amîQ´>nVr/amÁ¶nmb ¶m§Zr H$mT>bobo AÜ¶mXoe 3. A{YgyMZm, AmXoe, {Z¶‘, nmoQ>{Z¶‘ 4. H$m¶XçmMr e³Vr Agboë¶m éT>r. na§nam. * H$b‘-14 H$m¶Xçmg‘moa g‘mZVm :- Ac "H$m¶Xçmg‘moa g‘mZVm' (ZH$mamË‘H$ g§H$ënZm) hm h³H$- {~«Q>ZÀ¶m KQ>Zodê$Z. "H$m¶XçmMo g‘mZ g§ajU' (gH$mamË‘H$ g§H$ënZm) - A‘o[aH$Z KQ>Zodê$Z KoVbm Amho. va AndmX : A§VJ©V- amîQ´>nVr d amÁ¶nmbm§Zm. ♦ H$b‘ 361 : se i) amîQ´>nVr/amÁ¶nmb Amnë¶m nXmÀ¶m A{YH$mamÀ¶m dmnam~X²Xb Am{U H$V©ì¶ nmbZm~Ôb H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mb¶mg CËVaXm¶r AgUma Zmhr. (nXmdYrXaå¶mZ VgoM g§në¶m Z§Vahr) ii) amîQ´>nVr/amÁ¶nmbmÀ¶m {déX²Y Ë¶mÀ¶m nXmdYrXaå¶mZ H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mb¶mV H$moUË¶mhr ok àH$maMr ’$m¡OXmar H$m¶©dmhr gwé Ho$br OmUma Zmhr/Mmby Ho$br OmUma Zmhr. iii) amîQ´ > n Vr/amÁ¶nmbmbm AQ> H $ H$aÊ¶mgmR> r /H$mamJ¥ h mV Q> m H$Ê¶mgmR> r Ë¶mÀ¶m "nXmdYrXaå¶mZ' H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mb¶mVyZ H$moUVmhr "AmXoe' H$mT>bm OmUma Zmhr. L iv) amîQ´>nVr/amÁ¶nmbmZo Amnbo nXJ«hZ H$aÊ¶mnydu/Z§Va Ë¶mZo ñdV:À¶m ì¶³VrJV ZmË¶mZo Ho$boë¶m H$moUË¶mhr H¥$VrÀ¶m g§~Y§ mV Ë¶m§À¶m nXmdYrXaå¶mZ H$moUVrhr {XdmUr H$m¶©dmhr Ë¶mbm Ë¶m Ame¶mMr ZmoQ>rg {Xë¶mnmgyZ nyT>Mo 2 ‘{hZo g§në¶m{edm¶ H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. ♦ H$b‘ 361'A' : g§gXoÀ¶m/amÁ¶{dYr‘§S>imÀ¶m H$moUË¶mhr g^mJ¥hmVrb H$m‘H$mOmMo ¶Wm¶mo½¶ d¥ËV dV©‘mZnÌmV àH$m{eV Ho$ë¶m~X²Xb H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrda {XdmUr/’$m¡OXmar H$m¶©dmhr Ho$br OmUma Zmhr. ♦ H$b‘-105 : g§gX gXñ¶ - d³Vì¶ + ‘VXmZ 12 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir ♦ H$b‘-194 : amÁ¶{dYr‘§S>i gXñ¶- ‘VXmZ+^mfU. ♦ H$b‘ 31'C' ho H$b‘ 14 bm AndmX Amho. ♦ H$b‘ 31'C' : H$b‘ 31'C' Zwgma H$b‘ 39(b) d 39(c) ‘Yrb ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r Ho$boë¶m g§gXr¶ H$m¶Xçm§Zm Vo H$b‘ 14 d 19 Mo Cëb§KZ H$aVo åhUyZ AmìhmZ {Xbo OmD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. ♦ AndmX : naH$s¶ gmd©^m¡‘ (amîQ´>à‘wI), amOXÿV ¶m§~amo~aM UN d {VMr A{^H$aUo BË¶mXtZm gwX²Ym {XdmUr, ’$m¡OXmar H$m¶©dmhrnmgyZ g§ajU àmßV Amho. H$b‘-15 : Y‘©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ‘ñWmZ ¶m H$maUm§dê$Z ^oX^md H$aÊ¶mg ‘ZmB©. y  m 15(1) 15(2) (ImOJr ì¶³Vr + ↓ ↓ amÁ¶g§ñWm {déX²Y CnbãY Amho) * Zwgma amÁ¶g§ñWm H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$m§~m~V Ho$di Y‘©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ‘ñWmZ ¶m/¶mn¡H$s de * H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$mda Ho$di Y‘©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ‘ñWmZ ¶m qH$dm ¶mn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmdê$Z nyT>rb ~m~VrV H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmdê$Z ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr. ↓ * AndmX : 15(3) : amÁ¶g§ñWm ‘{hbm d a H$moUVrhr {Z:g‘W©Vm, Xm{¶Ëd, {Z~ªY/AQ>r bmJy Ho$ë¶m c OmUma ZmhrV. * àdoe : (a)- XþH$mZo, gmd©O{ZH$ CnhmaJ¥ho, hm°Q>ob Am{U ~mbH$m§gmR>r H$moUVrhr {deof VaVyX H$ê$ eH$Vo. CXm. : ‘{hbm§gmR>r AmajU. A gmd©O{ZH$ H$a‘UyH$sMr {R>H$mUo ¶mV àdoe. * dmna : (b)- nyUV© :/A§eV: gaH$mar n¡emZo amIboë¶m/gm‘mÝ¶ va OZVoÀ¶m dmnamgmR>r Iwë¶m Ho$boë¶m- {dhrar, Vbmd, ñZmZKmQ>, añVo Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ am~Ë¶mÀ¶m OmJm ¶m§Mm dmna. * AndmX :- 15(4) : se amÁ¶g§ñWm§Zm ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmgboë¶m H$moUË¶mhr dJm©À¶m CÝZVrH$aVm/AZwgy{MV OmVr d O‘mVrH$aVm H$moUVrhr {deof VaVyX H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. ok * 15(5) : CXm. : gmd©O{ZH$ {ejUg§ñWoV AmajU/ewëH$ gdbV. 93dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2005 : darb g§H$ënZm gd© (15(4) ‘Yrb) Am{U Aer VaVyX emgZ AZwXmZrV/J¡aAZwXmZrV ImOJr {ejU g§ñWmg{hV gd© {ejU g§ñWm‘Ü¶o àdoemÀ¶m g§X^m©V L H$aVm ¶oB©b. (30(1) Aëng§»¶mH$ {ejU g§ñWm dJiVm) ↓ H|$Ðr¶ {ejU g§ñWm (àXoemV AmajU) H$m¶Xm 2006 - IITs, IIMs, gd© H|$Ðr¶ d CÀM {ejU g§ñWm- OBC = 27% AmajU ‘mÌ AmajUmVyZ Creamy layer JQ>mbm dJibo. * 15(6) : 103dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2019 : Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©b JQ>m§À¶m CÝZVrH$aVm {deof VaVyX H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma 15(4), 15(5) dJiyZ + AZwXm{ZV, J¡a AZwXm{ZV {ejU g§ñWoV. (30(1) dJiyZ àdoe. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 13  H$b‘-16 : gmd©O{ZH$ amoOJmamV g‘mZ g§Yr 16(1) (gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g‘mZ g§Yr - 16(2) ↓ Zo‘UyH$mg§~§Yr - amoOJmam§~m~V) ↓ * amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbrb H$moUË¶mhr nXmdarb * H$moUVmhr ZmJ[aH$ Ho$di Y‘©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, Hy$i, amoOJma/Zo‘UyH$sg§~§Yr ~m~r‘Ü¶o gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm OÝ‘ñWmZ, {Zdmg ¶m§n¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmdê$Z gaH$mar g‘mZ g§Yr amoOJma/nXmgmR>r AnmÌ AgUma ZmhrV/AWdm Ë¶mÀ¶m ↓ ~m~VrV ^oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. AndmX : 16(3) : * g§gX H$m¶XçmXdmao EImÚm amÁ¶mVrb/H|$Ðem{gV AndmX : y * 16(4) AÝd¶o : amÁ¶g§ñWm Amnë¶m godm§‘Ü¶o H$moUË¶mhr àXoemVrb H$mhr gaH$mar ZmoH$è¶m‘Ü¶o Ë¶m amÁ¶mVrb/ H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVrb {Zdmgr AgÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm em ‘mJmg dJm©gmR>r, Ë¶m ‘mJmg dJm©Mo n¶m©ßV à{V{ZYrËd Ë¶m godm§‘Ü¶o Zgob Va Zo‘UyH$m d nXm§‘Ü¶o OmJm amIyZ R>ody d ~§YZH$maH$ H$ê$ eH$Vo. eH$Vo. ↓ + ¶mgmR>r g§gXoZo Ho$bobm H$m¶Xm :- ↓ gmd©O{ZH$ amoOJma ({Zdmgm~m~VMr Amdí¶H$Vm) a * 77 dr KQ>Zm Xþê$ñVr 16(4A) 1995 Zwgma : Ago AmajU c SC d ST - nXmoÝZVrgmR>r gwX²Ym amIyZ R>odVm ¶oB©b.  (85dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2001) H$m¶Xm- 1957. ↓ A * 81 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2000-16(4B) : Aem Ama{jV OmJm EImXçm dfu ^aë¶m Joë¶m ZmhrV Va, nwT>rb H$moUË¶mhr 1974 g§nyîQ>>mV Ambm. ↓ va dfm©V /dfmª‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zm "[a³V OmJm§Mm EH$ ñdV§Í¶ dJ©' åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVm ¶oD$ eHo$b. Aem OmJm Ë¶m dfm©Vrb bmJy Amho. se gÜ¶m ’$³V Am§Y«n«Xoe ¶m amÁ¶mV Agm H$m¶Xm [a³V OmJm§À¶m 50% BVH$s AmajUmMr ‘¶m©Xm R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r J¥{hV Yaë¶m OmUma Zmhr. * 16(5) : EImXçm Ym{‘©H$/gm§àXm{¶H$ g§ñWoÀ¶m H$ma^mamer ok g§~§{YV nXmda VgoM {VÀ¶m emgH$ ‘§S>imVrb H$moUVmhr gXñ¶ Ë¶mM Y‘m©Mm/g§àXm¶mMm AZw¶m¶r Agë¶m~Ôb L H$m¶XçmZo VaVyX H$aVm ¶oB©b. * 103dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2019 Zo g‘m{dîQ> → 16(6) : amÁ¶g§ñWm Amnë¶m godm§‘Ü¶o ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m H$moUË¶mhr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©b JQ>m§gmR>r (H$b‘=16(4) dJiyZ) Zo‘UyH$m d nXm§‘Ü¶o OmJm amIyZ R>ody eH$Vo.  H$b‘-17 : Añn¥í¶Vm ZîQ> H$aUo * ¶m H$b‘mÀ¶m AmYmamda An¥í¶Vm (AnamY) H$m¶Xm-1955 g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.  Ë¶mMr VaVwXr A{YH$ H$S>H$ H$ê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m ZmdmV ~Xb 1976 ‘Ü¶o,  "ZmJar A{YH$ma g§ajU H$m¶Xm- 1955' Ago H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. nU darb H$m¶XçmV AmË¶mMmamÀ¶m Ho$goV g‘m{dîR> Zgë¶mZo..... SC d ST (AË¶mMma {ZdmaU) H$m¶Xm, 1989 g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. 14 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir * KQ>ZoV VgoM H$m¶XçmV "Añn¥í¶Vm' ¶m eãXmMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Zmhr. * Añn¥í¶VoÀ¶m H¥$Vr‘wio Xmofr ì¶³Vrbm g§gX d amÁ¶ {dYr‘§S>imÀ¶m {ZdS>UyH$m§gmR>r AnmÌ Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. * ImOJr ì¶³VtÀ¶m {déX²Y CnbãY Amho.  H$b‘- 18 : {H$Vm~ ZîQ> H$aUo * VaVwXr :- 1. amÁ¶g§ñWo‘m’©$V bîH$ar d e¡j{UH$ ‘mZ{deof dJiVm, H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$mg qH$dm naH$s¶ ì¶³Vrg H$moUVmhr y {H$Vm~ àXmZ Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. 2. ^maVmMm H$moUVmhr ZmJ[aH$ H$moUË¶mhr naH$s¶ XoemH$Sy>Z H$moUVmhr {H$Vm~ pñdH$maUma Zmhr. m 3. amÁ¶g§ñWoImbrb H$moUVohr bm^mMo nX/{dídmgmMo nX YmaU H$aUmam ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$ Zgbobm ì¶³Vr amîQ´>nVtÀ¶m g§‘Vr{edm¶ H$moUË¶mhr naH$s¶ XoemH$Sy>Z H$moUVmhr {H$Vm~ pñdH$maUma Zmhr. de 4. amÁ¶g§ñWoImbrb H$moUVohr bm^mMo/{dídmgmMo nX YmaU H$aUmam ZmJ[aH$/naH$s¶ ì¶³Vr amîQ´>nVrÀ¶m g§‘Vr{edm¶ naH$s¶ XoemH$Sy>Z H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr ^oQ>, {dËVbãYr/nX pñdH$maUma Zmhr. ↓ ↓ ca ¶mdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s - {~«Q>re JìhZ©‘|Q>Zo {Xbobo- ‘hmamOm, am¶~hmXÿa ho nX ZîQ> Ho$bo Amho. A 1996 : gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo amîQ´>r¶ nwañH$mam§Mr (^maVaËZ, nX²‘{d^yfU, nX²‘^yfU, nX²‘lr) KQ>ZmË‘H$ d¡YVm CMbyZ Yabr : Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo, ho nwañH$ma H$b‘ 18 A§VJ©V {H$Vm~ ¶m ì¶m»¶oV ¶oV ZmhrV. va g‘mZVoÀ¶m VÎdmMm AW© Agm hmoV Zmhr H$s JwUdËVoMm gÝ‘mZ H$ê$ Z¶o. nU- nwañH$maàmßV ì¶³Vr - Amnë¶m Zmdmg‘moa qH$dm Zmdm‘mJo ¶m nwañH$mamMm dmna H$ê$ eH$V  se Zmhr. H$b‘-19 : ^mfU ñdmV§Í¶, BË¶mXrg§~§Yr {dd{jV h³H$m§Mo g§ajU * H$b‘ 19(1) :- ok (A) "^mfU' d "A{^ì¶³Vr' ñdmÌ§Í¶. L (B) "em§VVoZo d {dZmeñÌ EH$Ì O‘Ý¶mMo' ñdmÌ§Í¶. (C) g§KQ>Zm/g§K ñWmnÝ¶mMm ñdmÌ§Í¶. (D) ^maVmÀ¶m amÁ¶joÌmV gd©Ì ‘y³V g§MmamMo ñdmÌ§Í¶. (E) amhÊ¶mMm d ñWm{¶H$ hmoÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶. (F) H$moUVmhr noem AmMaÊ¶mMm/H$moUVmhr ì¶dgm¶, ì¶mnma/Y§Xm MmbdÊ¶mMm ñdmÌ§Í¶. ↓ ♦ ho 6 ñdmV§Í¶ Ho$di amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m H¥${V{déX²Y CnbãY Amho. ♦ Ho$di ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CnbãY. ♦ Ho$di H§$nZrÀ¶m ^mJYmaH$m§Zm CnbãY- H§$nÝ¶m, ‘hm‘§S>io ¶mgma»¶m H$m¶Xoera ì¶³VtZm Zmhr. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 15 A) "^mfU' d "A{^ì¶³Vr' ñdmV§Í¶ : * gdmo}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo ¶mV : (i) ñdV:Mr VgoM BVam§Mr ‘Vo àX{e©V H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶. (ii) amOH$s¶ njmZo nwH$maboë¶m ~§XÀ¶m {déX²Y h³H$. (iii) gaH$mar H$m‘mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mMm h³H$. (iv) Q>o{b’$moZ- Q>°qnJ{déX²Y h³H$. (v) {ZXe©ZmMm A{YH$ma ‘mÌ "g§nmMm Zmhr' (vi) àogMo ñdmV§Í¶ (vi) em§VVoMo ñdmV§Í¶ (viii) ì¶mnmar Om{hamV H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ y * ‘¶m©Xm : 1. AI§S>Ëd d gmd©^m¡‘Ëd 3. gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWm em 2. XoemÀ¶m gwajog YmoH$m nmohmoMob 4. gä¶Vm/Z¡{VH$Vm 5. Ý¶m¶mb¶mMm Ad‘mZ 7. JwÝømg àmoËgmhZ ad 6. Mm[aÍ¶hZZ 8. naamîQ´>m§er ^maVmMo Agbobo Vh/H$amam§Zm ~mYm nmohmoMob. B) EH$Ì O‘Ê¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ : * * Ho$di gmd©O{ZH$ OmJodaM ~OmdVm ¶oVmo. g§n H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ Zmhr. Ac * gmd©O{ZH$ g^m KoUo, {ZXe©Zo H$aUo Am{U ‘moMm© H$mT>Uo ¶m h³H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. * a ~§YZo : 1. ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd d EH$mË‘Vm 2. gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWm v e C) g§KQ>ZoMo ñdmV§Í¶ : s * ‘mÌ g§KQ>Zobm ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘idÊ¶mMm h³H$ A§V^y©V Zmhr. * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo, Trade Union Zm g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m AmYmamda dmQ>mKmQ>rMm/g§n H$aÊ¶mMm/ k bm°H$-AmD$Q> Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma àmßV hmoV Zmhr. D) Lo ‘y³V g§MmamMo ñdmV§Í¶ : * g§Mma ñdmV§Í¶m‘Ü¶o XmoZ ~mOy A§V^y©V AmhoV :- 1. H$b‘ 19 AÝd¶o : Ho$di A§VJ©V g§MmamÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMm h³H$ àXmZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. 2. H$b‘ 21 AÝd¶o : "Xoem~mhoa g§MmamMm' h³H$ (OrdZmMm A{YH$ma) ‘Ü¶o A§V^y©V Amho. E) dmñVì¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ : * ZmJ[aH$mbm XoemÀ¶m amÁ¶joÌmV Hw$R>ohr amhÊ¶mMm d ñWm{¶H$ hmoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. F) ì¶dgm¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ : * ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$moUVrhr ZmoH$ar, Y§Xm, ì¶dgm¶ H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. 16 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir  H$b‘ 20 : AnamYm§À¶m Xmof{gX²Yr~m~V g§ajU gdmªZm CnbãY Amho. ¶mV 3 VaVwXr AmhoV. (i) E³g-nmoñQ> ’°$³Q>mo (ii) S>~b OonS>u Zgob (iii) ñdV: {déX²Y gmjrXma H$m¶XçmMm A§‘b Zmhr hmoÊ¶mMr g³Vr ZgUo ↓ ↓ ↓ * 20(1) : H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³VrZo àM{bV * 20(2) : Zwgma.... * 20(3) : H$moUË¶mhr AnamYmMm$ H$m¶XçmMm ^§J Ho$bm Agë¶mg Va EH$mM AnamYm~X²b EH$mnojm Amamon Agboë¶m ì¶³Vrda ñdV: Ë¶mbm Xmofr R>a{dbo OmB©b. VgoM A{YH$ doim H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrda {déX²Y gmjrXma hmoÊ¶mMr g³Vr àM{bV H$m¶XçmZo gm§{JVboë¶m {ejonojm Ë¶mbm A{YH$ {ejm XoVm y IQ>bm Mmbdbm OmUma Zmhr. Am{U Ë¶mbm {ejm {Xbr OmUma Ho$br OmUma Zmhr. * hr gmj "‘m¡{IH$ gmj' VgoM ¶oUma Zmhr. Zmhr. em H$mJXnÌmda AmYm[aV Aem XmoÝhr ~m~VrV bmJy. AndmX : ↓ 1. hm h³H$ Ho$di ’$m¡OXmar H$m¶Xçm- AndmX : ↓ ad 1. ‘mÌ 20(2) Mm h³H$ Ho$di AndmX : ↓ 1. JwÝhçm§er g§~§YrV dñVy gmXa ~m~VM CnbãY hmoVmo. {XdmUr/ H$a H$m¶Xçm~m~V àmßV hmoV Zmhr. 2. VgoM ¶m H$b‘mÝd¶o, ’$m¡OXmar c Ý¶m¶mb¶mg‘moa/Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUm- A g‘moa Mmby Agboë¶m H$m¶©dmhr- ~m~VM àmßV hmoVmo. H$aÊ¶mMr A{Zdm¶©Vm... A. A§JR>çmMm R>gm, Z‘yZm ghr, a³VmMm Z‘yZm XoÊ¶mgmR>rMr a E³g-nmoñQ> ’°$³Q>mo H$m¶Xçm§VJ©V ↓ A{Zdm¶©Vm ì¶³Vrg {ejm H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr, ‘mÌ ‘mÌ Ago g§ajU {d^mJr¶/ ~. ñdV: ì¶³Vr gmXa hmoÊ¶mMr g³Vr ev Ë¶mda IQ>bm Mmbdbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. 3. VgoM H$b‘ 20(1) Mm h³H$ àemgH$s¶ àm{YH$mè¶mg‘moa Mmby Agboë¶m H$m¶©dmhrÀ¶m ~m~VrV H$. VgoM hm 20(3) h³H$ ’$m¡OXmar H$m¶Xçm§VJ©V àmßV Amho nU {XdmUr k ~m~VrV CnbãY Zmhr.s "à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVm H$m¶XçmÀ¶m' àmßV hmoUma Zmhr, H$maU ho n«m{YH$mar Ý¶m{¶H$ ñdénmMo ZgVmV. H$m¶©dmhrbm Zmhr.  Lo H$b‘ 21 : Or{dV d ì¶p³VJV ñdmV§Í¶ ¶m§Mo g§ajU * H$m¶XçmZo àñWm{nV H$m¶©nX²YVr{edm¶ H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrg {VMo Or{dV/ì¶³VrJV ñdmV§Í¶ ¶mnmgyZ d§{MV Ho$bo OmUma Zmhr. * ImOJrnUmMm h³H$ : Or{dV d ì¶³VrJV ñdmV§Í¶mMm A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ Amho. * ImOJrnUmMm h³H$ : ‘yb^yV h³H$ Amho. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 17 * H$b‘ 21er g§~§{YV IQ>bo : E. Ho$. JmonmbZ IQ>bm - 1950 ‘oZH$m Jm§Yr IQ>bm - 1978 ↓ ↓ * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo H$b‘ 21 Mm g§Hy${MV AW© * gdm©Ào M Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo ‘oZH$m Jm§Yr IQ>ë¶mV JmonmbZ IQ>ë¶mVrb bmdbm. Amnbm {ZU©¶ ~XbyZ H$b‘ 21 Mm ì¶mnH$ AW© bmdbm. 1. hm h³H$ Ho$di Ag§JV H$m¶©H$mar H¥$VrÀ¶m {déX²Y ↓ CnbãY Amho nU Ag§JV H$m¶XoH$mar H¥$VrÀ¶m 1. A‘o[aH$Z KQ>Zoà‘mUo "H$m¶XçmMr C{MV à{H«$¶m' ho VÎd {déX²Y Zmhr. ¶m H$b‘mbm bmJy Ho$bo. 2. VgoM... "d¡¶p³VH$ ñdmV§Í¶' åhUOo "Ho$di ì¶³VrÀ¶m earamMo ñdmV§Í¶ hmo¶' Ago Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo y 2. Ag§JV H$m¶©H$mar H¥$Vr ~amo~aM Ag§JV H$m¶XoH$mar (g§gXr¶) H¥$Vr {déX²Yhr... ‘V ‘m§S>bo. 3. ¶m H$b‘mbm A‘o[aH$Z KQ>Zoà‘mUo "H$m¶XçmMr em 3. "‘mZdr à{VîR>og{hV OrdZmMm A{YH$ma' 4. d¡¶p³VH$ ñdmV§Í¶ ¶m CëboIm‘Ü¶o ‘mZdr OrdZmer g§~§{YV C{MV à{H«$¶m' ho VÎd bmJy Ho$bo Zmhr. * E. nr. e‘m© IQ>bm 1954 + IaH$qgJ IQ>bm ad {d{dY h³H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ↓ naXoe J‘ZmMm h³H$ c 1962 : gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo - ImOJrnUmMm h³H$ ‘yb^yV h³H$ Zmhr. ‘m{hVrMm h³H$ ↓ 1993 - CÝZrH¥$îUZ IQ>bm : ì¶mßVr AmUIr dmT>dyZ A gmd©O{ZH$ ’$merÀ¶m {déX²Y h³H$ a OJÊ¶mÀ¶m h³H$mV {ejUmMm h³H$hr g‘m{dîR> Ho$bm.  ev H$b‘ : 21'A' : {ejUmMm h³H$ 1. 2. 3. s g§gXoZo nm[aV 4 Am°JñQ> 2009 ¶m h³H$m§Mm A§‘b 1 E{àb 2010 nmgyZ k amîQ´>nVr g§‘Vr 3 gßQ>|~a 2009 * * o ¶m H$m¶Xçm‘wio OJmVrb 135 Xoem§À¶m ¶mXrV ^maVmMmhr g‘mdoe. H$b‘ 21 Zwgma amÁ¶g§ñWm 6 Vo 14 dfm©n¶ªVÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm H$m¶XçmZo R>a{dë¶mZwgma ‘mo’$V d A{Zdm¶© {ejU L CnbãY H$ê$Z XoB©b.  (ho d¶ 1956 À¶m H$m¶XçmZwgma...) * H$b‘ 21'A' - 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2002 Zo g‘m{dîQ>. * ¶m H$b‘mZo "àmW{‘H$ {ejU ‘wb^yV h³H$' ~Z{dÊ¶mV Ambo. * n§VàYmZm§À¶m ^mfUmZo H$m¶XçmMr A§‘b~OmdUr hmoÊ¶mMr hr n{hbrM doi hmoVr. * {ejUmÀ¶m ‘wb^yV h³H$m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço : 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘ybm§Zm g³VrMo d ‘mo’$V {ejU. Am{W©H$ IM©- H|$Ð d amÁ¶ ^mJrXmarV CMbVrb. gd© ImOJr emim§‘Ü¶o n{hbrÀ¶m àdoemgmR>r Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm d§{MV g‘wXm¶mVrb ‘wbm§gmR>r 25% OmJm amIrd AgVrb. àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$boë¶m {dXçmÏ¶mªZm à‘mUnÌ {Xbo OmB©b. 18 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir  H$b‘ 22 : AQ>H$ d ñWmZ~X²YVm ¶m§nmgyZ g§ajU * ñWmZ~X²YVm XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo :- 1. {ejm åhUyZ Ho$bobr ñWmZ ~X²YVm. 2. à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVm : → A. ^{dî¶mV JwÝhm H$aÊ¶mnmgyZ amoIUo. ~. g§e¶mda Ho$bobr AmJmD$ gmdY{Jar gmYmaU H$m¶Xm à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVm H$m¶Xm ↓ ↓ * 22(1) d 22(2) ‘Ü¶o AQ>H$ Pmboë¶m/ñWmZ~X²Y H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m ì¶³Vrbm nwT>rb h³H$ AmhoV :- y * à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVoImbr AQ>H$ Pmboë¶m ì¶³Vrbm nwT>rb h³H$ AmhoV. (^maVr¶ d naH$s¶) : 1. AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo e³¶ {VV³¶m bdH$a H$i{dÊ¶mMm h³H$. 2. Ë¶mÀ¶m n§gVrÀ¶m d{H$bm§Mm gëbm KoÊ¶mMm d m 1. ì¶³VrMr ñWmZ~X²YVm 3 ‘{hÝ¶m§nojm A{YH$ H$mi H$aVm e ¶oUma Zmhr. ‘mÌ gëbmJma ‘§S>imZo n¶m©ßV H$maU {Xë¶mg A{YH$H$mi nU Mmby... ¶m gëbmJma ‘§S>imV- CÀM Ë¶mÀ¶mH$adr ~Mmd H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$. 3. AQ>Ho$Z§Va 24 VmgmV (àdmgmMm H$mi dJiVm) ad Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo Ý¶m¶mYre (AmOr/‘mOr nmÌ) AgVmV. 2. ñWmZ~X²YVm H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m ì¶³Vrg Ë¶mMo H$maU {Xbo gdm©V OdiÀ¶m X§S>m{YH$mè¶mg‘moa hOa H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$. 4. Aem ì¶³Vrg 24 Vmgm§À¶m H$mbmdYrZ§Va A{YH$ H$mi "X§S>m{YH$mè¶mZo àm{YH¥$V Ho$ë¶m{edm¶' Vé§JmV Ac nm{hOo. ‘mÌ, gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ¶m {déX²Y OmUmar VÏ¶o Iwbr H$aÊ¶mMr JaO AgUma Zmhr. 3. ñWmZ~X²Y Ho$boë¶m ì¶³Vrg "à{V{ZYrËdmMr g§Yr' {Xbr OmB©b. ↓ va ñWmZ~X²Y H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. ↓ * Ë¶mM~amo~a H$b‘ 22 Zwgma g§gXobm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbo se AndmX : (d[ab h³H$) A. eÌyXoer¶+à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVoÀ¶m H$m¶XçmImbr AQ>H$ Ho$boë¶m ì¶³Vrg àmßV hmoV ZmhrV. Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV :- A. H$moUË¶mhr n[apñWVrV d Ho$gog‘Ü¶o gëbmJma ‘§S>imMm {dMma Z KoVm ì¶³Vrg 3 ‘{hÝ¶m§nojm A{YH$ H$mimgmR>r ok ~. ho h³H$ Ho$di ’$m¡OXmar qH$dm AY©’$m¡OXmar/ gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmg Ymo³¶mMm R>aÊ¶mè¶m H¥$VrgmR>rM ñWmZ~X²Y H$aVm ¶oB©b. ho R>a{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma g§gXobm Agob. L àmßV hmoVmV. nU Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo Ho$bobo AQ>H$, ~. H$moUË¶mhr Ho$gogÀ¶m JQ>m§gmR>r ñWmZ~X²YVoMm ‘hËV‘ {XdmUr AQ>H$, Am¶H$a Z ^aë¶mg Ho$bobr AQ>H$ H$mbmdYr R>a{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma... BË¶mXr àH$maÀ¶m AQ>Ho$gmR>r àmßV hmoV Zmhr. H$. gëbmJma ‘§S>imZo gëbm XoVmZm AZwgamd¶m§Mr nX²YV. * BVa ‘m{hVr : 1. 44 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo (1978) ñWmZ~X²YVm H$mbmdYr 3 ‘{hÝ¶m§déZ H$‘r H$ê$Z Vmo 2 ‘{hZo BVH$m Ho$bm. ‘mÌ hr VaVyX AOyZhr A§‘bmV Ambobr Zmhr. 2. à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVm hm {df¶ g§K gyMr VgoM g‘dVu gyMr‘Ü¶o Amho. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 19 3. g§gXoZo Ho$bobo à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~X²YVm H$m¶Xo nwT>rbà‘mUo : H$m¶Xm bmJy g§nyîR>mV/Mmby A) Preventive Detention Act 1950 1969 aX²X B) Maintenance of Internal Security Act - (MISA) - 1971 1978 aX²X C) Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of 1974  Smuggling Activities Act - (COFEPOSA) D) National Security Act - (NASA) 1980   y E) Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies 1980 of Essential commodities Act - (PBMSECA) F) Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Preventive) Act - (TADA) 1985 1995 aX²X G) Preventive of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act (PITNDPSA) em 1988  d H) Prevention of Terrorism Act - (POTA) 2002 2004 aX²X ↓ * * ca OJmV ’$³V ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoV "à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~§X²YVoMr' VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambobr Amho. ^maVmV {~«Q>re H$mbmdYrXaå¶mZhr Ago H$m¶Xo hmoVo. A CXm. : 1. ~§Jmb ñQ>oQ> {àPZg© ao½¶yboeZ 1818 2. {S>’o$Ýg Am°’$ B§{S>¶m A°³Q> 1939  va emofUm{déX²Y h³H$ : (Right Against Exploitation) (23 Am{U 15(2)) se H$b‘ 23 : "‘mUgm§Mm Anì¶mnma Am{U doR>{~Jmar ¶m§Zm ‘ZmB©' H$b‘ 24 : H$maImZo BË¶mXt‘Ü¶o ~mbH$m§Zm H$m‘mbm R>odÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© ok ↓ * hm h³H$ ZmJ[aH$ VgoM J¡a ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhr CnbãY AmhoV. ↓ * 14 df© d¶mImbrb H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$mg, H$moUË¶mhr H$maImÝ¶mV dm ImUrV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ZmoH$arV R>odbo L * VgoM hm h³H$ ì¶³VtZm amÁ¶g§ñWm VgoM ImOJr ì¶³Vt{déX²Y g§ajU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmo. (15(2) hr AerM VaVyX Amho.) * "‘mUgm§Mm Anì¶mnma' ¶mV nwT>rb ~m~rMm g‘mdoe OmUma Zmhr/AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mhr Ymo³¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mda Ë¶mg bmdbo OmUma Zmhr. ↓ åhUOoM Ymo³¶mÀ¶m Zgboë¶m H$m‘mda ~mbH$mg hmoVmo : bmdÊ¶mg à{V~§Y H$aV Zmhr. 1. nwéf-‘{hbm d ~mbH$m§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s dñVy åhUyZ * ~mb H$m‘Jma (à{V~§Y d {Z¶‘Z) H$m¶Xm - 1986. H$aUo. 2. ‘{hbm d ~mbH$m§Mm AZ¡{VH$ ì¶mnma- d¡í¶mì¶dgm¶ 20 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 3. XodXmgr 4. Jwbm‘{Jar ↓ ♦ {ejm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶Xm - AZ¡{VH$ ì¶mnma (à{V~§YH$) H$m¶Xm-1956. ♦ H$b‘mVrb- doR>{~Jma ¶m eãXmMm AW©- "‘mo~Xë¶m{dZm A{Zdm¶© H$m‘ hmo¶.' ♦ ¶m h³H$m§À¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r nwT>rb H$m¶Xo Ho$bobo AmhoV : A. {H$‘mZ ‘Oyar H$m¶Xm - 1948 ~. H$ama H$m‘Jma H$m¶Xm - 1970 H$. S>. y ~§YH$ H$m‘Jma ì¶dñWm (aX²X~mVb) H$m¶Xm - 1976 g‘mZ nJma H$m¶Xm -1976 em * AndmX : amÁ¶g§ñWm "gmd©O{ZH$ à¶moOZmW© A{Zdm¶© godm' bmXÿ eH$Vo d Ago H$aVm§Zm Y‘©, d§e, OmV d dU© ¶m H$maUmdê$Z ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr. CXm. : A{Zdm¶© bîH$ar godm/g‘mO godm.  ad Y‘©ñdmV§Í¶mMm h³H$$ : (Right to Freedom of Religion) : 25, 26, 27, 28 H$b‘ 25 : "{ddoH$~wX²YrMo ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U Y‘m©Mo ‘w³V àJQ>rH$aU, AmMaU d àMma' ↓ Ac H$b‘ 26 : "Y‘©{df¶H$ ì¶dhmam§Mr ì¶dñWm nmhÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶' ↓ a * ì¶m»¶m : ì¶³VrÀ¶m "d¡¶p³VH$' Ym{‘©H$ * "gm‘yXm{¶H$'- g§àXm¶mÀ¶m h³H$m§Zm g§ajU AmhoV :- ev * ¶mdê$Z nwT>rb 4 àH$mamMo h³H$ gdmªZm àmßV * H$b‘ 26 AÝd¶o, àË¶oH$ Ym{‘©H$ gm§àXm¶mg/Ë¶mVrb JQ>mg nyT>rb h³H$ AgVrb :- ks A. gX²gX²{ddoH$~wX²YrMo ñdmV§Í¶ ~. àJ{Q>H$aUmMm h³H$ 1. Ym{‘©H$ d Y‘©Xm¶r CX²XoemH$[aVm g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë¶m ñdIMm©Zo MmbdÊ¶mMm h³H$. AndmX : ↓ Lo H$. AmMaUmMo ñdmV§Í¶ S>. àMmamMo ñdmV§Í¶ 2. Ym{‘©H$ ~m~r‘Ü¶o Amnë¶m ì¶dhmam§Mr ì¶dñWm ñdV: nmhÊ¶mMm h³H$. 3. O§J‘ d ñWmda ‘mb‘ËVm ñd‘mb{H$Mr AgÊ¶mMm d Vr g§nmXZ H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$. * darb h³H$ ‘mÌ gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWm, {Z{V‘ËVm 4. H$m¶XçmZwgma Aem ‘mb‘ËVoMo àemgZ H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$. d Amamo½¶ ¶m§À¶m AmYrZ amhÿZM àmßV hmoVmV. ↓ * VgoM amÁ¶g§ñWog nwT>rb A{YH$ma àmßV AmhoV :- ‘mÌ, darb h³H$ gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWm, {ZVr‘ËVm d A. Y‘m©MaUm§er g§~§{YV H$moUË¶mhr Am{W©H$, {dËVr¶, Amamo½¶ amIÊ¶mÀ¶m AYrZ amhÿZM àmßV hmoVrb. amOH$s¶/Ym{‘©Ho$Va H$m¶m©Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aÊ¶mMm * Ym{‘©H$ gm§àXm¶m§Mo {ZH$f : A{YH$ma. * gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo, Ym{‘©H$ gm§àXm¶mZo 3 AQ>r nyU© Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 21 ~. gm‘m{OH$ H$ë¶mU d gwYmaUoMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mMm/ Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV :- gmd©O{ZH$ ñdê$nmÀ¶m qhXÿ Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWm, qhXÿMo A. Vmo EH$ ì¶³VrMm Agm g‘yXm¶ hdm, Á¶mMr Ym{‘©H$ gd© dJ© d nmoQ>^oX ¶m§Zm Iybo H$aÊ¶mgmR>r VaVyX lX²Ym§Mr VÎdm§Mr Aer EH$ ì¶dñWm hdr Or Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma.... Ë¶mÀ¶m AÜ¶mpË‘H$ gwpñWVrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Amho. * H$b‘ 25 ~m~V XmoZ ñnîQ>rH$aUo : B. Ë¶m§Mr EH$ gm‘mB©H$ g§KQ>Zm hdr. 1. H¥$nmZo YmaU H$aUo d ñdV: ~amo~a ~miJUo ho C. Ë¶mbm EH$m ñnîQ> {^ÝZËdXe©H$ Zmd hdo. erI Y‘m©À¶m àJQ>rH$aUmV g‘m{dîQ>> Agë¶mMo ↓ ‘mZÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. d[ab {ZH$fm§À¶m AmYmamda gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo :- 2. qhXÿ ¶m eãXmoëboImV- erI, O¡Z/~m¡X²Y Y‘© àJQ> H$aUmè¶m ì¶³VrMmhr CëboI g‘m{dîR> Amho. Agm y A. am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ ~. AmZ§X ‘mJ© ¶m§Zm qhXÿY‘m©A§VJ©V Ym{‘©H$ g§àXm¶ åhUyZ XOm© {Xbm Amho.  Ë¶m§Mm AW© bmdbm OmB©b. Y‘©ñdmV§Í¶mMm h³H$$ : 27 Am{U 28 em nU AaqdX gmogm¶Q>r Ym{‘©H$ g§àXm¶ Zgë¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo. H$b‘ 27 : EImXçm {d{eîQ> Y‘m©À¶m g§dY©ZmH$aVm ad H$b‘ 28 : e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§‘Ü¶o Ym{‘©H$ {ejU/Ym{‘©H$ "H$a' XoÊ¶m~m~V ñdmV§Í¶'. ↓ * H$b‘ 27 AÝd¶o : H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrda Agm H$a XoÊ¶mMr g³Vr Ho$br OmUma Zmhr, Á¶mMo CËnÝZ Ac CnmgZm ¶m§Zm CnpñWV amhÊ¶m~m~V ñdmV§Í¶. ↓ * nyU©V: amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m n¡emVyZ Mmbdë¶m OmUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoV H$moUVohr Ym{‘©H$ {ejU {Xbo OmUmao Zmhr. a EImXçm {d{eîQ> Y‘m©Mo/Ym{‘©H$ g§àXm¶m§Mo g§dY©Z * amÁ¶g§ñWo‘m’©$V àem{gV Ho$br OmUmar EImXr e¡j{UH$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r IM© H$amd¶mMo Amho. g§ñWm Oa "XmZ{ZYr/Ý¶mg' åhUyZ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr ↓ ev åhUOoM, amÁ¶g§ñWm H$am§VyZ àmßV gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm Agob Va VoWo Ym{‘©H$ {ejU {Xbo OmD$ eHo$b. * emgZ‘mÝ¶/emgZ-AZwXmZrV e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm‘Yrb dmnaVm ¶oVrb. ks EImXçm {d{eîQ> Y‘m©À¶m g§dY©ZmgmR>r/àmoËgmhZmgmR>r dmnaUma Zmhr. ‘mÌ ho n¡go gd© Y‘m©À¶m g§dY©ZmgmR>r H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrbm Ë¶mÀ¶m/Ë¶mÀ¶m nmbH$mÀ¶m g§‘Vr- {edm¶ Ym{‘©H$ {ejU/CnmgZo‘Ü¶o gh^mJr hmoÊ¶mg ^mJ nmS>bo OmUma Zmhr. o * hr VaVXÿ Ho$di H$a AmH$maÊ¶mg à{V~§Y H$aVo, ewëH$ (Fee) AmH$maÊ¶mg Zmhr. H$maU L ↓ ewëH$mMm CXXoe Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWm§À¶m J¡a-Ym{‘©H$ àemgZmMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aUo hm AgVmo. Ë¶m Y‘m©Mo 1. 2. ↓ ¶mdê$Z, H$b‘ 28 ‘Yrb h³H$mÀ¶m ~m~VrV 4 àH$maMm e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm‘Ü¶o ’$aH$ Ho$bm OmVmo:- nyU©V: amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m n¡emVyZ Mmbdë¶m OmUmè¶m g§ñWm. amÁ¶g§ñWo‘m’©$V àem{gV ‘mÌ-XmZ{ZYr qH$dm Ý¶mg åhUyZ g§dY©Z H$aUo hm ZgVmo. ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m CXm. : ¶mÌoH$ê§$Zm H$mhr gw{dYm XoÊ¶mgmR>r ewëH$ 3. amÁ¶g§ñWoZo ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xboë¶m AmH$maVm ¶oB©b. 4. amÁ¶g§ñWoH$Sy>Z {dÎm gmhmæ¶ àmßV H$aV Agboë¶m... ↓ ¶mVrb : 1. Ym{‘©H$ {ejUmg nyU© à{V~§Y. 2. Ym{‘©H$ {ejUmg g§‘Vr. 3 d 4. Ym{‘©H$ {ejU EopÀN>H$ AmYmamda g§‘V. 22 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir  gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ h³H$$ :$29 Am{U 30. H$b‘ 29 : Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©À¶m {hVg§~§YmMo H$b‘ 30 : Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©À¶m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm g§ajU ñWmnÊ¶mMm d Ë¶m§Mo àemgZ H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ ↓ ↓ * 29(1) : Zwgma- ^maVmÀ¶m amÁ¶joÌmV amhUmè¶m * H$b‘ 30 ‘Ü¶o nwT>rb VrZ h³H$ àXmZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo : H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$ JQ>mbm ñdV:Mr doJir ^mfm, 1. 30(1) AÝd¶o : gd© Ym{‘©H$/^m{fH$ Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJmªZm {bnr dm g§ñH¥$Vr Agë¶mg Ë¶mbm Vr OVZ Amnë¶m ng§VrÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnÊ¶mMm d Ë¶m§Mo H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ Agob. * 29(2) : Zwgma- amÁ¶g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Mmb{dë¶m y àemgZ H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ Agob. 2. 30(1A) AÝd¶o : EImXçm Aëng§»¶m§H$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoMr OmUmè¶m/amÁ¶ {ZYrVyZ gmhmæ¶ {‘idUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoV H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$m§g em ‘mb‘ËVm g³VrZo g§nmXZ H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX Agbobm H$m¶Xm H$aVm§Zm Or ^anmB©Mr a³H$‘ R>a{dbr OmB©b Ë¶m‘wio 30(1) Ho$di Y‘©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm ¶m§n¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmdê$Z àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr. ↓ ad ‘Yrb h³H$ {Z~ª{YV/aX²X hmoUma Zmhr ¶mMr ImÌr amÁ¶g§ñWm H$aob. (44dr K.Xþ. 1978 Zo g‘m{dîQ>) c 3. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm gmhmæ¶ XoVmZm amÁ¶g§ñWm Ym{‘©H$/^m{fH$ * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo, Aëng§»¶mH$m§À¶m ì¶dñWmnZmImbrb e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§À¶m ho H$b‘ Ho$di Aëng§»¶m§H$m§nwaVoM ‘¶m©{XV Amho Ago Zmhr, H$maU Ë¶m‘Yrb "ZmJ[aH$m§Mo JQ>' ¶m A ~m~VrV ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr. ↓ a eãXà¶moJmV Aëng§»¶m§H$m~amo~a ~hþg§»¶m§H$ * Aem [aVrZo, H$b‘ 30 A§VJ©V g§ajU ’$³V Aëng§»¶m§H$ JQ>m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVmo. JQ>m§ZmM Amho. (H$b‘ 29- gd© ZmJ[aH$ JQ>m§Zm CnbãY) ev * VgoM ^mfm OVZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m h³H$mV Ë¶mgmR>r Midi H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m h³H$mMmhr g‘mdoe hmoVmo. * KQ>ZoV Hy$R>ohr "Aëng§»¶m§H$' ¶m eãXmMm AW© ñnîQ> Ho$bobm Zmhr. ks * Aëng§»¶m§H$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mo 3 àH$ma AmhoV : A. amÁ¶g§ñWoH$Sy>Z ‘mÝ¶VoMr ‘mJUr H$aUmè¶m, ‘mÌ ghmæ¶VoMr Lo ‘mJUr Z H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm. B. amÁ¶g§ñWoH$Sy>Z ‘mÝ¶VoMr d ghmæ¶VoMr XmoKm§Mr ‘mJUr H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm. C. ‘mÝ¶VoMr dm ghmæ¶VoMr = XmoÝhr ‘mJUr Z H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm ↓ A d B - Aä¶mgH«$‘, e¡j{UH$ ‘mZHo$, {eñV, {ejH$ ^aVr BË¶mXr~m~V amÁ¶g§ñWm {Z¶m‘H$ A{YH$mamImbr ¶oVmV. nU C ¶oV ZmhrV. Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 23  g§nËVrÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Mr gXçpñWVr * KQ>ZoV g§nËVrÀ¶m A{YH$mamMm CëboI- ^mJ-III ‘Yrb : (1) H$b‘-31, (2) H$b‘- 19(1) F * g§{dYmZ bmJy Pmë¶mnmgyZM g§nËVrMm A{YH$ma hm ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma A{Ve¶ {ddmXmñnX R>abm. * Ë¶m‘wio g§gX d CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶ ¶m§À¶mV gmaIo {ddmX {Z‘m©U Pmbo. * g§gXoZo ¶m g§nËVrÀ¶m A{YH$mamgmR>r AZoH$ KQ>ZmXþéñË¶m Ho$ë¶m- 1br, 4Wr, 7dr, 25dr, 39dr, 40dr, 42dr, 44dr. - ¶mX²dmao H$b‘ 31A, 31B, 31C OmoS>Ê¶mV Ambo. * 44 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 1978- X²dmao g§nËVrMm ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z (H$b‘ 31 d 19(1)F) Ë¶mbm EH$ H$m¶Xo{ea A{YH$ma ~ZdÊ¶mV Ambm. (H$b‘ 300A- ^mJ-17) y * g§nËVrMm H$m¶Xo{ea A{YH$ma hm g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘yb^yV g§aMZoMm KQ>H$ Zmhr. * AmOhr g§nËVrÀ¶m A{YH$mamV XmoZ A{YH$ma àmßV AmhoV : em 1. Oa amÁ¶mX²dmao H$moUË¶mhr Aëng§»¶m§H$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mr g§nËVr J«hU H$aÊ¶mV Ambobr Agë¶mg... 2. Oa amÁ¶ Aem g§nËVrMo A{YJ«hU Ho$ë¶mg Á¶m H$s ì¶³VrZo Amnë¶m eoVmV {nH$ C^m Amho Am{U O‘rZ g§{dYm{ZH$ R>adë¶mÀ¶m gr‘oV Amho. ↓ ¶m§Mr amÁ¶ ^anmB© XoVo. ad  ‘yb^yV h³H$mdarb {Q>H$m Ac * Jaspat Roy Kapoor : 'Limitations on Fundamental Rights' va * Sir Ivor Jennings called the constitution of India is 'Paradise for lawyers' (ga AmB©da OoqZ½O- ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmbm "d{H$bm§Mo Z§XZdZ' Ago åhUVmV.) * {H$‘mZ ‘Owar H$m¶Xm : 1948. se * ’°$³Q>ar A°³Q> : 1948. * H$m¶Xo : ok The Payment of Wages Act The Maternity Benefit Act 1936. 1961. Trade Union Act Equal Remuneration Act 1926. 1976. L dÝ¶Ord (g§ajU) A{Y{Z¶‘ 1972. amîQ´>r¶ dZYmoaU 1988. dZ (g§ajU) A{Y{Z¶‘ 1980. {d{YH$ godm àm{YH$aU A{Y{Z¶‘ 1987. Añn¥í¶Vm (AnamY) A{Y{Z¶‘-1955 bm ZmJar A{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘-1976 Ago Z{dZ Zmd XoÊ¶mV Ambo. 65 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 1990 Zwgma SC d ST gmR>r amîQ´>r¶ Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ↓ 89 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr A{Y{Z¶‘-2003 bm d[ab SC d ST g§¶w³V Am¶moJmbm doJ-doJio H$aÊ¶mV Ambo- amîQ´>r¶ AZwgy{MV OmVr Am¶moJ d amîQ´>r¶ AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am¶moJ ¶m ñdénmV. 24 9011194443 / 9011194446 Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir  H$b‘ 32 : KQ>ZmË‘H$ Cnm¶¶moOZm§Mm h³H$ (Right to Constitutional Remedies) * H$b‘-32 Mo dU©Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr "KQ>ZoMm AmË‘m' Ago Ho$bobo Amho. * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo- ho H$b‘ KQ>ZoMo ‘wb^yV d¡{eîQ>ç Agë¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo Amho. * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mbm àm{YboI H$mT>Ê¶mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Ambo. Vo A{YH$ma AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mb¶mbm dmnaÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma (gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Zm ~mYm Z ¶oD$ XoVm) g§gX H$m¶XçmZo (nU AmVmn¶ªV Va gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶ d CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mVyZ H$mT>VmV) àXmZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. ¶oWo AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mb¶m‘Ü¶o CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoV Zmhr, H$maU H$b‘ 226 A§VJ©V Ë¶m§Zm ho A{YH$ma KQ>ZoZoM àXmZ Ho$bo hmoVo. * gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mbm ¶m ~m~VrV "àma§{^H$' VgoM "ì¶mnH$' A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. (H$maU- WoQ> OmVm ¶oVo) y    (H$maU- Ho$di {ZXoe, AmXoe Zìho- àm{YboIhr) * ‘yb^yV h³H$m§À¶m A§‘b~OmdUr~m~V gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo A{YH$ma joÌ àma§{^H$ Amho, ‘mÌ, Ag‘mdoeH$ Zmhr. ↓ em H$maU : gdm©oÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo A{YH$majoÌ CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m 226 A§VJ©V àmßV A{YH$ma joÌm~amo~a g‘dVu Amho.  àm{YboI d Ë¶m§Mo àH$ma : ad * ho [aQ> H$mT>Ê¶mMo A{YH$ma ho {~«{Q>e H$m¶XçmnmgyZ KoÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. ¶m§Zm "{deofm{YH$ma [aQ>' åhQ>bo OmVo. ho Ac amOmX²dmao àñVwV Ho$bo OmV Ago. Á¶mbm AmVmhr Ý¶m¶mMo CJ‘ñWmZ åhQ>bo OmVo. * ‘wb^yV h³H$ ~OmdÊ¶mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$b‘ 32 A§VJ©V Va CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$b‘ 226 A§VJ©V Writs H$mTy> eH$Vo. nU 1950 nydu- Ho$di H$bH$ËVm, ~m°å~o, ‘Ðmg CÀM Ý¶m¶mb¶m§ZmM àm{YboI H$mT>Ê¶mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. a * àm{YboImMo 5 àH$ma AmhoV : ev 1. XohmonpñWVr/~§XràmË¶{jH$aU : (Habeas Corpus) * 1975- Am{U~mUrV hm h³H$ Ý¶m¶mb¶mH$Sy>Z {hamdyZ KoÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. ↓ ks nU 44 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr Zwgma 1978- ñnîQ> VaVyX Ho$br H$s Ý¶m¶mb¶mMm hm A{YH$ma H$moUË¶mhr amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªZm H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmñVd aX²X R>adVm ¶oUma Zmhr. VgoM Am{U~mUrV ZîQ> hmoUma ZmhrV. (H$b‘ 20 d 21) Lo * Habeas Corpus ¶m b°Q>rZ eãXmMm eãXe: AW©- 'To have the body of' (gXoh CnpñWV amhUo) * AW© : ~oH$m¶Xo{ea[aË¶m AQ>H$ Ho$ë¶mg Ý¶m¶mb¶ hm àm{YboI H$mTy>Z AQ>H$ H$aUmè¶m ì¶³Vrbm AmXoe XoD$ eH$Vo. * Ý¶m¶mb¶ àm{YboI H$moUm{déX²Y H$mTw> eH$Vmo d H$moUm{déX²Y H$mTw> eH$V Zmhr. ↓ ↓ A. gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$mar A. AQ>H$ H$m¶Xo{ea Agë¶mg ~. ImOJr ì¶³Vr{déX²Yhr ~. AQ>H$ H$m¶Xo‘§S>i/Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m Ad‘mZmer g§~§{YV Agob Va H$. gj‘ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo AQ>H$ Ho$br Agë¶mg S>. AQ>H$ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m A{YH$majoÌmÀ¶m ~mhoa Agë¶mg Lokseva Academy By Appa Hatnure Sir 9011194443 / 9011194446 25 na‘mXoe/‘hmXoe à{VfoY CËàofU/àmH$f©U ³dm{YH$ma/A{YH$man¥ÀN>m (Mandamus) (Probition) (Certiorari) (Qua-warranto) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ * eãXe: AW© : * AW© : "à{V~§Y H$aUo' * eãXe: AW© : "Ago * eãXe: AW© : "H$moUË¶m "Amåhr Amkm XoVmo' (To forbid) à‘m{UV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo H$s, A{YH$mamZo' (we command) (To be

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