Politics of India PDF

Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® 1. CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING TRYST WITH DESTINY ‘Tryst with Destiny’ is the famous speech delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India at a special session of th...

Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® 1. CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING TRYST WITH DESTINY ‘Tryst with Destiny’ is the famous speech delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India at a special session of the Constituent Assembly, which was held at midnight on 14 August 1947. Through this speech, Nehru asked the members of the Constituent Assembly to dedicate themselves to serve the nation. CHALLENGES FACED BY INDEPENDENT INDIA India was born in very difficult circumstances. Independent India faced multiple challenges. Broadly, India faced three kinds of challenges. 1. Nation Building -The first challenge that independent India faced was to make India a nation. The country's large size and high population have complicated the nation- building process. 2. The Establishment of Democracy - Making of the Constitution and training of citizens in democratic process was another task before independent India. 3. Social and Economic Development - Another major challenge was ensuring the welfare of all the people in the country. The leaders of independent India have devised various programs to eradicate poverty and to ensure economic development and equality. NATION BUILDING The Two-Nation Theory The Muslim League put forward the demand for a separate state, comprising the Muslim majority areas of British India. Through the two- nation theory, the party argued that Hindus and Muslims are ‘Two People’. Congress party strongly opposed the Two-Nation theory. Political competition between Congress and Muslim League and the support of the British to the two-nation theory led to the creation of Pakistan.  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® PROCESS OF PARTITION Partition of India was difficult and painful. Four major difficulties related to the partition of British India are given below. 1.The Muslim majority areas were not a single belt in British India. There were two areas of Muslim concentration in two different parts of British India. The problem was solved by creating Pakistan with two territories, West and East Pakistan separated by a long expanse of Indian territory. 2. Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan. Leaders like Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, popularly known as the Frontier Gandhi, strongly opposed the two- nation theory. But ignoring such objections, British India was divided. 3.Punjab and Bengal, the two Muslim-dominated provinces of British India, also had non-Muslim majority areas. The problem was solved by dividing the two provinces and giving the non-Muslim majority areas to India. 4.Another major problem related to the partition was the issue of minorities in the border areas. Many people belong to the minority communities in India and Pakistan became the targets of attack. The Consequences of Partition  Between 5 and 10 million people were killed on both countries in the name of religion.  More than eight million people of minority communities were compelled to fled.  Millions of people are forced to live in refugee camps.  Hindu and Muslim ‘communal zones’ were created in cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Kolkata.  Many women have been sexually assaulted.  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Other challenges women faced were forced marriages and conversions.  Many women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family - honour’.  Many children were separated from their parents. INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES British India was divided into British Indian provinces and princely states. There were 565 princely states in British India. After the end of the British rule, the princely states were free to join either in India or in Pakistan or to remain independent. Most of the princely states announced Independence. The first announcement was done by Maharaja of Travancore.. The following are three points that have influenced the Indian government in its dealings with the integration of princely states. The people who were part of the princely states wanted to join India. India was ready to grant autonomy to certain areas. The Government of India wanted to resolve the integration of the princely states urgently in the backdrop of the problems associated with the partition of India. Following the continuous efforts of Sardar Patel, all the states except Kashmir, Hyderabad, Junagadh and Manipur signed ‘Instrument of Accession’ with India. The Merger of Hyderabad Hyderabad, the largest princely state in India, was ruled by ‘Nizam’. Determined to make Hyderabad an independent nation, the Nizam signed the Standstill Agreement with India. In the meantime the people of Hyderabad started agitation against the oppressive rule of Nizam. The Communist Party and the Hyderabad Congress Party strongly supported the movement. The Nizam tried to suppress the popular uprising by using his paramilitary force called the Razakars. Non-Muslims were the main target of Razakar's atrocities.  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® As the situation deteriorated, the Indian army intervened and defeated the Nizam. After this, Hyderabad was merged with India. The Merger of Manipur ➔ Bodachandra Singh, Maharaja of Manipur, signed Instrument of Accession with India on the assurance that Manipur's internal autonomy would be maintained. ➔ Under strong popular pressure, the Maharaja held elections in Manipur and established a constitutional monarchy in the region. ➔ Manipur is the first part in India to hold an election on the basis of universal adult franchise. ➔ Congress members of the Manipur Assembly favoured the merger with India but other parties strongly opposed the move. ➔ However, the Maharaja signed a Merger Agreement with India without consulting the legislature. ➔ This caused unrest in the area. REORGANISATION OF STATES  Another challenge to the nation building was the reorganisation of the state.  The national leaders feared that forming states based on language would seriously affect the unity of the country.  The leaders also feared that the restructuring of the state would adversely affect the socio- economic development of the country.  The integration of the princely states was not completed and the state reorganization was delayed.  But local leaders refused to accept the decision of the central government.  Agitations in different parts of the country have begun demanding the formation of a state based on language. The Vishalandhra Movement  The first agitation demanding the formation of a state on the basis of language was carried out by the people of the Telugu speaking areas.  The agitators demanded the creation of Andhra Pradesh, which included the Telugu speaking areas of Madras state.  The Gandhian leader Potti Sriramalu went on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days.  This caused great unrest in the Andhra region. Many members of the Madras Legislative Assembly resigned.  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Finally the central government formed Andhra Pradesh in December 1952.  Andhra Pradesh is the first Indian state to be formed on language basis. State Reorganization Commission Following the formation of Andhra Pradesh, struggles for language-based states have intensified in different parts of the country. This was followed by the formation of a State Reorganization Commission headed by Fazal Ali. In 1956, 14 states and 6 union territories were formed, according to the Commission's report.  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® 2.ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE After the end of colonial rule, many newly independent states in Asia and Africa have chosen non – democratic forms of governments to ensure national unity. But India has chosen a more difficult path, democracy. India opted democracy because of the following reasons:  In order to keep the promises made to the people during the freedom struggle.  The belief that democratic government is better to ensure national development.  The people were interested in democratic government. General Election in Inida  The Election Commission of India was set up in January1950 to hold general elections in India.  Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner. Following are the preparations made by the Election Commission before the first general elections in India. The boundaries of the 489 Lok Sabha constituencies and over 3200 Assembly constituencies had been drawn. 1/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Voter lists of 17 crore eligible voters had been prepared. Trained more than 3 lakh officers and polling staff to conduct election. The first general elections in India took place between October 1951 and February 1952. Features of First General Election  In India's first general election, more than half the electorate voted.  On an average, four candidates were contesting in each constituency.  The elections were generally peaceful.  In a country like India, the first general election that was well-received was the reply to those who criticized the election as impractical in India. Election Result The Congress got a clear majority in the first general election by winning 364 seats. The CPI came next with only 16 seats. 2/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® The Reasons for Congress Victory in the First Three General Elections 1. Role of the Congress in the National Movement. 2. Strong organizational structure of the Congress party. 3. The Congress was a nationwide political party. 4. Charismatic leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. 5. The non-Congress parties were not united. The Nature of Congress Dominance  The Congress party's dominance in Indian politics was different from the one party dominance in many other countries.  In China, Syria and Cuba, the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country. In Egypt, Belarus and Myanmar, the one-party rule was supported by the military.  India gives complete freedom to function all political parties. Thus, the dominance of the Congress in India was democratic.  This was similar to the dominance of African National Congress in South Africa after the end of apartheid. 3/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Congress as Social and Ideological Coaliation Congress evolved as a political party of the English speaking and the elite section of Indian society. But struggles such as the civil disobedience movement transformed the class party into a mass movement. Many of the common people joined in Congress. Even people with different opinions and interests became part of the party. The presence of different caste, religious, class and religious sects in India made the Congress a rainbow like social coalition. Even some political parties which have their own constitutions have got a place inside the Congress. The coalition character of the Congress made the party stronger. In many respects, Congress had been able to maintain coherence and consensus. Many of the ideas put forward by the opposition parties were already adopted by the Congress party. So the opposition parties had difficulty in attracting people with different ideologies. The Congress Party was able to democratise the internal issues that existed within the party. 4/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® The Communist Victory in Kerala In March 1957, the Communist Party won the first election to the Kerala Legislative Assembly. EMS Namboodiripad, who took over as the Chief Minister of Kerala, was the first Communist leader in the world to come to power through elections. The Congress party, which lost power in the state, began the ‘liberation struggle’ against the Communist government. Various communal organisations participated in the strike. The central Congress Government has dismissed the Communist Government under Article 356 of the Constitution. Central government declared that the law and order situation in the state had collapsed. Opposition Parties in Early Years Opposition parties have been present in Indian politics since the first general election. But only a handful of opposition candidates won the first elections. The presence of opposition members strengthened democracy. The presence of opposition members has helped in making healthy criticism on the government's actions. The opposition parties also acted as defenders of democracy. Opposition parties also contributed to the emergence of new leaders. In the early years of independence, the ruling and opposition parties had a good relationship. 5/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® The Socialist Party (SP) The Congress Socialist Party was worked within the Congress Party from 1934 to 1948. The party was led by the idea of ’Democratic Socialism’. After 1955, the Congress party began to support socialist ideas, which made the socialist party in crisis. The party did not succeed in electoral politics. Split in the party led to the collapse of SP. The prominent socialist leaders were Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Ashok Mehta, Achyut Patwardhan, AcharyaNarendra Dev and SM Joshi. Communist Party of India Communist ideas spread in India after the Russian Revolution. Until 1941, the Communists were part of the Congress party. The armed struggle in Telangana region negatively affected the party's image. This forced the party torethink and decided to abandon violent revolution and decided to participate in theapproaching general elections. 6/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® The early leaders of the Communist Party were AK Gopalan, SA Dange, EMS Namboodiripad, PC Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and P Sundarayya. The CPI went through a split in 1964. Those who supported the Soviet ideas remained as the CPI. The supporters of Chinese ideas formed a new party called the CPI(M) Bharatiya Jan Sangh The Bharatiya Jan Sangh was established in 1951 under the chairmanship of Shyam Prasad Mukherjee. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha were instrumental in the formation of the Jan Sangh. The party's main concern was one country, one culture and one nation. Another key demand of the party was the formation of Akhand Bharat, a reunion of Pakistan and India. The party has taken a strong stand to promote Hindi language and Indian culture. Another demand was that India should develop atomic energy. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, Balraj Madhok were the prominent Jana Sangh leaders. The Bharatiya Janata Party has its roots in the Bharatiya Jan Sangh. 7/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Swatantra Party The Swatantra party was formed in 1959 after the Nagpur resolution of the Congress Party which called for land ceilings. The party's position was to reduce government control over economic matters. The party demanded that the private sector be given more importance. The party, which criticized the non- aligned movement and India's friendship with the Soviet Union, asked to establish greater relations with the US. Party gained the support of the landlords and businessmen. But the inability to attract common people affect the party's growth. The party was led by C Rajagopalachari, KM Munshi , NG Rango and Minoo Masani. 8/8 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Chapter 3 POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT Q. Two Models of Development 1. Liberal-Capitalist Model followed by the US and Western European countries 2. Socialist Model followed the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.  A large section of the people and leaders of Indian society were supporters of the Socialist Model.  Everybody agreed that India should adopt a development model that would ensure social development and economic justice along with economic growth.  India has adopted a mixed economy that combines the positive aspects of both models. Q. Planning In 1944 major Indian businessmen assembled in Mumbai and drafted a joint proposal demanded government investment heavily in the industrial and economic sectors. These proposals, known as the Bombay Plan, supported the planned economy. Q. Planning Commission After the independence, the Planning Commission was set up on 15th March 1950 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. In 2015, the Planning Commission ceased work and a new system called NITI Aayog was introduced. Five Year Plans India adopted the concept of Five Year Plans from the Soviet Union. The government of India is supposed to prepare a document that has a plan for its income and expenditure for the next five years. Budget of the Central and State Governments are divided into Plan Budget and Non Plan Budget. Plan budget is spent on a five year basis as per the priorities fixed by the plan. Non plan budget is spent on routine items on a yearly basis. 1/5 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) The first five-year plan aimed at poverty alleviation and it focused on the development of agriculture. The motto of the First Five Year Plan, which was planned by a young economist named KN Raj, was to ‘hasten slowly’. Construction of dams and irrigation projects were carried out as part of the plan. Land Reforms were proposed to ensure economic development. To raise the level of National Income was another aim of First FY Plan. Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961)  The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of the industrial sector.  The motto of the Second Five Year Plan was "Quick Transformation or Rapid Industrialisation."  PC Mahalanobis was the major brain behind the second plan.  The central government's decision to impose high levels of import tariff had strengthened the public and private sectors.  Development in various sectors such as Power, Railways, Steel and Communication had contributed to the growth of the Indian economy. Q. Land Reforms Major Aims Abolition of Zamindari System. It was a bold step taken by the Indian government to ensure economic justice. Consolidation of Agricultural Land. Bringing small pieces of land together in one place so that the farm size could become viable for agriculture Put an upper limit or Ceiling on land holding Upper limit on holding agricultural land and security against eviction were not properly implemented. To ensure legal security to Tenants. Land reforms aimed to release land from landlords and redistribute it among landless peasants. It Reduced the role of landlords in politics. Land reforms were not successful in many parts of India. 2/5 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Q. The Green Revolution The Indian government introduced a new strategy named ‘ Green Revolution’ to ensure food security. Government offered high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, better irrigation at subsidised prices. Government also ensured a reasonable price for the agricultural products. As part of the project government put more resources into those areas which already had irrigation and the beneficiaries were rich farmers. And government argued that the already developed areas can rapidly increase food production in short run. M S Swaminathan is known as the Father of Green Revolution in India. Major criticisms The Green Revolution concentrated only on already developed wheat agricultural areas in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. Other regions remained backward. Rich peasants were the only beneficiaries of the plan. Green revolution led to the growth of left wing organisations in many parts of India. Green revolution also responsible for the rise of middle class in Indian society. Q. The White Revolution The White Revolution is a breakthrough made by Varghese Kurian and Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Limited in the field of dairy farming. Amul is an Anand based cooperative movement of more than 2.5 lakh dairy farmers in Gujarat. The project aims at rural development and poverty alleviation. Operation Flood Through the ‘Operation Flood’, the group was successful to increase milk production, to eliminate middlemen and provide more and regular income to the farmers. Varghese Kurien is known by the nickname 'Milkman of India'. 3/5 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Objective Questions 1. What were the two modern development models that existed before independent India 1. Liberal Capitalist Model 2. Socialist Model. 2. The first person pointed out the need for planning in India? Sir M. Visvesvaraya 3. Which is the famous book of Sir M. Visvesvaraya? A Planned Economy for India 4. What was the proposal of planning present by the industrialist in 1944? Bombay Plan 5. When did the Planning Commission of India start? March 15, 1950 6. Who put forwarded the draft of the First FY Plan? K N Raj 7. Who drafted the proposal for the Second F Y Plan? Prof P C Mahalanobis 8. Who was known as the Milkman of India? Dr. Varghese Kurien 9. Who is the author of the book “Economy of Permanence”? JC Kumarappa. 10.In which state in 1967 the food crisis became most severe? Bihar 11.Who is known as the Father of Green Revolution In India? Dr. M S Swaminathan 4/5 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® CHAPTER 4 INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS Q. What are the basic features of India’s foreign policy? a) Non Alignment. b)  Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism. c)  Hatred towards Racism and Apartheid. d)  Focus on the necessity of foreign aid. e)  Faith in the United Nations Organisation. f)  Peaceful Co-existence. Q. What are the objectives laid down by Jawaharlal Nehru in shaping the foreign policy of India?  Jawaharlal Nehru was the chief architect of Non Alignment policy. Nehru played a prominent role in shaping and implementing India's foreign policy. Both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The foreign policy of Nehru had three objectives.  To Protect the hard earned freedom and sovereignty  To Protect the territorial integrity of the country.  To Promote rapid economic development.  Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non-alignment. Q. Write a short note on Panchasheel Principles?  Panchsheel became one of the basic principles of India’s foreign policy.  Panchsheel or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 29 April 1954 was a step in the direction of stronger relationship between the two countries. They are 1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 2. Mutual Non Aggression. 3. Non interference in each other’s internal affairs. 4. Equality and mutual assistance. 5. Peaceful Co existence. 1/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Q. What are the causes and consequences of the Chinese invasion of 1962?  India is one of the first countries to recognize the communist government which came to power after the Chinese revolution in 1949.  Nehru strongly supported China. He took initiative in giving membership to  Communist China in the United Nations Organisation.  Panchsheel or Sino-India Bhai Bhai agreement signed on 1954, strengthened the cordial relationship between the two countries.  For a very long time, the Mac Mohan Line, Indo-China border was guarded by para-military forces, not the army.  But Sardar Vallabhai Patel and others were really anxious about a possible attack from Communist China in future. But Nehru did not expect such an attack. The Chinese Invasion, 1962 Two developments strained this relationship. 1.Tibetan Issue. 2 Border Dispute Tibetan Issue  China annexed Tibet in1950. It was a buffer state between the two countries.  Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But when there was suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy.  The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959.  China alleged that India was allowing anti-China activities to take place from within India. Border Dispute  There was a boundary dispute between India and China from the beginning. China refused to accept the Mac Mohan Line, the border line of India and China.  China claimed two areas within the Indian Territory; the Aksai-Chin area in the Ladak region of Jammu and Kashmir and NEFA (North Eastern Frontier Agency) in Arunachal Pradesh.  Between 1957 and 1959,the Chinese occupied the Aksai-Chin area and built a strategic road there.  In October 1962, China launched a swift and massive invasion on both the disputed regions. 2/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Indian military failed miserably to prevent the advances of Chinese forces.  On 21 November China declared unilateral ceasefire. But they attained control over major parts of Ladak and NEFA regions. Consequences of Chinese Invasion in 1962.  The China war dented India’s image at home and abroad.  It induced a sense of national humiliation & at the same time strengthened a spirit of nationalism.  Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.  The then Defence Minister, V. K Krishna Menon, had to leave the cabinet.  Nehru was severely criticised for his naïve assessment of the Chinese intentions and the lack of military preparedness.  For the first time, a no-confidence motion against was moved Congress govt. In the Lok Sabha.  The Congress lost some key by-elections to Lok Sabha.  The Sino-Indian conflict affected the opposition as well. There was a split in Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1964. The pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI. The other faction formed CPIM-pro China.  Leaders began to recognize North Eastern Region of India. Nagaland was granted statehood; Manipur and Tripura, though UnionTerritories, were given the right to elect their own legislative assemblies. WAR AND PEACE WITH PAKISTAN Proxy War 1n 1947  Soon after independence, a Proxy War broke out between the Indian and Pakistani armies over the issue of Kashmir during 1947 itself.  But this did not turn into a full war. The issue was then referred to the UN.  The Kashmir conflict did not prevent cooperation between the governments of India and Pakistan.  Areas of Peace and Cooperation  Both the governments worked together to restore the women abducted during partition.  A long-term dispute about the sharing of river waters was resolved through mediation by the World Bank. The India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty was signed by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960. 3/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Q. India Pak War 1965  In April 1965 Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat.  This was followed by a bigger offensive in Jammu and Kashmir in August- September.  Shastri ordered Indian troops to launch a counter-offensive on the Punjab border. In a fierce battle, the Indian army reached close to Lahore.  The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention.  Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s GeneralAyub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, mediated by the Soviet Union, on 10 th January 1966.  Q. Explain the causes of Bangladesh War in 1971 and the role of India in the formation of Bangladesh?  In 1970Pakistan’s first general election produced a split verdict.  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party emerged a winner in West Pakistan, while in the East, the Awami League led by Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman, who got simple majority in the parliament put forward the claim to form the government.  The Pakistani rulers were not willing to accept the democratic verdict.  They treated East Pakistanis as second class citizens. They were not ready to accept the Awami League’s demand for a federation.  In early 1971, the Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman and started a reign of terror on the people of East Pakistan.  In response to this, the people started a struggle (Mukti Bahini) to liberate ‘Bangladesh’ from Pakistan.  About 80 lakh refugees from East Pakistan took shelter in India. It created various problems in India.  India extended moral and material support to the freedom struggle in Bangladesh.  Support for Pakistan came from the US and China.  In order to counter the US-Pakistan-China axis, India signed a 20-year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971.  A full-scale war between India and Pakistan broke out in December1971.  Pakistan attacked Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir front. India retaliated on both the Western and the Eastern front.  With the active support of the local people, Indian army made rapid progress in East Pakistan. 4/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Within ten days the Indian army had surrounded Dhaka from three sides. The Pakistani army of about 90,000 forced to surrender.  On 3 July 1972 Indira Gandhi and Zulfiker Ali Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement.  Bangladesh became an independent nation. In January 1972, Mujibur Rahman who was released from jail, became the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh.  Q. Explain India's Nuclear Policy.  The nuclear programme of India initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.  India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes.  The five nuclear weapon powers, the US, USSR, UK, France, and China tried to impose the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. The conditions of the treaties are applicable only to non-nuclear states.  India pleaded that the NPT treaty was narrow, discriminatory and unequal. There are hidden agenda which protect the interest of the nuclear powers.  On May 18, 1974 India made its first nuclear test at Pokhran in Rajasthan. The code name was Buddha Smiles. It was termed as peaceful explosion.  On 11th and 13th May 1998 India conducted a series of nuclear tests in Pokhran. It was codenamed as “Operation Shakthi”.  India also refused to sign the impartial Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). India's Nuclear Policy.  The Nuclear policy was shaped by Nehru.  India’s nuclear doctrine of Credible Minimum nuclear Deterrence (CMD) professes “No First Use”.  It clearly mentions that India will not be the first country to use the nuclear weapons.  India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.  India’s dream is a nuclear weapon free world. 5/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Who is known as the architect of foreign policy of India? Jawaharlal Nehru 2. Where did the first summit of NAM held? Belgrade in Yugoslavia in 1961 3. NAM was formed in the first Afro-Asian Conference held at ? Bandung in Indonesia in 1955. 4. Who were the founding fathers of NAM? a) Jawaharlal Nehru (India) b) Marshall Titto (Yugoslavia) c) Nasser (Egypt) d) Kwame Nkrumah (Khana) e) Sukarno (Indonesia) 5. Which were the two power blocs that emerged after the Second World War? a) Capitalist Bloc led by USA b) Communist Bloc led by Soviet Union (USSR) 6. Name of the Spiritual Leader of Tibet who sought asylum in India. Dalai Lama 7. Border line between India and China. Mac Mohan Line 8. The first Prime Minister of Bangladesh? Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman 9. Name the leaders who signed the Indus River Water Treaty. Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru and Pak General Ayub Khan in 1960. 10. Which treaty was signed after the India Pak War 1965? Tashkent Agreement on 10 January 1966. 11. Name the leaders who signed the Tashkent Agreement. Indian PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan. 12. Which treaty was signed after the India Pak War 1971? Simla Agreement on 03 July 1972 6/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® 13. Name the leaders who signed the Simla Agreement. Indian P M Indira Gandhi and Pak Prime Minister Zulfiker Ali Bhutto. 14. What is the code name given to the first Nuclear Experiment at Pokran in Rajastan? Buddha Smiling 15. What were the military alliance led by USA? NATO, SEATO, CENTO 16. Which was the military alliance led by USSR (Soviet Union)? WARSAW Pact 17. Expand the following Abbreviations? a) NPT - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) b) CTBT _ Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996) c) NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (1949) d) SEATO - South East Asian Treaty Organisation (1954) e) CENTO - Central Treaty Organisation (1955) f) NAM - Non- Aligned Movement (1961) 7/7 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® CHAPTER 5 CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE CONGRESS SYSTEM Q. Explain the context of Forth General Elections 1967? The 1967 general election was a milestone in the political history of India. The Congress party, the dominant political force through out the country, faced strong challenges. Major challenges faced by the Congress party are listed below.  Congress lost two prime ministers (Jawaharlal Nehru 27 th May 1964 & Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11th January 1966) in a short period of time.  The new Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was seen as political novice. 1. Economic Crisis  Successive failure of monsoons and widespread drought.  Decline in agricultural production and serious food shortage.  Depletion of foreign exchange reserves led to the devaluation Indian rupee.  Drop in industrial production and exports,  Sharp rise in military expenditure. 2. Rise in Price and Popular Protest  People protested through bandhs and hartals against the increase in prices of essential commodities, food scarcity and growing unemployment.  The government saw the protests as a law and order problem and not as expressions of people’s problems.  This further intensified popular unrest. 1/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® 3. Armed Agrarian Struggles and Agitations.  The communist and socialist parties launched struggles for greater equality.  Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) led armed agrarian struggles and organised peasant agitations.  This period also witnessed some of the worst Hindu-Muslim riots. 4. Unity among Opposition parties. (‘Non-Congressism’) The Opposition Parties realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power. They felt that the inexperience of Indira Gandhi and the internal factionalism within the Congress provided them an opportunity to topple the Congress. So they decided to form anti-Congress fronts, forgetting the ideological differences. The socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia described the opposition coalition as ‘Non-Congressism’. Lohia, who described the Congress as anti-democratic, asked the opposition parties to unite to protect democracy. Q. Political observers described the results of 1967 General Election as a ‘Political Earthquake’. Explain?  The Congress was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru.  The results jolted the Congress at both the national and state levels.  The Congress retained power in Centre with a mere 283 seats majority in the Lok Sabha. 2/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated.  The Congress lost power in as many as seven States and due to defection they lost two state also. Thus the Congress lost power in 9 states.  These nine States were Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala.  In Madras State, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a regional party came to power for the first time by securing a clear majority.  Coalition governments consisting of different non-Congress parties were formed in the other 8 states.  These governments came to be described as SVD (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal) governments.  Hence the Political observers described the election results of 1967 General Election as a ‘Political Earthquake’. Q. Examine the incidents and circumstances that led to the split in the congress in 1969? (1969 Presidential Election)  In the 1969 presidential election, the syndicate nominated Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate for the ensuing Presidential elections.  Indira Gandhi retaliated by encouraging the then Vice-President, V.V. Giri, to file his nomination as an independent candidate. Congress President S Nijalingappa gave a whip to Congress MPs and MLAs to vote for Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy., the official candidate of the Congress.  Supporters of Indira Gandhi requisitioned a special meeting of the AICC and Indira Gandhi openly called for a ‘conscience vote.  V V Giri won the presidential election. 3/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Congress President S Nijalingappa expelled Indira Gandhi from the Congress party.  Following this, the Congress party faced a split. the Congress group led by the ‘syndicate’ came to be referred to as the Congress (O) (Organisation) and the group led by Indira Gandhi as Congress (R) (Requisitionists). These two parties were also described as Old Congress and New Congress. Q. In 1971 General Election, Congress (R) caught a massive victory. Explain?  The fifth general election to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971.  The Indira Gandhi government, which lost its majority following the split in the Congress, remained in power with the support of CPI and DMK.  Indira Gandhi’s government recommended the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970.  The fifth general election to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971.  The main contesters in the 1971 elections were the Syndicate-led Congress (O), the Indira Gandhi-led Congress (R) -CPI alliance and the Grand Alliance.  All the major non-communist, non-Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance against Indira Gandhi known as the Grand Alliance. 4/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together as Grand Alliance.  The Grand alliance had only one common programme and slogan “Indira Hatao” (Remove Indira).  To counter the Grand alliance Indira put forwarded a popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ (Remove Poverty).  Through Garibi Hatao, Indira Gandhi tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged, especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth.  The Congress (R) -CPI alliance won a landslide victory in the elections with 375 Lok Sabha seats. Indira Gandhi’s Congress (R) won 352 seats. The Congress (O) won only in 16 constituencies. The Grand Alliance, which won only 40 seats, failed miserably.  With this, Indira Gandhi's claim that they were the real Congress was accepted. Q. What were the strategies adopted by Indira Gandhi to increase her popularity after 1971 Election?  Soon after the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, a major political and military crisis broke out in East Pakistan resulted the Indo- Pak war, leads to the formation of Bangladesh.  Congress (R) swept through all the State Assembly elections held in 1972. Congress (O), and Swatantra party eventually disappeared from Indian Political scenario. 5/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ®  Ten Point Programme - the growth of the public sector, Ceiling on urban property, Public distribution of food grains, Land Reforms, Nationalisation of Banks and abolition of princely privileges (Privy Purse).  These events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. She was seen not only as the protector of the poor and the underprivileged, but also a strong nationalist leader. Q. What were the new trends emerged in Indian Politics after the Forth General Election in 1967? Coalitions  The elections of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalitions.  Since no single party had got majority, various non- Congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties called Samyukth Vidhayak Dal that supported non-Congress governments.  That is why these governments came to be described as SVD governments and were ideologically incongruent.  The SVD government in Bihar included the two socialist parties – SSP and the PSP – along with the CPI on the left and Jana Sangh on the right.  In Punjab it was called the ‘Popular United Front’ and comprised the two rival Akali parties- Sant group and the Master group, the communist parties -the CPI and the CPI(M), the SSP, the Republican Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. 6/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Defection  Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party.  After the 1967 general election, the breakaway Congress legislators played an important role in installing non-Congress governments in three States - Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.  The constant realignments and shifting political loyalties in this period gave rise to the expression ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’.  The expression ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular to describe the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators.  The expression originated in an amazing feat of floor crossing achieved by Gaya Lal, Congress MLA in Haryana, in1967.  Later the parliament passed the Anti-Defection Act and added in the 10th Schedule of the Constitution by 52th Amendment Act 1985. Write a note on Syndicate  The syndicate was a group of senior leaders in the Congress party. K Kamaraj was the leader of the syndicate. S. K.Patil, S. Nijalingappa, N. Sanjeeva Reddy and Atulya Ghosh were the other leaders.  The syndicate elected Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister, hoping to follow their advice.  But Indira Gandhi ignored the advice of the syndicate leaders and later it led to the split of the Party into two - the syndicate and its followers came to be known as the Congress (O) and Indira Gandhi’s Congress(R).  After 1971 election Syndicate (Congress (O) lost their popularity, power and prestige in Indian politics. 7/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Write a note on ‘Privy Purse’?  The integration of Princely states into Indian Union was preceded by an assurance that after the dissolution of princely rule, the then rulers’ families would be allowed to retain certain private property, and given an annual grant or government allowance, measured on the basis of the extent, revenue and potential of the merging state. This grant was called the privy purse.  After 1971 election, Indira government abolished ‘Privy Purse’ through the 26th Constitutional amendment 1971. Q. After 1971 Election the Congress System was restored. Whether the restored Congress was the old congress. Elucidate?  After 1971 Election the congress (R) got a landslide victory of 352 seats and the Congress System was restored.  It was not a revival of the old Congress party. But Indira Gandhi had re-invented the party.  It relied entirely on the popularity of the supreme leader - Indira.  It had a weak organisational structure.  The Congress party now did not have many factions, or it is undemocratic.  Its popularity mainly depended more on some social groups: the poor, the women, Dalits, Adivasis and the minorities.  Thus Indira Gandhi restored the Congress System by changing the nature of the Congress System itself. 8/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® Objective Questions 1. Name the leader associated with the slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”? Lal Bahadur Sasthri 2. Who was the official Congress candidate in the 1969 Presidential election? Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy. 3. Who won the Presidential election of 1969? V V Giri. 4. The coalition formed by various non- Congress parties before 1967 elections? SVD ( Samyukth Vidhayak Dal). 5. Name the SVD government formed in Punjab after 1967 election? Popular United Front. 6. Name the SVD government formed in Kerala after 1967 election? United Front. 7. Who was the proponent of Non-Congressism? Ram Manohar Lohia. 8. The annual grant or government allowance given to the erstwhile Princely States. Privy Purse. 9. Name the slogan raised by Grand Alliance in 1971 Election? Indira Hatao. (Remove Indira). 10. Name the slogan uttered by Indira Gandhi in 1971 Election? Garibi Hatao. (Remove Poverty). 11. The phrase ‘Ayaram Gayaram’ was associated with? Defection. 12. Which regional party came to power in a state for the first time by securing a clear majority? Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in TamilNadu. 9/9 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547  Join Now: https://join.hsslive.in Downloaded from https://www.hsslive.in ® CHAPTER 6 THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER Q. What were the circumstances led to the Declaration Of National Emergency on 25th June 1975? Economic Context In the elections of 1971,Indira Gandhi, who came to power by propagating the slogan Garibi Hatao had not been able to bring enough progress in the economic and social spheres of the country. The major challenges faced by the Indira governments are:  The Bangladesh crisis - migration and war with Pakistan put a heavy strain on India’s economy.  After the war the U.S government stopped all aid to India.  Oil price hike in International market leads to Inflation and increase in prices of essential commodities by 23 percent.  In order to reduce expenditure the government froze the salaries of its employees, caused dissatisfaction among them.  Monsoons failed in 1972-1973. Sharp decline in agricultural productivity left the farmers in dreadful situation.  Industrial growth was low and unemployment was very high, particularly in the rural areas.  Dissatisfaction in the community led to nationwide protests. Opposition parties, youths, farmers, Naxalite groups and government employees started agitations against the Indira government. 1/12 NAGENDRAN A 9847759547